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• Open Access   Article

  In-Store Sampling Unique Market Penetration Strategy for Consumer Goods

  OLADIPO Olubukola Jacob, ARUWAJI Akinola Michael

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJM)

  Vol.9 , Issue.3 , pp.1-7, Sep-2021

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  Abstract
  The study examined in-store sampling as a unique penetration strategy for consumer goods. Four hundred and forty-four customers’ opinions were sought for the period of six weeks in different outlets located across the study area through survey. In the process of collecting the data, the study leverage the in-store sampling program implemented in the outlets with the help of the director of the program and outlet managers. ANOVA test analysis was used to test the differences between the groups. Descriptive statistics and probit regression models were used to analyze the responses. Results revealed fifty percent, twenty seven percent, thirteen percent, fifteen percent, and tree percent of respondents prefer in-store sampling as a penetration strategy, sales promotion, advertisement, direct marketing, and publicity respectively. Chi-square test established that in-store sampling and consumer buying behavior have a positive relationship at zero point zero two percent. In-store sampling is the most preferred promotional technique for a new consumer product.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  In -store sampling, marketing communication, strategy, consumers, buying behavior

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  Citation
  OLADIPO Olubukola Jacob, ARUWAJI Akinola Michael, "In-Store Sampling Unique Market Penetration Strategy for Consumer Goods," World Academics Journal of Management, Vol.9, Issue.3, pp.1-7, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Effect of Financial Incentive on Employee Performance among Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) Staff in Nigeria

  N.A. Yongo, E.U. Oki

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJM)

  Vol.9 , Issue.3 , pp.8-17, Sep-2021

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  Abstract
  Employee performance in the public sector of Nigeria is still perceived with a lot of complexities, especially when evaluated on workplace motivational factors. When employees fully understand how their financial incentives are tied to work responsibility (particularly, risky tasks), they are expected to put effort commensurate with what they get as take-home packages. To put this under perspective, this study purportedly examined the individual effect of basic salary, hazard allowance and NHIS enrolment on employee task performance. The study adopted a quantitative survey approach, with a sample size of 293 INEC employees in Nigeria and the AMOS package was used to analyse the data. The results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between basic salary and employee task performance in INEC; hazard allowance had the greatest positive and significant relationship with employee task performance in INEC; and NHIS enrolment was negatively and not significantly related to employee task performance in INEC. Based on these, recommendations were made that: basic salary of employees needs to be undergoing regular review to able them take care of the basic necessities of life/demand for money like food, shelter, health, family care and savings in line with current economic realities, as an addendum to the new minimum wage and consequential adjustments; hazard allowance should be re-evaluated to give more reward to INEC staff on field work than those in the office irrespective of the position occupied, and NHIS would need serious reinforcement through effective policy review and improved practices by the Health Maintenance Organisations (HMOs) based on users’ complaints.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Financial Incentive, Basic Salary, Hazard Allowance, NHIS, Employee Task Performance

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  Citation
  N.A. Yongo, E.U. Oki, "Effect of Financial Incentive on Employee Performance among Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) Staff in Nigeria," World Academics Journal of Management, Vol.9, Issue.3, pp.8-17, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Exemplary Leadership and the Performance of Humanitarian Aid Organizations (HAOs) in North-East Nigeria

  O. Akanbi

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJM)

  Vol.9 , Issue.3 , pp.18-26, Sep-2021

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  Abstract
  Humanitarian aid organizations (HAOs) exist to give assistance to people in need. Fulfilling this mandate depends largely on the effective leadership practices able to mobilize needed resources. These also shape practical leadership decisions on organizational goals. The existing research highlights challenges associated with leadership potential and performance of HAOs to include power of strategic influence on decision-making, rigidity of some humanitarian response agreements and insecurity in the region. This research used the positivist philosophy to probe leadership style issues in the over 150 active international and local voluntary aid organizations, engaged in humanitarian and development assistance in north-east Nigeria. Primary research data was obtained through 150 questionnaires. These were distributed to representatives of the active NGOs in the north-east of Nigeria. The questionnaire was developed around an exemplary leadership model and leaders’ individual performance-related efforts were evaluated. Research ethics were observed to ensure consistency, correctness, morality and integrity throughout the process of inquiry. In analyzing the instrument, a multiple-regression model was used. The major findings indicate that “modelling the way and inspire shared vision”, elements of the exemplary leadership model, have significant impacts on HAO performance, while “challenging the process enhance others to act and encourage the heart” have insignificant impacts on HAO performance in north-east Nigeria. However, lack of consensual agreement on emergency response situations and continuous insecurity in the region badly affected leadership of HAOs.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Exemplary Leadership, modeling the way, inspire shared vision, enable others to act, challenge the process, encourage the heart, Performance, Humanitarian Aid Organizations

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  [32] Harrell-Bond, B., 2002. Can Humanitarian Work with Refugees Be Humane? Human Rights Quarterly, 24(1), pp. 51-85.
  [33] J.W. Creswell, “Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach” (4th ed.). SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, California, 2014.
  [34] A. Oloko, “Humanitarian Aid in Nigeria’s North-east: Helping or Hurting?” OCHA Services, 2019.
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  Citation
  O. Akanbi, "Exemplary Leadership and the Performance of Humanitarian Aid Organizations (HAOs) in North-East Nigeria," World Academics Journal of Management, Vol.9, Issue.3, pp.18-26, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Examining the Socio-Demographic Factors that Determine Wokers’ Decision to Hold Health Insurance in Adamawa State, Nigeria

  N.A. Umar, A.U. Pariya

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJM)

  Vol.9 , Issue.3 , pp.27-32, Sep-2021

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  Abstract
  This study examined the socio-demographic factors that influence worker’s willingness to hold health insurance otherwise. The study utilized data from the Federal College of Education, (FCE, Yola), and American University of Nigeria (AUN) in Adamawa State, Nigeria, using a structured-questionnaire. A sample of 200 was drawn from the two institutions. Binary choice models were employed to model the effects of these factors on worker’s decision to either hold health insurance or not. The results show about 81% of the respondents that are being insured is married. Similarly, those with larger families hold insurance more than respondents with smaller families. For the influence of religion, outcome reveals Muslims workers hold insurance more than non-Muslims workers. Also, workers with the highest education qualification are mostly insured with about 84%. Equally, respondents that are within middle income group tend to hold health insurance more with about 83%. This research was limited in its scope and variables used, as it only covered two academic institutions in Yola city of Adamawa state, Nigeria, and examined only socio-demographic factors that can influence an employee to hold health insurance. The outcome of this research adds value to the existing literature and knowledge in the field of health economics.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Health Insurance, NHIS, Socio-Demographic factors

  References
  [1] National Health Insurance Scheme (revised October 2010) ISBN 978 2397 24 5.
  [2] A. Babajide, “Entrepreneurs Health and Productivity in Nigeria, Analyses of Microfinance Bank Contributions,” Global Journal of Management and Business Research,Vol.11, Issue.12, 2011.
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  Citation
  N.A. Umar, A.U. Pariya, "Examining the Socio-Demographic Factors that Determine Wokers’ Decision to Hold Health Insurance in Adamawa State, Nigeria," World Academics Journal of Management, Vol.9, Issue.3, pp.27-32, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  A Review of Culture and Leadership in Cross-Cultural Context: Linking Hofstede’s Theory

  Choo Eern Yie

  Review Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJM)

  Vol.9 , Issue.3 , pp.33-36, Sep-2021

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  Abstract
  This article discuss the leadership research in an international context. In particular, this article focus on leadership cultural-specific in most of the developing countries. A clear and balanced synthesis of existing academic research done in the area in terms of both theoretical foundation and empirical findings are provided in this article. The article also critically evaluate the existing studies and highlight their relationships, strengths and weaknesses. The knowledge gap in the existing literature are also being addressed and identified. Specific directions for future research is suggested near the end of the article.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Cross-cultural management, leadership, Hofstede, power distance, individualism

  References
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  [2] Hanges, P. J., Dorfman, P. W., Shteynberg, G., and Bates, A. L, “Culture and leadership: A connectionist information processing model,” Advances in global leadership, Vol 4, pp.7-37, 2006.
  [3] Triandis, H. C, “The many dimensions of culture,” Academy of Management Perspectives, 18(1), pp.88-93, 2004.
  [4] Goleman, D, “Leadership that gets results,” Harvard business review, Vol 78 Issue 2, pp.4-17, 2000.
  [5] Kennedy, J., & Mansor, N, “Malaysian culture and the leadership of organizations: A GLOBE study,” Malaysian management review, Vol 35 Issue 2, pp.44-53, 2000.
  [6] Baumgartner, E, “Culture and leadership, across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 Societies,” [review] Chhokar, J.S, Brobdeck, F.C, & House, R.J. Journal of Applied Christian Leadership, Vol 3 Issue 2, pp,56-62, 2009.
  [7] Dorfman, P., Javidan, M., Hanges, P., Dastmalchian, A., and House, R, “GLOBE: A twenty year journey into the intriguing world of culture and leadership,” Journal of World Business, Vol 47 Issue 4, pp.504-518, 2012.
  [8] Alhaji, M. M, “Organizational Culture, Leadership Styles and Organizational Performance: A Literature,” Department of Business Administration, 1, pp.2-7, 2018.
  [9] Hofstede, G, “Culture`s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations across Nations,” Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage (co-published in the PRC as Vol. 10 in the Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press SFLEP Intercultural Communication Reference Series, 2008), 2001.
  [10] Javidan, M., House, R. J., Dorfman, P. W., Hanges, P. J., and De Luque, M. S, “Conceptualizing and measuring cultures and their consequences: a comparative review of GLOBE`s and Hofstede`s approaches,” Journal of international business studies, Vol 37 Issue 6, pp.897-914,2006.
  [11] Javidan, M., and Dastmalchian, A, “Culture and leadership in Iran: The land of individual achievers, strong family ties, and powerful elite,” Academy of Management Perspectives, Vol 17 Issue 4, pp.127-142 2003.
  [12] Javidan, M., & Carl, D. E, “East meets west: a cross?cultural comparison of charismatic leadership among Canadian and Iranian executives,” Journal of Management Studies, Vol 41 Issue 4, pp.665-691, 2004.
  [13] Thom, Wolf, “Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies,” [review] / House, R. J., Hanges, P.J., & Javidan, M., Eds. Journal of Applied Christian Leadership. Vol 1 Issue 1, pp.55-71, 2006.
  [14] Dickson, M. W., Den Hartog, D. N., and Mitchelson, J. K, “Research on leadership in a cross-cultural context: Making progress, and raising new questions,” The leadership quarterly, Vol 14 Issue 6, pp.729-768, 2003.
  [15] Irawanto, D. W., Ramsey, P. L., & Ryan, J. C, “Tailoring leadership theory to Indonesian culture,” Global Business Review, 12(3), pp.355-366, 2011.
  [16] Liden, R. C, “Leadership research in Asia: A brief assessment and suggestions for the future,” Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Vol 29 Issue 2, pp.205-212, 2012.
  [17] DeVoe, S. E., and Iyengar, S. S, “Managers’ theories of subordinates: A cross-cultural examination of manager perceptions of motivation and appraisal of performance,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol 93 Issue 1, 47-61, 2004.
  [18] Kuada, J, “Culture and leadership in Africa: a conceptual model and research agenda, “African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, Vol 1 Issue 1, pp.9-24, 2010.
  [19] Holmberg, I., and Åkerblom, S, “Primus inter pares: Leadership and culture in Sweden,” Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies, Vol 25, pp.33-74, 2007.
  [20] Christie, P. M. J., Kwon, I. W. G., Stoeberl, P. A., and Baumhart, R, “A cross-cultural comparison of ethical attitudes of business managers: India Korea and the United States,” Journal of Business Ethics, Vol 46 Issue 3, 263-287, 2003.
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  Citation
  Choo Eern Yie, "A Review of Culture and Leadership in Cross-Cultural Context: Linking Hofstede’s Theory," World Academics Journal of Management, Vol.9, Issue.3, pp.33-36, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Root Cause Analysis of Factors associated with High Cost of Dairy Feed under the Zimbabwean Stock Feed Manufacturing Sector

  Alpha Marlvin Manjera, Patience Siwadi, Paidamoyo Patience Chadoka

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJM)

  Vol.9 , Issue.3 , pp.37-44, Sep-2021

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  Abstract
  This paper sought to demystify the cost components and present a cost build up by identifying the root causes of a high cost of dairy feeds. It is based on the rationale that there is great concern for the dairy industry in Zimbabwe which has shrunk over the two decades from 1990s when production reached over 200 million litres per annum to the present 76 million litres per year. Underperformance has hovered around viability problems which include the cost of stock feed exerting pressure on the uncompetitive milk producer prices dictated by the processors. The study utilized 32 companies within and work with the stock feed manufacturing sector in Zimbabwe. A qualitative approach to identification of the root causes of high cost of dairy feed was adopted through use of an interview guide. The study revealed that all factors associated with high cost of dairy feeds points to unavailability of cheaper raw materials. The study concluded that this is a combination of statutory instrument 145 of 2019, soya barn, lack of coordination and linkages, lack of direct dairy funding, high cost of producing maize, soya, leakages of raw materials to external markets, lack of sustained backward and forward market integrations. The research the study recommended the review of the SI 145 of 2020 to incorporate stock feed manufacturing and strengthen contract farming and regulate the export of grain. In addition, there is need to review the soya ban for stock feed manufacturers to get raw materials at their cheapest during harvest.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Feed Cost, Stock Feed Manufacturing Sector, Dairy Meal, Cost Driver, Statutory Instrument

  References
  [1] K. Akande, M. Abubakar, and S. Bogoro. Nutritional and health implications of mycotoxins in animal feeds: A review. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, Vol.5 Issue 5, pp. 398-403, 2017.
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  [3] Z. Babi?, T. Peri?. Optimization of livestock feed blend by use of goal programming. International Journal of Production Economics, Vol.13 Issue 2, pp. 218–223, 2018.
  [4] R. Bishop. The manufacturers` role in feed quality and safety: A discussion on methods used in feed manufacturing processes to assure feed hygiene and safety. Equine Applied and Clinical Nutrition: Health, Welfare and Performance, Vol.2 Issue 4, pp 381 – 389, 2019.
  [5] G. Brookes, G. The EU animal feed sector: protein ingredient use and the implications of the ban on use of meat and bonemeal. Canterbury, UK: Brookes West, 2019.
  [6] S. Bröring, S. Moving Toward Market Orientation in Agri-food Chains: Challenges for the Feed Industry. In: Market orientation: transforming food and agribusiness around the customer (Lindgreen, A. Ed.), Ashgate, Gower Publishing, Ltd., pp. 53-67, 2017.
  [7] J. Chianu, N. Vanlauwe, B. Myaka, F. Katungi, E. Akech, C. Mairura, F. Chianu. Soybean situation and outlook analysis: the case of Tanzania, 2017. Available from: http://www.icrisat.org/what-we-do/impi/projects/tl2-publications/regional-situation-outlook-reports/rso-sbean-tanzania.pdf
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  [9] B. Cooksey, B. Marketing reform? The rise and fall of agricultural liberalisation in Tanzania,. Development Policy Review, Vol.29 Issue 2, pp. 22-18, 2017.
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  [13] N. Dale. Variation in feed ingredient quality: oilseed meals. Animal feed science and technology, Vol.59 Issue 1, pp. 129-135, 2019.
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  [18] G. Diep Pham, N. Maass, and J. Cadilhon. Enhancing dairy based livelihoods in Tanzania: Mid-term progress report of the MilkIT project. CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and Fish, Brief 6, 2019. Available from:
  https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/35029/L%26F_brief6_feb2014.pdf?se quence=7
  [19] K. Dlamini, T. Tshabalala, and P. Mutengwa. Soybeans production in South Africa. Oilseeds and fats, Crops and Lipids (OCL), 21:2, D207, Vol.1 Issue 1 pp. 22-28, 2019.
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  Citation
  Alpha Marlvin Manjera, Patience Siwadi, Paidamoyo Patience Chadoka, "Root Cause Analysis of Factors associated with High Cost of Dairy Feed under the Zimbabwean Stock Feed Manufacturing Sector," World Academics Journal of Management, Vol.9, Issue.3, pp.37-44, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  The reality of Arab Foreign direct investment Projects in The light of foreign economic Sanctions imposed on Syria between 2000 – 2016

  Bassel Anwar asaad, Madline Mohamad Jonbolat

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJM)

  Vol.9 , Issue.3 , pp.45-53, Sep-2021

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  Abstract
  The study aimed to identify The imposed economic sanctions on Syria between 2000-2016. The period before the current crisis, war and during The current crisis experienced by Syria. It also aimed to demonstrate The impact imposed on Syria at the Arab Foreign direct investment and economic sanctions during The study period. The researcher used the descriptive analytical and historical approach, and after analyzing the data the study findings to a group of the most important results. The lack of a direct effect of economic sanctions imposed on Syria between 2000-2010, while in influenced sanctions imposed on Syria during the crisis situation between 2011 – 2016 on Foreign direct Arab investment significantly.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Investment. Foreign investment. Indirect foreign investment. Economic sanctions Arab projects. Syrian economy.

  References
  [1]. M. Babike,"Development of Foreign Direct Investment", a program prepared by the Arab Planning Institute in Kuwait, with the Information and Decision Support Center at the Council of Ministers in Egypt, pp. 2-3,2014.
  [2]. M.Al-Arian,M.El-Gama.M,"Attracting Foreign Direct Investment to Arab Countries: Choosing the Right Foundations", Research and Discussion Seminar on Incentives Granted to Foreign Direct Investment in Arab Countries, Arab Investment Guarantee Corporation, Tunis, March 24-25, pp 49,1997.
  [3]. T.Zughb,Barhomah.A,"New forms of foreign investment flows is based on the contribution to the capital and its effects on economic development in developing countries", Master thesis, Economic department, Al Macella universily. pp 66- 67,2014.
  [4]. W.H.KAEMPFER, D.A. LOWENBERG A."The Political Economy of Economic Sanctions",Vol2, Ch. 27,pp 867-911,2011.
  [5]. A.N.KURTH, "Rethinking the Syria Accountability Act: Are Sanctions on Syria in the Best Interest of the United States", Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems,Vol. 20, No. 1,pp 239-277,2011.
  [6]. B.Asaad, M.Assaad.M, "The Impact of Coronavirus Pandemic on Accommodations’ Tourist Demand in Syria (Analytical Study of Lattakia accommodations), World Academics Journal of Management , VOL 9,Issue1.p3,2021.
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  [9]. G.BIGLAISER, D.LEKTZIAN, D,"The Effect of Sanctions on U.S. Foreign Direct Investment, "International Organization, Vol. 65, No. 3, pp531-551,2011.
  [10]. K.Khadija,"The role of fiscal policy in the rationalization of foreign direct investment in Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco study", Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Abu Bakr Belcaid, pp 88,2014.
  [11]. K.H.SHIDIQI, R. PRADIPTYO, R. "A Game Theoretical Analysis of Economic Sanction",Munich Personal RePEc Archive, No. 30481, pp2-14-22.2011.
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  Citation
  Bassel Anwar asaad, Madline Mohamad Jonbolat, "The reality of Arab Foreign direct investment Projects in The light of foreign economic Sanctions imposed on Syria between 2000 – 2016," World Academics Journal of Management, Vol.9, Issue.3, pp.45-53, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Modern or Traditional: Factors Influencing the Adoption of Family Planning Methods among Women in Urban District Zanzibar

  Khadija Ali Miraji, George Julius Babune

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJM)

  Vol.9 , Issue.3 , pp.54-63, Sep-2021

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  Abstract
  The world is moving towards ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all. In practice, there are several dynamics requiring attention at the international, regional, national and local scales persist. The paper examined the practice of modern and traditional methods of family planning among women in the Urban District of Zanzibar Tanzania. A sample size of 40 generated data through cross-sectional design and mixed approach whereby it used systematic random sampling procedures of health facility women users. It was found that the majority of women were reproductively aged between 19 to 32 years (77.5%) being literate (97.5%), married (62.5%), and with income (70%). It was also found that women had a moderate level (level 2.9) of motivation from using traditional family planning methods (TFPM) in the area indicating the influence of both modern and TFPM among women. The paper found that modern family planning methods (MFPM) had a low level of influence (level 2) among women. It was concluded that women had been influenced by both MFPM and TFPM of which the adoption of MFPM is still low. It was recommended that efforts to promote strategies for poverty ending and livelihoods should be promoted to help the use of human and natural resources that is underutilized in the area.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Influence, Modern, Motivation, Traditional, and Women

  References
  [1] M. Almalik, S. Mosleh and I. Almasarweh, Are users of modern and traditional contraceptive methods in Jordan different?. EMHJ – Vol. 24 No. 4 – 2018
  [2] United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, Contraceptive Use by Method: Data Booklet (ST/ESA/SER.A/435. 2019
  [3] T. Gebreselassie, K. Bietsch, S. Staveteig, and T. Pullum. Trends, Determinants, and Dynamics of Traditional Contraceptive Method Use. DHS. Analytical Studies No. 63. Rockville, Maryland, USA: ICF. 2017.
  [4] United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2020). World Family Planning Highlights: Accelerating action to ensure universal access to family planning (ST/ESA/SER.A/450) 2020.
  [5] S. Sesiere and M. D’Haese. Boserup versus Malthus: Does population pressure drive agricultural intensification? Evidence from Burundi. Contributed Paper prepared for presentation at the 89th Annual Conference of the Agricultural Economics Society, University of Warwick, England13 - 15 April 2015.
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  Citation
  Khadija Ali Miraji, George Julius Babune, "Modern or Traditional: Factors Influencing the Adoption of Family Planning Methods among Women in Urban District Zanzibar," World Academics Journal of Management, Vol.9, Issue.3, pp.54-63, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  New Trends in Billing System for Paper less Transaction with the Help of Accounting Software

  S.M. Sale

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJM)

  Vol.9 , Issue.3 , pp.64-67, Sep-2021

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Accounting plays a crucial part in the day-to-day operations of a business. It also contains several procedures, some of which are easy, while others are complex and time-consuming. There was a need for a system that could store and process accounting data with increasing speed, storage, and processing capacity as the number of accounting transactions grew and the vulnerability of information to mistakes increased owing to the complexity of these accounting systems. As a result, accounting software packages were developed and introduced. It enables users of financial reports to see the real picture of all company endeavors by simplifying, integrating, and streamlining all business operations cost-effectively and simply. Computerized Accounting Systems have become the "engine of development" in today`s computerized, linked, global corporate world. As a result, it entails the computerization of accounting information systems, which is done to make decision-making easier.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  accounting software, tally, sap, bussy, computerized accounting software

  References
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  Citation
  S.M. Sale, "New Trends in Billing System for Paper less Transaction with the Help of Accounting Software," World Academics Journal of Management, Vol.9, Issue.3, pp.64-67, 2021