Volume-9 , Issue-4 , Dec 2021, ISSN 2321-905X Go Back

• Open Access   Article

  Effects of Transportation on the Nigerian Economy

  I. Njoku, U. Onumajuru

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJM)

  Vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp.1-6, Dec-2021

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  Abstract
  This study set out to assess the effect of transportation on economic growth in Nigeria. The essence of this study is to determine the nexus between transportation and the Nigerian economy. The research relied on secondary data sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin. The data were analyzed using descriptive and regression analytical tools. The result shows that the tabulated F-statistics=309.065 > calculated F-statistics= 8.94064512. Hence, the Hull hypothesis which states that transportation has no significant impact on Nigerian economy was rejected. The model developed for this study used the GDP as the dependent variable and transport modal output as independent variables. Generally, the study discovered that a unit change in the output of each of the transport mode causes a substantial corresponding increase in GDP. The paper suggests that government increases spending on transport infrastructure which will have a multiplier effect on transport sector output and in turn increase the GDP.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Transportation, economy, infrastructure, change, output

  References
  [1] A. H. David,, “Handbook of Transport Modelling”. (D. A. Hensher, 2000 Ed.). Publisher NewYork Pergamon, 2000.
  [2] E. Nwanze, “Conceptualization of the Nigerian Transport Problems and the Need for an Integrated National Transport System”. Paper presented at the Conference on Revitaiisation of Railway Transport ill Nigeria at the Centre for Transport Studies, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, August, 2002.
  [3] J. Ashipala, and N. Haimbodi, “The impact of public investment on economic growth in Namibia”, NEPRU Working Paper No. 88, 2003. www.unhabitat.org/pmss/getElectronicVersion
  [4] Federal Government of Nigeria Draft National Transport Policy, August, 2010.
  [5] O. B. Ndikom, “ The kernel Concept of Shipping Operations, Policies and Strategies: the Industry Overview”, Bunmico Publishers, Nigeria, 2006.
  [6] Oxford Economics, “Global Economic Databank”,
  A comprehensive, user-friendly source of long-term forecasts for 190 countries, 2012.
  [7] M. N. Nwakeze. and A. Y. Mulikat, “Transportation and economic Growth in Nigeria”. Journal of Research in National Development
  Vol.l8, No.2, 2010.
  [8] M. C. Ochei and Z. U. Mamudu “Analysis of The Contributions of Transport Sector to Economic Growth in Nigeria”, IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance , Vol.11, Issue 6, Pp.8-35, 2020.
  [9] S. Boopen, "Transport Infrastructure and Economic Growth: Evidence from Africa using Dynamic Panel Estimates". The Empirical Economic Letters, Vol. 5 No 1. 2006.
  [10] F. P. S. Zhu “The Relationship between Transport Infrastructure and Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis Comparing Developing and Developed Countries” A Thesis of Dalarna University School of Economics and Social Sciences, 2009.
  [11] E. O. Ejiogu, S. M. Nelson and A. Adedotun, “The Effect of Transportation Infrastructure on Economic Development”, Proceedings of the 2nd African International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Harare, Zimbabwe, December 7-10, 2020
  [12] E. O. Adeyi, “The Impact of Transportation on Economic Development in Nigeria”, International Journal of Contemporary Applied Researches, Vol. 5, No. 8, August 2018 (ISSN: 2308-1365) www.ijcar.net 140

  Citation
  I. Njoku, U. Onumajuru, "Effects of Transportation on the Nigerian Economy," World Academics Journal of Management, Vol.9, Issue.4, pp.1-6, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Appraisal of Cabotage Act Implementation in Nigeria

  I. Njoku

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJM)

  Vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp.7-12, Dec-2021

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  This paper appraises the degree of Cabotage Act implementation in Nigeria. The Act was passed into law in 2003 to empower domestic shipping operators to dominate the coastal and inland shipping trade. Secondary data were employed to elicit information on the relationship exiting between local and foreign cabotage operators in respect of vessel ownership, revenue earned, manning and building of cabotage vessel. The difference of means statistical method was employed for the analysis and hypotheses were tested using a paired t-Test method of analysis. H0A was accepted to show that there was no significant difference in vessel ownership between foreign and local operators; H0B was rejected which indicates that foreign operators were earning more than local counterparts; H0C was rejected which means that local manning was more than foreign manning; H0D was rejected showing that foreign built vessels outnumbered the locally made ones. The result of this analysis revealed that much improvement has not been recorded in the fortunes of indigenous shippers in the country. The paper therefore suggests that, the agency charged with the enforcement of this Act should shift focus from revenue generation such as granting waivers to foreign participators and seek for more indigenous participation.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Cabotage, Waivers, Vessel, Shippers, Manning, Indigenous

  References
  [1] Y. Agidee, “Cabotage - The Nigerian Perspective. Lagos”: The Rock and Partners 2001.
  [2] G. E. B. Inyang and A. O. Ijiomah, “The Emergence of Nigerian Maritime Cabotage Laws and the Future of Its Maritime Commerce”, The Journal of Social Sciences Research, Vol.6, Issue. 4, pp.476-482, 2020.
  [3] M. Igbokwe, “Nigerian Maritime Cabotage Policy and Law: The Case and Advocacy, Lagos”: One United Thursday Company Limited, 2006.
  [4] V. Okeke and E. Aniche, “An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Cabotage Act 2003 On Nigerian Maritime Administration”. Sacha Journal of Policy and Strategic Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp 12-28, 2012.
  [5] D. E. Onwuegbuchunam, M. O. Aponjolosun, A. A. Oludare and. O. C. Onyekachi, “Assessment of Cabotage Act Implementation and Its Effect on Nigerian Seafarers, “Journal of Sustainable Development of Transport and Logistics”, 5(1), pp.124-132, 2020.
  [6] E. Ihenacho, “Prospects of Cabotage in Nigeria” – A Seminar Paper Presented at a Maritime Stakeholders Forum, 2004.
  [7] P. Mukundan, “Taming the High Seas Pirates”, The Nation Newspaper, Monday June 16, 2008.
  [8] W. Agoha, “The Impact of Cabotage Trade on Local Capacity Development”, An Unpublished MSc Thesis, Department of Maritime Management Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2008.

  Citation
  I. Njoku , "Appraisal of Cabotage Act Implementation in Nigeria," World Academics Journal of Management, Vol.9, Issue.4, pp.7-12, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Assessment of Nigerian Seaport Service Delivery and Customers’ Satisfaction

  I. Njoku, L.Y. Olowolagba, B.S. Olisa, I.A. Adeleke

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJM)

  Vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp.13-20, Dec-2021

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  Abstract
  The study assesses the Nigerian Seaport Service Delivery and customers’ Satisfaction with view to identify and assess the most impacting and least impacting port services as well as the overall level of satisfaction with port services in Apapa Port Complex. The study employed primary data involving administration of structured questionnaire. It adopted ROPMIS model and Weighted Mean Rank, Gap Model and spearman rank correlation to assess the customers’ satisfaction and port services quality. The result showed a significant relationship between customers’ satisfaction and port services quality. The study recommends that government should prioritize the construction of access roads in and out of the port and port management should focus on the most and least impacting port services to improve on service delivery quality to ensure increased customers’ satisfaction.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Seaport, Service, Delivery, Quality

  References
  [1] C. K. Walter and R. F. Poist, “North American Inland Port
  Development: International Vs Domestic Shipper Preferences,” International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 34(7), pp.579-597, 2004.
  [2] S. Okotie and D. Attah, “Silent Issues in Port Operations in
  Transport, A Multi-model Approach”., 2005.
  [3] C. E. Godfrey and O. B. Ndikom,. “Delay Factors Evaluation
  of Nigerian Seaports” (A Case Study of Apapa Ports Complex, Lagos). Greener Journal of Physical Sciences, 2 (3): pp.97-106, 2012.
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  [5] Fivestar Logistics. “Re-development of Nigerian seaports in the new millennium” (Retrieved from http://www.fivestarlogisticsltd.com/concession.html).
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  [7] Clerk, et al “maritime Transport Costs and Port Efficiency”, World Bank Group, Washington Dc, pp 1-38, 2001.
  [8] C. C. Ugboma, “Service Quality in Ports of a Developing Economy. Empirical evidence from Nigerian ports”. Managing Service Quality, 2(2):pp.20-21, 2006.
  [9] M. M. Ha, “A comparison of service quality at major container ports: implications for Korean ports”. Journal of Transport Geography, 11(2): pp.131– 137, 2003.
  [10] C. H. Cho, B. I. Kim and J. H. Hyun, “A comparative analysis of the ports of Incheon and Shanghai: The cognitive service quality of ports, customer satisfaction, and post-behaviour”. Total Quality Management,21(9): pp.919-930, 2010.
  [11] V. V. Thai, “Service quality in maritime transport: Conceptual model and empirical evidence”. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing andLogistics, 20(4): pp.493-518, 2008.
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  [15] O. M. Mugenda, and A. G. Mugenda, “Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Acts Press, Nairobi, 2003.
  [16] S. O. Fadare and A. O. Adeniran, Comparative analysis of public operated airport terminal and concessioned airport terminal in Lagos, Nigeria. Discovery, 54(272), pp.304-318, 2018.
  [17] S. O. Olorunfemi and A. O. Adeniran, “Assessment of Passengers’ Satisfaction of Public Transport System in Akure-Owo Axis, Nigeria”. American International Journal of Sciences and Engineering Research, 1(1), pp.1-13, 2018.
  [18] A. Beerli, J. Martín and A. Quintana, “A Model of Customer Loyalty in the Retail Banking Market”, European Journal of Marketing, 38: p.253-275, 2004.
  

  Citation
  I. Njoku, L.Y. Olowolagba, B.S. Olisa, I.A. Adeleke, "Assessment of Nigerian Seaport Service Delivery and Customers’ Satisfaction," World Academics Journal of Management, Vol.9, Issue.4, pp.13-20, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  The Influence of Entrepreneurial Passion on the Self-Employment Intention among Plateau State Polytechnic Students

  N.Y. Sanda, M.G. Goyit, R.J. Dakung

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJM)

  Vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp.21-25, Dec-2021

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  Abstract
  The rising rate of graduate unemployment is alarming, and worsening on yearly basis. With this, graduates still wait for white-collar jobs or other paid jobs to no avail. However, undergraduates need to develop the drive to be gainfully engaged as they progress in life. To contribute in addressing this, three hypotheses were stated on whether passions for inventing, founding and developing significantly influence self-employment intention of polytechnic students. The study adopted a quantitative approach and analysed the data from a sample of 374 students using multiple regressions model in SPSS version 26. The results showed that while passion for inventing strongly influences the self-employment intention of students, passion for developing had fairly influence, whereas passion for founding did not influence the self-employment intention of the Plateau State Polytechnic students. Recommendations were made that effective entrepreneurship education, mentorship, fundings, and social resources be provided for the students to stimulate their self-employment intention and equally transform it into a sustainable enterprise.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Entrepreneurial Passion, Inventing, Founding, Developing, Self-employment Intention

  References
  [1] R.J. Dakung, L. Orobia, J.C. Munene, W. Balunywa, “The role of entrepreneurship education in shaping entrepreneurial action of disabled students in Nigeria” Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 293-311, 2017.
  [2] Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development, “Self-employment rate (indicator)” OECD reports, 2021.
  [3] World Bank, “Global economic prospects” A World Bank Group Flagship Report, January, 2021.
  [4] R.J. Dakung, J.C. Munene, W. Balunywa, J. Ntayi, M. Ngoma, “Developing disabled entrepreneurial graduates: A mission for the Nigerian universities”? Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 198-221, 2019.
  [5] National Bureau of Statistics, “Nigeria’s unemployment rate jumps to 33.3% as at Q4 2020” NBS August, 2021.
  [6] C.J. Jacobs, U.R. Ezeokafor, G.E. Ekwere, “Influence of entrepreneurship education on unemployment reduction among students in Nigeria,” World Academics Journal of Management, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 8-15, 2021.
  [7] C.L. Moses, M.A. Olokundun, M. Akinbode, M. Agboola, F. Inelo, “Entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention: The moderating role of passion. The Social Science, Vol. 11, No. 5, pp. 645-653, 2016.
  [8] J.R. Baum, E.A. Locke, “The relationship of entrepreneurial traits, skill, and motivation to subsequent venture growth,” Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 89, pp. 587–98, 2004.
  [9] M. Murad, C. Li, S.F. Ashraf, S. Arora, “The Influence of Entrepreneurial Passion in the Relationship Between Creativity and Entrepreneurial Intention,” International Journal of Global Business and Competitiveness, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 51-60, 2021.
  [10] A. Newman, M. Obschonka, J. Moeller, G.G. Chandan, “Entrepreneurial passion: A review, synthesis, and agenda for future research,” Applied Psychology, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 816-860, 2021.
  [11] M.S. Cardon, D.A. Gregoire, C.E. Stevens, P.C. Patel, “Measuring entrepreneurial passion: Conceptual foundations and scale validation,” Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 373-396, 2013.
  [12] M.S. Cardon, C. Kirk, “Entrepreneurial passion as mediator of the self-efficacy to persistence relationship,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,” Vol. 39, No.1, pp. 1027–50, 2015.
  [13] J. Wincent, M.S. Cardon, J. Singh, M. Drnovsek, “Entrepreneurial affect: the distinction between emotion and passion,” Academy of Management Conference, Anaheim, CA, 2008.
  [14] F. Fesharaki, “Entrepreneurial passion, self-efficacy and spiritual intelligence among Iranian SME owners-managers,” Psychological Studies, 2019.
  [15] M.S. Cardon, J. Wincent, J. Singh, M. Drnovsek, “The nature and experience of entrepreneurial passion,” Academy of Management Review, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 511–32, 2009.
  [16] N. Krueger, A. Carsrud, “Entrepreneurial Intentions: Applying the Theory of Planned Behaviour,” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 315-330, 1993.
  [17] I. Ajzen, “The Theory of Planned Behaviour” Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 179-211, 1991.
  [18] I.S. Stroe, “The duality of passion in entrepreneurship,” Publications of the Hanken School of Economics, Finland, pp. 1-179, 2017.
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  [20] S. Karimi, “The role of entrepreneurial passion in the formation of students’ entrepreneurship intentions,” Journal of Applied Economics, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 1-14, 2019.
  [21] L. Li, D. Wu, “Entrepreneurship education and students’ entrepreneurial intention: does team cooperation matter?” Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, Vol. 9, No. 35, 1-13, 2019.
  [22] M.S. Cardon, M. Glauser, C.Y. Murnieks, “Passion for what? Expanding the domains of entrepreneurial passion,” Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Vol. 8, pp. 24–32, 2017.
  [23] D. Audretsch, M. Callejon, J. Aranguren, Entrepreneurship, Small Firms and Self-employment. 2008. In: M.D. Parrilli, P. Bianchi, R. Sugden (eds.), “High Technology, Productivity and Networks-A Systemic Approach to SME Development,” Palgrave MacMillan, Chapter 6, pp. 117-137, 2008.
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  venture feasibility and desirability. Entrepreneurship,” Theory and Practice, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 5-21, 1993.
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  Sexton, K.H. Vesper (Eds.), “The encyclopaedia of entrepreneurship,”
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  Citation
  N.Y. Sanda, M.G. Goyit, R.J. Dakung, "The Influence of Entrepreneurial Passion on the Self-Employment Intention among Plateau State Polytechnic Students," World Academics Journal of Management, Vol.9, Issue.4, pp.21-25, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  The Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ) Problems of Cagraray Island Residents on Its Implementation During Covid-19 Pandemic

  Christine C. Bechayda, Michael B. Bibon

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJM)

  Vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp.26-32, Dec-2021

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  Abstract
  The implementation of Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ) brought many shortcomings in the ways of living of Cagraray Island’s residents. This island is located on the eastern coast of Philippines connected by a bridge via Sula channel. The aim of this qualitative study is to determine the problems encountered by its residents on the implementation of ECQ along basic necessities, source of income, and social life. Systematic random sampling identified the key informants of the study by interviewing the family heads. Interpretative analysis used thematic approach through coding of the responses. Findings revealed that ECQ brought socioeconomic problems in basic necessities, limited opportunities in the sustenance of income source, and impediments of social life. Codes also revealed the negative bearings of the problems particularly on the amplification of experienced poverty and depression via limited social contact. Nevertheless, accounts also showed positive effects of ECQ problems where residents learned to become more resourceful and value family ties. These findings validated the annals of the documented literature on the effects of ECQ in the lives of people. A problem-based scheme indicating the need to save resources and money, and supplement internet connectivity was proposed. In addition, accurate forecast analysis was also proposed for authorities to specify the timeline of ECQ for residents to monitor the quantity of resources to be saved. Despite some positive effects of ECQ, it was concluded that it brought many unconventional problems on the lives of Cagraray island residents.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Enhanced Community Quarantine, ECQ, Covid-19 Pandemic, Encountered Problems during ECQ, Cagraray Island

  References
  [1] K. Hapal, “The Philippines Covid-19 Response: Securitising the Pandemic and Disciplining the Pasaway,” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, Vol.40, Issue 2, pp.224-244,2021.
  [2] S. Perlman, “Another Decade, Another Coronavirus,” The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 382, Issue 8, pp. 760-762, 2020.
  [3] LK. Butola, R. Ambad & PK. Kute, “The Pandemic of 21st Century-COVID-19,” J. Evolution Med. Dent. Sci., Vol.9, Issue 39, pp. 2913-2918,2020.
  [4] H. Yasmin, S. Khalil & R. Mazhar, “Covid 19 : Stress Management among student and its impact on their Effective Learning,” International Technology and Education Journal, Vol.4, Issue 2, pp. 65-74, 2020.
  [5] Ibid. [1]
  [6] S. Anderson & N. Aylott, “Sweden and Coronavirus: Unexceptional Exceptionalism,” Social Science, Vol. 9, Issue 12: 232, 2020.
  [7] E. Jeong, M. Ki and A. Flahault, “Understanding South Korea’s Response to Covid-19 Outbreak: A Real-Time Analysis,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 17, Issue 24: 9571, 2021.
  [8] S. Aday and MS. Aday, “Impact of COVID-19 on the food supply chain,” Food Quality and Safety, Vol. 4, Issue 4, pp. 167-180,2020.
  [9] A. Brodeur, D. Gray, A. Islam & S. Bhuiyan, “A Literature Review of the Economics of Covid-19,” IZA Institute of Economics, Canada, pp. 1-63.
  [10] M. Tee, C. Tee, V. Kuruchittham and R. Hoo, “Psychological impact of Covid-19 pandemic in the Philippines,” Journal of Effective Disorder, Vol. 277, pp. 379-391, 2020.
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  [14] J. Fegert, B. Vitiello, P. Plener and V. Clemens, “Challenges and burden of the Coronavirus 2019(Covid-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health : A narrative review to highlight clinical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to normality,” Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, Vol. 14, No. 20, pp. 2-11,2020.
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  Citation
  Christine C. Bechayda, Michael B. Bibon, "The Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ) Problems of Cagraray Island Residents on Its Implementation During Covid-19 Pandemic," World Academics Journal of Management, Vol.9, Issue.4, pp.26-32, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Integrated Marketing Communication and Marketing Performance of Hotels in Calabar, Cross River State

  N.E. Usani, S.G. Etuk, V. Ekpenyoung

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJM)

  Vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp.33-38, Dec-2021

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  Abstract
  The relationship between sales promotions, advertisement, personal selling and direct marketing jointly as integrated marketing communication underpinnings and marketing performance of hotels in Calabar, Cross River State was investigated using Transcorp hotel, Channel view hotel, Pyramid hotel, Cross road hotel and Uncial hotel. The method followed in this study was exploratory and quantitative in nature. The researcher adopted survey research design. The questionnaire responses from 148 employees of the five selected hotels in Calabar were used as data for the study. Multiple Regression Analysis was used to analyze the study data. The results of the study conducted showed that the underpinnings of integrated marketing communication jointly had a positive influence on marketing performance of hotels in Calabar. The researcher also revealed that advertisement was found to have the most significant influence on marketing performance. On the basis of the findings, the researchers recommended that firms within the hospitality industry (hotels) in Calabar wishing to enhance their marketing performance should endeavour to adopt sales promotions, advertisement, personal selling and direct marketing as underpinnings of integrated marketing communication either jointly or individually.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Integrated Marketing Communication, Marketing Performance, Hotels in Calabar

  References
  [1] P. Kotler, G. Armstrong, “Principles of marketing” Harlow, England: Pearson Publishers. Pp.350-400, 2010.
  [2] M. A. Al-Qeedaa, “Impact of Integrated Marketing Communications (IMCs) on Hotels’ Marketing Performance” International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, Volume 8, Issue 9, pp. 304-323, 2019.
  [3] P. Kotler, C. Keller, “Marketing management” Nepal: Prentice Hall, (12th edition). 2006.
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  [9] J. Damjana, Z. Bruno,“Model of Marketing Communications Effectiveness in the Business-to-Business Markets” Economic Research, vol.25, No.1, pp.364-388, 2012.
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  [13] N. E. Usani, “Micromarketing and Customer Satisfaction of transportation network companies in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State. (MSC edition). University of Uyo, Nigeria. Pp. 1-93, 2021. Unpublished.
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  [15] O. B. Frederick, V. A. Mbaze, E. I. Christian. “Private Sector Remittances And Tourism Development In Calabar, Cross River State” European Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, Vol.7, No.4, pp.1-16, 2019.
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  Citation
  N.E. Usani, S.G. Etuk, V. Ekpenyoung, "Integrated Marketing Communication and Marketing Performance of Hotels in Calabar, Cross River State," World Academics Journal of Management, Vol.9, Issue.4, pp.33-38, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Impact of Capital Structure on Financial Performance of Listed Building Materials Companies in Nigeria

  Sani Lawan, Muhammad Sirajo, Yasir Haruna, Ismail Gimba Sani

  Review Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJM)

  Vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp.39-43, Dec-2021

  Abstract

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  Abstract
  This study examined the impact of capital structure on firm’s performance in Nigerian Building Material Industry. Sample of five (5) firms in Nigerian Building Material Industry listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange were used as a sample over a ten (10) year period (2009-2018). Data was generated from financial statement of the firms within that period. Regression analysis was run to determine the level of impact of capital structure surrogated by short term debt, long term debt and equity on performance epitomized by Return on Asset. The analysis revealed that short term debt has a significant impact on firm performance; long term debt has a significant negative impact on firm performance. The result also revealed that equity has an impact on firm performance and a weak negative relationship between equity and Return on Asset. The study recommends that the management of the listed firms in the industry should ensure a proper trade-off between debt and equity to reduce the risk of overburdened external financing so as to improved financial performance to the benefit of equity holders.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Equity, Short term debt, Long term debt, Financial Performance, Firm

  References
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  Citation
  Sani Lawan, Muhammad Sirajo, Yasir Haruna, Ismail Gimba Sani, "Impact of Capital Structure on Financial Performance of Listed Building Materials Companies in Nigeria," World Academics Journal of Management, Vol.9, Issue.4, pp.39-43, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Review of Geospatial Information Technology for the Implementation of Financial Inclusion to Farmers in Nigeria

  Thomas U. Omali

  Review Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJM)

  Vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp.44-50, Dec-2021

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

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  Citation

  Abstract
  The smallholder agricultural sector in Nigeria occupy a substantial position in the country’s economy. However, this agricultural segment is seemingly threatened with inaccessibility to the required finances with which to obtain the necessary materials needed to achieve the desired farm boost and yield. The focus of this study is on the implementation of financial inclusion to farmers in Nigeria, with emphasis on the role of geospatial technology. This study demonstrates that financial inclusion can improve the effectiveness and efficient government–to–person payments, which play an important role in the welfare of many poor people. However, despite the success made so far with regards to financial inclusion in line with global trends, many Nigerians are financially excluded. But the application of geospatial technology can reduce the transactional costs of reaching rural farmers and, ultimately, make finance more affordable for smallholder farmers.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Agriculture, banks, microcredit, rural, stakeholders

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  Citation
  Thomas U. Omali, "Review of Geospatial Information Technology for the Implementation of Financial Inclusion to Farmers in Nigeria," World Academics Journal of Management, Vol.9, Issue.4, pp.44-50, 2021