Volume-7 , Issue-3 , Jun 2020, ISSN 2347-7520 (Online) Go Back

• Open Access   Article

  Cytotoxic Activity of Cell Suspension Cultured and Plant Derived Crude Extracts of Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia Jack) against Human Cancer Cell Lines

  Tan Shu Ying, Kwan Li See, Yoshiyuki Hirata, Lai-Keng Chan, Yasuo Nagaoka, Shinichi Uesato

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp.1-10, Jun-2020

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  There are more than 200 different known cancers that afflict humans. Many researchers currently prioritize their research towards development of anticancer treatments with plant derived products. Our study aims to investigate the anticancer potential of Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) extracts derived from the cell suspension cultures and the roots, stems and leaves of the mature plants (7 years old) against three human cancer cell lines: A549 (lung cancer), HCT116 (colon cancer) and SKBR3 (breast cancer). Results obtained showed that the chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts derived from the cell suspension cultures exhibit cytotoxicity activities with wide variation of IC50 values ranging from 40.9 to 932.1 ?g/ml. While the three different solvent extracts derived from the root, stem and leaves of the mature plant exhibit better cytotoxicity activity with IC50 between 32.9 and 109.9 ?g/ml. The cytotoxicity activity of the water extracts for the cell cultures could not be determined due to cell viability of the cancer cell lines were above 50%. While the water extracts obtained from the root, stem and leaves showed cytotoxicity activity with IC50 values of 33.7 ? 214.3 ?g/ml. Extracts from the dried cell suspension cultures indicate having similar compounds with the root extracts separated using thin layer chromatography. Hence the cell suspension cultures of E. longifolia can be used as one of the tools for the production of bioactive compounds and as an alternative means for prevention of its eventual extinction. It can also be established as the potential materials source besides the different plant parts for the preparation of anticancer plant-based products

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Cell suspension culture, Tongkat Ali, Eurycoma longifolia, anticancer, cytotoxicity activity

  References
  [1] W.G. Goreja, ?Tongkat Ali: The Tree that Cures a Hundred Diseases, Volumn 2,? Amazing Herb Press, New York, NY, USA, pp. 1-42, 2004
  [2] J.A. Jamal, ?Malay traditional medicine: An overview of scientific and technological progress,? Tech Monitor, Malaysia, pp. 37?49, 2006.
  [3] B.H. Tee, S.Z. Hoe, S.H. Cheah, S.K. Lam, ?Effects of Root Extracts of Eurycoma longifolia Jack on Corpus Cavernosum of rat,? Medical Principles and Practice, Vol. 26, pp.258?265, 2017.
  [4] G.G. Faisal, S.M. Zakaria, G.F. Najmuldeen, I.M. Al-Ani, ?Antifungal activity of Eurycoma longifolia jack (Tongkat Ali) root extract,? Journal of International Dental and Medical Research, Vol. 9, Issue. 1, pp. 70?74, 2016
  [5] P. Hendra, P.R.A. Fenty, B.M.E. Pangestuti, J. Julianus, ?Evaluation of Antihyperlipidemic, Anti-Inflammatory, and Analgesic Activities of Eurycoma longifolia in Animal Models,? International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 9, Issue. 3, pp. 166?169, 2017.
  [6] S. Hajjouli, S. Chateauvieux, M.H. Teiten, B. Orlikova, M. Schumacher, M. Dicato, C.Y. Choo, M. Diederich, ?Eurycomanone and eurycomanol from Eurycoma longifolia jack as regulators of signalling pathways involved in proliferation, cell death and inflammation,? Molecules, Vol 19, Issue. 9, pp. 14649?14666, 2014.
  [7] H.E. Thu, Z. Hussain, I.N. Mohamed, A.N. Shuid, ?Eurycoma longifolia, A Potential Phytomedicine for the Treatment of Cancer: Evidence of p53-mediated Apoptosis in Cancerous Cells,? Current Drug Targets, Vol. 19, Issue. 10, pp. 1109?1126, 2017.
  [8] H.H, AL-Faqeh, B.Y. Uhammad, E.M. Nafie, A. Khorshid, ?The effect of Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali) on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats,? Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 8, Issue. 2, pp. 71?84, 2010.
  [9] N.M. Effendy, N. Mohamed, N. Muhammad, I. Naina Mohamad, A.N. Shuid, ?Eurycoma longifolia: Medicinal plant in the prevention and treatment of male osteoporosis due to androgen deficiency,? Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Vol. 2012, pp. 1?9, 2012.
  [10] S. Jiwajinda, P. Santisopasri, A. Murakami, M. Kawanaka, H. Sugiyama, M. Gasquet, H. Ohigashi, ?In vitro anti-tumor promoting and anti-parasitic activities of the quassinoids from Eurycoma longifolia, a medicinal plant in Southeast Asia,? Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Vol. 82, pp. 55?58, 2002.
  [11] P.C. Kuo, A. Damu, K. Lee, T. Wu, ?Cytotoxic and antimalarial constituents from the roots of Eurycoma longifolia,? Bioorganic & Medical Chemistry, Vol. 12, pp. 537?544, 2004.
  [12] M.F. Razak, K.E. Aidoo, ?Toxicity studies of Eurycoma langifolia (Jack) - base remedial products,? Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, Vol 4, Issue. 3, pp. 2?6, 2011.
  [13] W.H. Hou, X, F. Xiao, W. Guo, T.J. Zhang, ?Advances in Studies on Chemistry, Pharmacological Effect, and Pharmacokinetics of Eurycoma longifolia,? Chinese Herbal Medicine, Vol. 3, Issue. 3, pp. 186?195, 2011.
  [14] K. Miyake, Y. Tezuka, S. Awale, F. Li, S. Kadota, ?Quassinoids from Eurycoma longifolia,? Journal Natural Products, Vol 72, Issue. 12, pp. 2135?2140, 2009.
  [15] W.N.A Wan Hassan, R.M. Zulkifli, F. Ahmad, M.A.C. Yunus, ?Antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibition activities of Eurycoma longifolia and Swietenia macrophylla,? Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, Vol. 5, Issue. 8, pp. 6?10, 2015.
  [16] S.U. Rehman, K. Choe, H.H. Yoo, ?Review on a traditional herbal medicine, Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali): Its traditional uses, chemistry, evidence-based pharmacology and toxicology,? Molecules, Vol. 21, Issue. 3, pp. 1?31, 2016.
  [17] K. Thirupathi, M. Ghani, V. Suresh, T.N. Swamy, G. Rajender, M. Mustafa, ?In Vitro Conservation of Medicinally Important Climbing Shrub Maerua Arenaria Hook. F. and Thomson,? International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol. 6, Issue 1, pp. 208?212, 2019.
  [18] M.S. Sukanya, A. Giri, ?Enhanced Production of Therapeutically Valuable Withaferin A From In Vitro Propagated Withania Somnifera ( L .) Dunal.,? International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol. 7, Issue 1, pp. 1?6, 2020.
  [19] S. Hussein, R. Ibrahim, A.L.P. Kiong, N.M. Fadzillah, S.K. Daud, ?Micropagation of Eurycoma longifolia Jack via Formation of Somatic Embryogenesis,? Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, Vol. 4, Issue. 5, pp. 472?485, 2005.
  [20] M. Mahmood, R. Normi, S. Subramaniam, ?Distribution of 9-methoxycanthin-6-one from the intact plant parts and callus cultures of Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali),? Australian Journal of Crop Science, Vol. 5, Issue. 12, pp. 1565?1569, 2011.
  [21] F.M. Chee, X. Rathinam, M. Danial, C.K. Lam, M.H. Qui, S. Subramaniam, ?Effects of methyl-jasmonate on 9-methoxycanthin-6-one content in Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali) root culture,? Pakistan Journal of Botany, Vol. 47, Issue. 3, pp. 897?904, 2015.
  [22] T. Lulu, S.Y. Park, R. Ibrahim, K.Y. Paek, ?Production of biomass and bioactive compounds from adventitious roots by optimization of culturing conditions of Eurycoma longifolia in balloon-type bubble bioreactor system,? Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Vol. 119, Issue. 6, pp. 712?717, 2015.
  [23] L.A.M. Siregar, L.K. Chan, P.L. Boey, ?Effect of cell source and pH of culture medium on the production of canthin-6-one alkaloids from the cell cultures of Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia Jack.),? Plant Biotechnology, Vol. 6, pp. 125?130, 2003.
  [24] L.A.M. Siregar, L.K. Chan, P.L. Boey, ?Effects of Medium Constituents on Growth and Canthinone Accumulation in Cell Suspension Cultures of Eurycoma longifolia Jack,? HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, Vol. 16, Issue. 2, pp. 69?77, 2009.
  [25] L.K. Chan, S.W. Ang, A. Bhatt, ?Elicitation effect on cell biomass and production of alkaloids in cell suspension culture of the tropical tree Eurycoma longifolia,? Research Journal of the Costa Rican Distance Education University, Vol. 2, Issue. 2, pp. 239?244, 2010.
  [26] C.B. Beck, ?An Itroduction to Plant Structure and Development Plant Anatomy for the Twenty-first Century,? Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010.
  [27] P.H. Raven, R.F. Evert, S.E. Eichorm, ?Biology of Plants,? W.H. Freeman & Co., New York, 2005
  [28] A. Fadaka, B. Ajiboye, O. Ojo, O. Adewale, I. Olayide, R. Emuowhochere, ?Biology of glucose metabolization in cancer cells,? Journal of Oncological Sciences, Vol.3, Issue. 2, pp. 45?51, 2017.
  [29] L.B. Kardono, C.K. Angerhofer, S. Tsauri, K. Padmawinata, J.M. Pezzuto, A.D. Kinghorn, ?Cytotoxic and Anti-Malarial Constituents of the Roots of Eurycoma longifolia,? Journal of Natural Products, Vol. 54, pp. 1360?1367, 1991.
  [30] A.N. Mohamed, J. Vejayan, M.M. Yusoff, ?Review on Eurycoma longifolia Pharmacological and Phytochemical Properties,? Journal Applied Sciences, Vol. 15, Issue. 6, pp. 831?844, 2015.
  [31] M.Y. Nurhanan, H.L.P. Azimahtol, A.L. Mohd, A.A.S. Mohd, ?Cytotoxic Effects of the Root Extracts of Eurycoma longifolia Jack,? Phytotherapy Research, Vol. 19, pp. 994?996, 2005.
  [32] B.M. Abubakar, F.M. Salleh, A. Wagiran, ?Chemical Composition of Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali) and the Quality Control of its Herbal Medicinal Products,? Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol. 17, Issue. 7, pp. 324?338, 2017.
  [33] M. Wink, A.W. Alfermann, R. Franke, B. Wetterauer, M. Distl, O. Krohn, E. Fuss, H. Garden, A. Mohagheghzadeh, E. Wildi, P. Ripplinger, ?Sustainable Bioproduction of Phytochemicals by Plant In vitro Cultures: Anticancer Agents,? Plant Genetic Resources, Vol. 3, Issue. 2, pp. 90-100, 2005.
  [34] R. Osman, N. Saim, M. Saaid, N.N. Zaini, ?An experimental design method for the extraction of eurycomanone from Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) roots using pressurized liquid extraction,? Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, Vol. 20, Issue. 2, pp. 342?350, 2016.
  [35] K. Mitsunaga, K. Koike, T. Tanaka, Y. Ohkawa, Y. Kobayashi, T. Sawaguchi, T. Ohmoto, ?Canthin-6-one alkaloids from Eurycoma longifolia,? Phytochemistry, Vol. 35, pp. 799-802, 1994.
  [36] H. Morita, E. Kishi, K. Takeya, H. Itokawa, Y. Iitaka, ?Squalene derivatives from Eurycoma longifolia,? Phytochemistry, Vol. 34, pp. 765-771, 1993.
  [37] H. Morita, E. Kishi, K. Takeya, H. Itokawa, ?Biphenylneolignans from wood of Eurycoma longifolia,? Phytochemistry, Vol. 31, pp. 3993-3995, 1992.
  [38] Z. Khanam, C.S. Wen, I.U.H. Bhat, ?Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of root and stem extracts of wild Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali),? Journal of King Saud University - Science, Vol. 27, Issue. 1, pp. 23?30, 2015.
  [39] H.H. Ang, S. Ikeda, E.K. Gan, ?Evaluation of the Potency Activity of Aphrodisiac in Eurycoma longifolia Jack,? Phythoterapy Research, Vol. 15, pp. 435-436, 2001.

  Citation
  Tan Shu Ying, Kwan Li See, Yoshiyuki Hirata, Lai-Keng Chan, Yasuo Nagaoka, Shinichi Uesato, "Cytotoxic Activity of Cell Suspension Cultured and Plant Derived Crude Extracts of Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia Jack) against Human Cancer Cell Lines," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.3, pp.1-10, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Bio-Priming Seeds with PGPR of Bamboo Rhizosphere in Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Seeds Germination

  Muhammad Yusril Hardiansyah, Yunus Musa, Abdul Mollah Jaya

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp.11-18, Jun-2020

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  The decline in productivity of cocoa plantations in Indonesia is partly due to the low quality of seeds which refers to the impeded growth of cultivated cocoa nurseries. Of course this is a major problem. Bio-priming treatment with microbial Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) can produce indolasetic acid hormone (IAA) in plants to improve the quality of seed germination. Bio-priming is the treatment of soaking seeds with microbes to improve the quality of plant growth. This study aims to determine the effect of bio-priming Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria bamboo rhizosphere on cocoa seed germination. This study was arranged in the form of a two-factor factorial design (F2F) in a randomized block design (RBD). The use of cocoa seed type as the first factor consisting of GTB (Gantarangkeke Bantaeng) local cocoa seed and MCC 01 cocoa seed and seed immersion treatment at PGH rhizosphere bamboo PGPR concentrations as the second factor consisting of 0% concentration (control), 5%, 10% and 15%. The results obtained indicate that the administration of seeds with bamboo rhizosphere PGPR affects the germination 100.00%, the speed of seed growth 7.14%/etmal and the abnormal seed 10.00%. So that bio-priming of seeds with bamboo rhizosphere PGPR provides an effective influence on seeds germination.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Bio-priming, Cocoa, Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria, Seeds

  References
  [1] Yusniar ?Membangun Kesejahteraan Petani Lewat Nagari Model Kakao (NMK)?. Padang: Dinas Perkebunan Sumatera Barat. Indonesia, 2013.
  [2] Junaedi, S. Thamrin, B. Baba ?Kajian Penggunaan Klon Unggul Kakao Pada Perkebunan Rakyat di Kabupaten Bone?. Journal Agroplantae. Vol. 6, issue.1, pp.46-49, 2017.
  [3] E. Sugiharti ?Budidaya Kakao?. Bandung: Nuansa. Indonesia, 2006.
  [4] Z. Li, A. Traore, S. Maximova, M,J. Guiltinan ?Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration from Floral Explants of Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) Using Thidiazuron?. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol-Plant. Vol. 34, pp.293-299, 1998.
  [5] H.R. Rouhi, A.A. Surki, F. Sharif-Zadeh, R.T. Afshari, M.A. Aboutalebian, G. Ahmadvand ?Study of Different Priming Treatments on Germination Traits of Soybean Seed Lots?. Notulae Sci Biol. Vol. 3, issue.1, pp.101-108, 2011.
  [6] A. Widyaningrum ?Pengaruh Aplikasi PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) dan Kompos Azolla Terhadap Mutu Bibit Asal Stek Kopi Robusta?. Jember: Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Jember. Indonesia, 2017.
  [7] Effendi M.S. ?Kinetika Fermentasi Asam Asetat (Vinegar) oleh Bakteri Acetobacter aceti dari Etanol Hasil Fermentasi Limbah Cair Pulp Kakao?. Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri Pangan. Vol. 8, issue.2, pp.125-135, 2011.
  [8] Baharuddin, R. Nur, A. Sayifudin ?Pengembangan Usaha Perbenihan Kentang Hasil Kultur Jaringan?. FORKOM IPTEKDA LIPI. Makassar: Gedung IPTEK Universitas Hasanuddin. Indonesia, 2007.
  [9] Asniah, Widodo, S. Wiyono ?Potensi Cendawan Asal Tanah Perakaran Bambu sebagai Endofit dan Agen Biokontrol Penyakit Akar Gada pada Tanaman Brokoli?. Jurnal Fitopatol Indones. Vol. 1, issue.12, pp.61-68, 2013.
  [10] Ratnawati, S.I. Saputra, S. Yoseva ?Waktu Perendaman Benih dengan Air Kelapa Muda Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bibit Kakao (Theobromae cacao L.)?. Pekanbaru: Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Riau. Indonesia, 2013.
  [11] H.E. Debtisari, D.N. Erawati, Sugiyarto ?Pengaruh Cara Penyimpanan Terhadap Viabilitas Benih Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) Klon Sulawesi 01?. Agropross National Conference Proceedings of Agriculture. Jember: Politeknik Negeri Jember. Indonesia, 2018.
  [12] A. Tefa ?Uji Viabilitas dan Vigor Benih Padi (Oryza sativa L.) selama Penyimpanan pada Tingkat Kadar Air yang Berbeda?. Jurnal Pertanian Konservasi Lahan Kering. Vol. 2, issue.3, pp.48-50, 2017.
  [13] Baihaqi A.F., Yamika W.S.D., Aini N. ?Pengaruh Lama Perendaman Benih dan Konsentrasi Penyiraman Dengan PGPR Pada Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Mentimun (Cucumis sativus L.)?. Jurnal Produksi Tanaman. Vol. 6, issue.5, pp.899-905, 2018
  [14] S. Shahab, N. Ahmed, N.S. Khan ?Indol Acetic Acid Production an Enchanced Plant Growth Promoting by Indigenous PSBs?. African Journal of Agricultural Research. Vol. 4, issue.11, pp.1312-1316, 2009.
  [15] W.H. Verheye ?Soils, Plant Growth and Crop Production?. Eolss Publisher Co, Ltd. UK, 2010.
  [16] A. Godishala, S.C. Kumari ?Screening Different Microbial Flora and Their Enzymatic Activities During Tea Waste Composting?. International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences. Vol. 16, issue.1, pp.50-59, 2019.
  [17] M.S. Saleh ?Pematahan Dormansi Benih Aren Secara Fisik pada Berbagai Lama Ekstraksi Buah?. Agrosains. Vol. 6, issue.2, pp.79-83, 2004.
  [18] L. Schmidt ?Guidelines for Handling Tropical and Sub-Tropical Forest Seed Plants?. Danida Forest Seed Centre. Krogerupvej 21. DK-3050. Denmark. Humlebaek, 2002.
  [19] M.K.J. Leisolo, E.A. Rirydan, Matatula. ?Pengujian Viabilitas dan Vigor Benih Beberapa Jenis Tanaman yang Beredar dipasaran Kota Ambon?. Jurnal Agrologia. Vol. 2, issue.1, pp.1-9, 2013.
  [20] L. Sutopo ?Teknologi Benih. Jakarta?. PT Raja Grafindo Persada. Indonesia, 2002.
  [21] W. Heydecker ?Germination of an Idea: The Priming of Seeds?. Nottingham: School of Agriculture Research, University of Nottingham. UK, 1973.

  Citation
  Muhammad Yusril Hardiansyah, Yunus Musa, Abdul Mollah Jaya, "Bio-Priming Seeds with PGPR of Bamboo Rhizosphere in Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Seeds Germination," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.3, pp.11-18, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Studies on blocking of replicase of human corona virus by bioactive compounds-In silico and Molecular Docking Studies

  DibyajitLahiri, Moupriya Nag, Sudipta Dash, Bandita Dutta, Rina Rani Ray

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp.19-24, Jun-2020

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  The sudden outbreak of COVID-19 as pandemic affected people at large and resulted in a high mortality rate throughout the world. Although according to WHO, more than 200 drugs are under the process of clinical trials, till date no proper medication is available for treating this pandemic. The present work was an attempt to provide information about the bioactive ingredients being present within the indigenous plants that can be used as a potential drug against SARS-CoVs since they show considerable interaction with the viral replicating protein; replicase 6W4B (PDB). It was observed the Quercetin and Curcumin had remarkable interaction with the target protein and had a binding energy of -52.273Kcal/mole and -43.909 Kcal/mole respectively that were comparatively higher than hydroxychloroquine. Both of the bioactive compounds possessed same docking site and interacted with GLNA 50 by a hydrogen bond, like that of hydroxychloroquine, a widely used remedial drug against COVID 19. This research may help in providing an alternative idea on drug development from the easily available indigenous plants for combating against COVID-19.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  COVID-19,SARS-CoVs,replicase,phytocompounds,inhibition,moleculardocking

  References
  [1] Fan Wu, Su Zhao,Bin Yu,Yan-Mei Chen, Wen Wang, Zhi-Gang Song, Yi Hu, Zhao-Wu Tao, Jun-Hua Tian, Yuan-Yuan Pei, Ming-Li Yuan , Yu-Ling Zhang , Fa-Hui Dai, Yi Liu, Qi-Min Wang , Jiao-Jiao Zheng , Lin Xu , Edward C. Holmes & Yong-Zhen Zhang . ?A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China? Nature ,Vol. 579,Issue. 7798,pp. 265-269,2020.
  [2] Lu, H.? Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV)?, Bioscience trends,Vol.14, Isuue. 1,pp. 69-71,2020.
  [3] Chung, S.L., Jahn, B.M., Chen, S.J., Lee, T. and Chen, C.H. ?Miocene basalts in northwestern Taiwan: evidence for EM-type mantle sources in the continental lithosphere? Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol.59, pp. 549-555,1995.
  [4] A. J. Alanis, ?Resistance to Antibiotics: Are We in the Post-Antibiotic Era??, Archives of Medical Research, Vol.36, Issue.6,pp. 697?705. 2005
  [5] D. J.Newman, & G. M. Cragg, ? Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Last 25 Years? Journal of Natural Products, Vol.70, Issue.3, pp. 461?477,2007
  [6] M. Akram,I.M. Tahir, S. M. A. Shah, Z. Mahmood,, A.Altaf, K. Ahmad,H. Mehboob, H. ?Antiviral potential of medicinal plants against HIV, HSV, influenza, hepatitis, and coxsackievirus: A systematic review?,Phytotherapy Research, Vol.32,Issue.5,pp. 811?822,2018.
  [7] F.D.Prieto-Mart?nez,E. L?pez-L?pez,, K. Eur?dice Ju?rez-Mercado & J.L. Medina-Franco, ?Computational Drug Design Methods?Current and Future Perspectives. In Silico Drug Design?, Journal of Computer-Aided Drug Design,pp. 19?44,2020
  [8] G. Jones, P. Willett,R.C. Glen,A.R. Leach, & R. Taylor, ?Development and validationof a genetic algorithm for flexible docking.?, Journal of molecular biology,Vol. 267, Issue.3,pp. 727-748
  [9] Z. Xu, C. Peng, Y. Shi, Z. Zhu, K. Mu, and X. Wang, ?Nelfinavir was predicted to be a potential inhibitor of 2019-nCov main protease by an integrative approach combining homology modelling , molecular docking and binding free energy calculation,? vol. 1201, pp. 0?2, 2020.
  [10] M.D.Hanwell, D.E.Curtis,D.C.Lonie,T.Vandermeersch,E.Zurek, &G.R. Hutchison, ?Avogadro: an advanced semantic chemical editor, visualization, and analysis platform.? Journal of Cheminformatics, Vol.4, Issue.1,pp. 17,2012
  [11] Bhaskor Kolita, Amlan Jyoti Bora and Pinaki Hazarika(2020) A Search of COVID-19 main Protease Inhibitor from Plant Derived Alkaloids using Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine as Reference: An In-silico Approach . International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.51-61
  [12] M.D.Hanwell, D.E.Curtis,D.C.Lonie,T.Vandermeersch,E.Zurek, &G.R. Hutchison, ?Avogadro: an advanced semantic chemical editor, visualization, and analysis platform.? Journal of Cheminformatics, Vol.4, Issue.1,pp. 17,2012
  [13] Z.Jin, X. Du, Y.Xu, Y.Deng, M.Liu, Y.Zhao, B. Zhang, X. Li, L. Zhang, Y.Duan, J.Yu, L.Wang, K.Yang, F. Liu, T.You, X. Liu, X. Yang, F. Bai, H. Liu, X. Liu, L.W. Guddat, G.Xiao, C.Qin, Z. Shi, H.Jiang, Z.Rao, H. Yang. ?Structure-based drug design, virtual screening and high-throughput screening rapidly identify antiviral leads targeting COVID 19? ,Nature,2020
  [14] H.A.DRajendran, B.Malgija, N.S.Ebenezer, U.Maheswari, Victor Roch G, J.Priyakumari, S.Ignacimuthu, ?Homology modeling and molecular docking studies of Purple acid Phosphatase from Setaria italica (Foxtail millet),? International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.5, Issue.4, pp.119-124, 2018
  [15] C. Yao, C. Xi,K. Hu K, Inhibition of enterovirus 71 replication and viral 3C protease by quercetin. Virology Journal, Vol.15, Issue.1,pp.116. 2018
  [16] S.Khaerunnisa,H.Kurniawan,R.Awaluddin,S.Suhartat,S Soetjipto,?Potential Inhibitor of COVID-19 Main Protease (Mpro) From Several Medicinal Plant Compounds by Molecular Docking Study?, Preprints 2020

  Citation
  DibyajitLahiri, Moupriya Nag, Sudipta Dash, Bandita Dutta, Rina Rani Ray, "Studies on blocking of replicase of human corona virus by bioactive compounds-In silico and Molecular Docking Studies," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.3, pp.19-24, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Modelling and Analysis of Covid-19 Spread Among People in a Queue

  Santhosh Samuel Mathews

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp.25-33, Jun-2020

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Covid-19 is a serious respiratory disease that quickly spread around the world. It is essential to understand how coronavirus transmits from one person to another and this knowledge will help to limit the spread of the Coronavirus. A computer simulation is used to understand the possibilities of spreading of Coronaviruses among people standing in the queue. The model parameter that represents the height of the person is fed with 1.51 meters to 1.75 meters and inhaled virus count is determined. Repeated the study to find the effect of the transmission of coronavirus on positions 1 to 5 from the infected person in the queue. In another experiment, the waiting time in the queue is varied from 30 seconds to 150 seconds. Also, the distance between people in the queue is varied from 0.5 meters to 3 meters and determined the risk of getting infected. The relative height of the person with reference to the patient is one of the key factors that determine the risk of infection. Also observed that the people are more susceptible to Covid-19 when they are just behind the infected person and spend more time in the queue. The increased distance between people in the queue has not reduced the probability of spreading of coronavirus at least up to 3 meters. In summary, this study suggests that in addition to social distancing and personal hygiene, wearing face masks will further reduce the probability of spreading of Covid-19 in social gatherings.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Corona Virus, Computer simulation, Covid-19, Virus Transmission, Queue, aerosol, droplet

  References
  [1] Richard James Thomas: ?Particle size and pathogenicity in the respiratory tract? Virulence pp 847?858;2013; doi: 10.4161/viru.27172
  [2] Kutter JS, Spronken MI, Fraaij PL, Fouchier RAM, Herfst S, ?Transmission routes of respiratory viruses among humans? Curr Opin Virology.28:142-151,2018
  [3] Jianyun Lu et al, ?COVID-19 Outbreak Associated with Air Conditioning in Restaurant, Guangzhou, China, 2020?EID Journal,Vol 26, Number 7, 2020 doi: 10.3201/eid2607.200764
  [4] Hualing Zhang, Dan Li, Ling Xie, Yimin Xiao, ?Documentary Research of Human Respiratory Droplet Characteristics?Procedia Engineering, Vol 121, Pages 1365-1374,2015
  [5] Daniel Verreault, Sylvain Moineau, Caroline Duchaine, ?Methods for Sampling of Airborne Viruses? Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 72(3): 413?444,2008 doi: 10.1128/MMBR.00002-08
  [6] Anthony R. Fehr, Stanley Perlman, ?Coronaviruses: An overview of their replication and Pathogenesis? Coronaviruses pp 1-23,2015 doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1
  [7] Judith Vajda, Dennis Weber, Dominik Brekel, Boris Hundt, Egbert Muller, ?Size distribution analysis of Influenza virus particles using size chromatography? Journal of Chromatography A Vol 1465, Pages 117-125,2016
  [8] Dewald Schoeman, Burtram C. Fielding, ?Coronavirus envelope protein: current knowledge? Virology Journal Vol 16, Article number: 69,2019 Doi: 10.1186/s12985-019-1182-0
  [9] William C. Hinds, ?Aerosol Technology Properties, Behavior, and Measurement?, A WILEY-INTERSCIENCE PUBLICATION, Wiley, 1982
  [10] Raymond Tellier, ?Review of Aerosol Transmission of Influenza A Virus?, Emerg Infect Dis 12(11):1657-62, 2006 doi: 10.3201/eid1211.060426.
  [11] Anice C. Lowen, Samira Mubareka, John Steel, Peter Palese, ?Influenza Virus Transmission Is Dependent on Relative Humidity and Temperature?, PLOS Pathogens 3(10):1470-6,2007 doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030151
  [12] Wan Yang, Linsey C. Marr, ?Dynamics of Airborne Influenza A Viruses Indoors and Dependence on Humidity?PLOS ONE, June 24, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021481
  [13] David A. Edwards et al, ?Inhaling to mitigate exhaled bioaerosols?, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 101(50): 17383?17388,2004. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0408159101
  [14] Patricia Fabian et al, ?Influenza Virus in Human Exhaled Breath: An Observational Study?, PLoS One.3(7): e2691,2008 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002691
  [15] Warren H. Finlay, ?Motion of a single aerosol particle in a fluid? The Mechanics of Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols, London: Academic Press; pp. 17?45,2001
  [16] D.G. Sharp, A.R. Taylor, I.W. McLean, Dorothy Beard, J.W. Beard, ?Desnisties and Sizes of the Influenza Viruses A (PR8 STRAIN) and B (LEE STRAIN) and the Swine Influenza Virus? J. Biol. Chem. 159:29-44,1945
  [17] G. J. HARPER, ?Airborne micro-organisms: survival tests with four viruses?, J Hyg (Lond). 59(4): 479?486, 1961 doi: 10.1017/s0022172400039176
  [18] Aaron J. Prussin et al, ?Survival of the Enveloped Virus Phi6 in Droplets as a Function of Relative Humidity, Absolute Humidity, and Temperature?, Appl Environ Microbiol, 84(12):e00551-18,2018 doi: 10.1128/AEM.00551-18
  [19] Anice C. Lowen, John Steel, ?Roles of Humidity and Temperature in Shaping Influenza Seasonality?, Journal of Virology Vol 88, No 14, p.7692?7695,2014,DOI: 10.1128/JVI.03544-13
  [20] Yi Wang et al, ?Evaporation and Movement of Fine Water Droplets Influenced by Initial Diameter and Relative Humidity? Aerosol and Air Quality Research Vol 16, Issue 2, 2016, DOI: 10.4209/aaqr.2015.03.0191
  [21] Siddhartha Dan, Deepshikha Sharma, Mahasweta Mandal, Deepti Sharma, ?Incidence of COVID-19 and Its Correlation between Temperature and Population Density?, ISROSET, Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.134-141, 2020

  Citation
  Santhosh Samuel Mathews, "Modelling and Analysis of Covid-19 Spread Among People in a Queue," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.3, pp.25-33, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Impact of Distillery Effluent on Behaviour and Oxygen consumption of Cyprinus carpio (L.)

  Sadguru Prakash, Dharmendra Singh

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp.34-37, Jun-2020

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  This paper deals the toxic effect of distillery effluent on behaviour and oxygen consumption of fish, Cyprinus carpio. The LC50 values after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours exposure of distillery effluent were found 2.8, 2.5, 2.3 and 2.0%, respectively. The response of the fish towards toxicity was grossly dependent on concentration and length of exposure. The opercular activity of Cyprinus carpio significantly increased with increase in effluent concentrations. Surface activity was increased with increase in the concentration of effluent upto a certain percentage and decreased thereafter in distillery effluent exposed fishes. A strong decreased (8.13 to 67.54%) in the rate of oxygen uptake was recorded in distillery effluent exposed fishes. The effect was more pronounced as the concentration and duration of exposure of distillery effluent increased. Thus, the present study revealed that fish, Cyprinus carpio are sensitive to distillery effluent toxicity and can be used as biological indicators.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Acute toxicity, Behavioral responses, Cyprinus carpio, Distillery effluent, LC50 .

  References
  [1]. S. Kumar,, S.S. Sahay, M.K. Sinha. Bioassay of distillery effluent on common guppy, Lebistes reticulates. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 54:309-316. 1995.
  [2]. M. Rama Krishnan, M. Elumalai, R.Jayakumar, M.P. Balsubramanian. Influence of distillery effluent on feeding energetic of freshwater fish in relation to water temperature. Cytobios, 98:175-187. 1999.
  [3]. C.M.Ramakritinan, A.K. Kumaraguru and M.P.Balasubramanian ? Impact of distillery effluent on carbohydrate metabolism of freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio? Ecotoxicology, Vol,14:693-707,2005.
  [4]. S.K. Srivastava,, ,D. Singh, S. Prakash, K.K. Ansari. Effect of sublethal concentration of distillery effluent on the haematological and biochemical parameters of Clarias batrachus (Linn.).Ecol.Env. & Con. 13 (3):511-514.2007.
  [5]. V. Patil, V. Ghole. Comparative toxicological studies of distillery effluent treatment such as UASB reactor followed by on oxidizer unit using Cyprinus carpio fish. Environ. Toxicol. 31:185-191.2010.
  [6]. A. Shukla, J.P. Shukla. Distillery effluent induced alterations in the nucleic acids and proteins during testicular cycle of Colisa fasciatus (Bl. And Schn. ), a tropical fresh water perch..Int.J.Pharma Bio.Sci.3:532-537. 2012a.
  [7] A. Shukla, J.P. Shukla. Quantitative alterations in the nucleic acids and proteins during ovarian cycle of Colisa fasciatus (Bl. And Schn. ), a tropical fresh water perch under distillery effluent stress.Int.J.Pharma Bio.Sci.3:147-154.2012b.
  [8]. A. Shukla, J.P. Shukla.. Distillery effluent induced alterations in the haematological profile of fingerlings of Colisa fasciatus.Journal of Environmental biology.34:923-925.2013.
  [9]. APHA. ?Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water?. Amer.Public Health. Asso. Washington. D.C.p709. 1998.
  [10]. D.J. Finney. ?Probit Analysis?, University Press Cambridge. pp 333. 1971.
  [11]. B.K. Ray,and V. Kumar, ?Changes in respiratory metabolism in Clarias batrachus exposed to pesticides?. Proc. Zool. Soc. India. Vol,12 issue 2,pp49-53.,2013.
  [12]. U.K. Sharma, and V. Kumar, ?Kelthane induced variation in fish (Channa punctatus. Bloch) respiration?. Proc. Zool. Soc. India. Vol,12 issue2,pp11-13,2013.
  [13]. P.N. Nemade and V.S.Srivastava ? Correlation and Regression analysis among the distillery waste water quality parameters? Jr.of Industrial Pollution Control. Vol13, issue 1,pp67-72,1997.
  [14]. A. Amsath, J. Sugumaran and S. Vanitha. ? Effect of arsenic (As2O3) on haematological parameters of freshwater air breathing fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch)? Current Trends in Biomedical Engineering & Bioscience. Vol 7 issue1,: 1-5, 2017.
  [15]. P. Amudha, R. Nagendran and S.Mahalingam, ?Studies on the effects of dairy effluent on the behavior of Cyprinus carpio (Cyprinidae)? J.Environ. Biol., Vol18 issue4,:415-418,1997.
  [16]. D.Singh, S.Prakash and R. Singh, ?Effect of distillery effluent on the behavior and morphology of Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.)? In the Proceedings of UGC Sponsored National Seminar on Challenges for Biosciences in 21st Century. U.P. India pp93-96, 2011.
  [17]. M.A.Hariffa and S.M. Augustain ? Oxygen consumption surfacing frequency and distance of travel in Rana malabarica exposed to distillery effluent?. J. Environ Biol, Vol 10 issue 2 :130-149, 1989.
  [18]. A.Yadav, S.Meraliya and R.Singh, ?Effect of fertilizer industrial effluent on the behavior and morphology of fresh water catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch.)? Pro. Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol.75(B) issue III:191-195. 2005.
  [19]. R.Sornaraj, P.Baskaran and S.Thanalakshmi, ?Effects of heavy metals on some physiological responses of air breathing fish, Channa punctatus. Envion. Ecol. Vol 13, issue1:202-207, 1995.
  [20]. S. Prakash and A.K. Verma . Impact of Arsenic on lipid metabolism of a fresh water cat fish, Mystus vittatus. Journal of Fisheries and Life Sciences. 4(1):33-35, 2019.
  [21]. S. Prakash and A.K. Verma . Anomalies in biochemical Constituents of Kidney in Arsenic Induced Mystus vittatus. Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences. 39A(Zoology)(1):189-193,2020.

  Citation
  Sadguru Prakash, Dharmendra Singh, "Impact of Distillery Effluent on Behaviour and Oxygen consumption of Cyprinus carpio (L.)," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.3, pp.34-37, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Cladocera Diversity in the Aquatic Habitats of Jammu District, (J&K)

  Sanjay Kotwal

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp.38-41, Jun-2020

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Cladocera occupy the primary consumer level in aquatic food chains and have a very vital role in stability and integrity of aquatic habitats. Therefore, knowledge of biodiversity of these organisms can be utilized in the management of aquatic habitats and for commercial aquaculture practices. The present study involved analysis of diversity and dynamics of these planktonic crustacea in Jammu district of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir. This investigation recorded 15 species of cladocera belonging to 8 genera and 4 families from the study area. The percental contribution of different families demonstrated a typical trend where Daphniidae>Chydoridae>Moinidae>Macrothricidae. Habitat preference was also recorded in some cladocera.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Cladocera, Microcrustacea, Plankton

  References
  [1] J.W. Martin, and G.E. Davis, ?An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea,? Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science, Vol. 39, pp.124, 2001.
  [2] W. Lampert and U. Sommer, ?Limnoecology: The Ecology of Lakes and Streams.? Oxford University Press, 1997.
  [3] A.P. Covich and J.H. Tharp, ?Crustacea, Introduction to Percaridae In: Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates (J.H. Tharp and A.P. Covich Ed.),? Acad. Press San Diago, pp. 665-690, 1991.
  [4] L. Forro, N.M. Korovchinsky, A.A. Kotov and A. Petrusek, ?Global Diversity of Cladoceran (Cladocera: Crustacea) in Freshwater,? Hydrobiologia, Vol. 595, pp. 177-184, 2008.
  [5] M.B. Raghunathan and S.K. Kumar, ?A Checklist of Indian Cladocera (Crustacea),? Zoos Print Journal, Vol. 18(8), pp.1180-1182, 2003.
  [6] S. Biswas, ?Species of Daphnidae (Crustacea : Cladocera) from Simla Hills in India, with a New Record of Alona costata sars, from Nepal,? J. of Zool. Society of India, Vol.16, pp. 92, 1964.
  [7] C.K.G. Nayar, ?Cladocera of Rajasthan? Hydrobiol., Vol. 37, pp. 509-519, 1971.
  [8] S.K. Battish and P. Kumari, ?Effect of Physico-Chemical Factors on the Seasonal Abundance of Cladocera in a Typical Pond at Village of Raqba, Ludhiana,? Indian J. Ecol., Vol.13(1), pp.146-151, 1986.
  [9] K. Venkataraman, ?Freshwater Cladocera (Crustacea) of southern Tamil Nadu,? J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. 96(2), pp. 268-280, 1999.
  [10] B.K. Sharma and S. Sharma, ?Diversity of microcrustacean (Crustacea- Branchiopoda) of Loktak lake, a Ramsar Site, Manipur, India,? Journal of Threatened Taxa. Vol.1(11), pp. 541-548, 2009.
  [11] S.M. Pandhye and R. Victor, (2015). ?Diversity and distribution of cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) in rock pools of Western Ghats, Maharshatra, India,? Ann. Limnol. Int. J. Lim., Vol. 55, pp. 315-322, 2015.
  [12] A. Thakur and D. Kochar, ?Diversity and Density of Cladoceran Population in Different types of Water Bodies of Ludhiana, Punjab (India),? Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, Vol. 5(3), pp. 1569-1572, 2017.
  [13] M.H. Balkhi and A.R. Yousuf, ?Community Structure of Crustacean Plankton in Relation to Trophic Conditions,? International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Vol.18: pp155-168, 1992.
  [14] A.R. Yousuf, M.Y. Qadri, G.S. Mustafa and A.N. Showket, ?Crustacean Community of Freshwaters of Kashmir,? Journal Indian Institute of Sciences, Vol. 64: pp. 83-89. 1983.
  [15] S. Siraj, A.R. Yousuf, F.A. Bhat and M. Parveen, (2006). ?Cladoceran Community in Dal lake, Kashmir,? Proceedings National Academy of Sciences, India., Vol. 76(4): pp. 343-350, 2006.
  [16] S. Siraj, A.R. Yousuf and M. Parveen, ? Cladoceran Community of Sheshbug Wet land, Kashmir, Journal of Research and Develeopment,? Vol.7, pp. 67-74, 2007.
  [17] S.V. Pandit, V.V. Vaidya and P. P. Joshi, ?Studies on Zooplankton Diversity of Pravara river, near Sangamner city, District Ahmednagar, Maharashtra,? Journal of Aquatic Biology, Vol. 22(2), pp. 33-38, 2007.
  [18] M.A. Ganie, M. Parveen, M.H. Balkhim and M.I. Khan, ?Structure and diversity of Cladoceran communities in two lakes with varying nutrient composition in the Jhelum river Basin, Kashmir,? International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, Vol. 3(2), pp. 456-462, 2015.
  [19] S. Gupta, ?Studies on the Cladoceran Diversity of Lake Mansar,? M.Phil. Dissertation, University of Jammu, Jammu, 2002.
  [20] K.K. Sharma, S. Kour, and S. Gupta, (2005), ?Distributional pattern of Cladoceran in Subtropical lake, Mansar, J&K,? National Journal of Life Sciences, Vol. 2 (1-2), pp. 23-26, 2005.
  [21] Chandrakiran, ?Diversity, dynamics and cyclomorphosis in cladocera inhabiting fresh water ponds of Jammu,? M.Phil. Dissertation, University of Jammu, Jammu, 2008.
  [22] K.K. Sharma, P. Verma and Shvetambri, ?Distributional Pattern of Cladocera in a Subtropical Freshwater lake Surinsar, Jammu, J&K,? Oikoassay,Vol. 22(1&2), 2009.
  [23] K.K. Sharma and Chandrakiran, ?Comparative Analysis of Cladoceran Communities from Three Subtropical Freshwater Ponds of Jammu: Patterns, Composition and Diversity,? The Bioscan, Vol. 6 (2), pp. 233-237, 2011.
  [24] K.K. Sharma and S. Kotwal, ?Studies on the diversity and dynamics of Cladocera in a subtropical Sungal Pond, Akhnoor (J&K),? The Bioscan, Vol. 6(4), pp. 623-625, 2011.
  [25] H.B. Ward and G.C. Whipple, ?Freshwater Biology,? John Wiley and sons, New York,(IInd Edn), 1959.
  [26] W.T. Edmondson and C.G. Winberg, ?A Manual on Methods for Assessment of Secondary Production in Freshwater,? IBP handbook, Vol. 17, pp. 358, 1971.
  [27] R.W. Pennak, ?Freshwater Invertebrates of United States.,? Wiley inter science publication, John Wiley and sons, New York, Edn. (II), pp. 803, 1978.
  [28] APHA, ?Standard Methods for the Examination of Waste and Waste water,? 16th eds. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C., 1985.
  [29] A.J. Green, C. Fuentes, E. Moreno-Ostos and S.S.L. Rodrigues-da, ?Factors Influencing Cladoceran Abundance and Species Richness in Brackish Lakes in Eastern Spain,? Ann. Limnol. Int. J. Lim., Vol. 41(2), pp. 73-81, 2005.
  [30] S. Wang, P. Xie, S. Wu and H. Wang, ?Crustacean Zooplankton Size Structure in Aquaculture Lakes: Is larger structure always associated with higher grazing pressure,? Hydrobiologia, Vol. 575, pp. 203- 209, 2007.
  [31] M.B. Raghunathan, ?Studies on some Planktonic cladocerans (crustacea) of Tamil Nadu,? Ph.D Thesis, Madras University (TN), 1983.
  [32] M.H. Balkhi and A.R. Yousuf (1996), ?Distributional Pattern of Cladoceran Plankton in the Freshwaters of Kashmir,? Oriental Sciences, pp.75 ? 81, 1996.
  [33] B.K. Sharma, ?Cladocera: Animal Resources of India,? pp. 205-223, 1991.
  [34] S. Kour, ?Studies on the rotifer diversity in freshwater of Jammu province, J&K State,? Ph.D thesis, University of Jammu, Jammu, 2006.
  [35] J.A. Shah, ?Crustacean Community of Wular Lake, Kashmir,? M.Phil. Dissertation, University of Kashmir, Srinagar (J&K), 2012.
  [36] D.J. Scourfield and J.P. Harding, ?British Freshwater Cladocera: A key Scientific Publication,? Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside (U.K.), 1966.
  [37] H.S. Sehgal, ?Limnology of Lake Surinsar, Jammu With Reference to Zooplankton and Fishery Prospects,? Ph.D. Thesis, University of Jammu, Jammu, 1980.
  [38] V. Sharma, B.K. Verma, R. Sharma, M.S. Sharma and K.S. Gaur, ?A report on the freshwater Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of south Rajasthan (India),? International Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol. 3(1), pp. 275-296, 2012.
  [39] C.H. Fernando,?The Freshwater Zooplankton of Sri Lanka, With a Discussion of Tropical Freshwater Zooplankton Composition,? Inter. Rev. Ges. Hydrobiology, Vol. 65, pp. 85-125, 1980.
  [40] J.A. Shah and A.K. Pandit, ?Diversity and Abundance of Cladoceran zooplankton in Wular Lake, Kashmir Himalayas,? Res. J. of Environmental and Earth Sciences, Vol. 5 (7), pp. 410-417, 2013.
  [41] S. Kotwal, ?Studies on Crustacean Diversity in the Freshwaters of Jammu Province,? Ph.D. Thesis, University of Jammu, Jammu, 2014.

  Citation
  Sanjay Kotwal, "Cladocera Diversity in the Aquatic Habitats of Jammu District, (J&K)," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.3, pp.38-41, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Evaluation of Pharmacological Activities of the Leaf Extracts of Antidesma menasu

  Dhanya P., Rama Bhat P.

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp.42-46, Jun-2020

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Antidesma menasu is a folklore plant known for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Folklore practitioners use the leaves of this plant for swelling of body parts, lower back pains, arthritis in humans and swelling of shoulders and udders in animals. Development of a new drug requires pre-clinical studies of crude extracts on animal models. The objective of this study is to screen the drug for its pharmacological activities. Present study reveals anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Antidesma menasu. It also includes toxicity study, for screening the crude extracts for any adverse effects on animals and comparison of the effectiveness of the drug in corresponding solvents.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Antidesma menasu, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, Acute Oral Toxicity

  References
  [1] Fox J.C., Fitzgerald M.F, ?The role of animal models in the pharmacological evaluation of emerging anti-inflammatory agents for the treatment of COPD?, Curr Open Pharmacol, Vol 9, Issue 3, pp 231-242, 2009.
  [2] Seema Tripathy, ?Importance of plants and animals in medicine?, J. Exp. Zool.India,Vol 18, Issue 2, pp 1-12, 2015.
  [3] Dinesh K Badyal, Chetna Desai, ?Animal use in Pharmacology education and research: The changing scenario?, Indian Journal of Pharmacology, Vol 46, Issue 3, pp 257-265, 2014.
  [4] Sangha Bijekar, M C Gayathri, ?Ethanomedical properties of Euphorbiaceae family- A comprehensive review?, International Journal of Phytomedicine, Vol 6, Issue 2, pp 144-156, 2014.
  [5] Sunil Kumar, Rashmi Malhotra, Dinesh, ?Euphorbia hirta: Its chemistry, traditional and medicinal uses, and pharmacological activities?, Pharmacognosy Review, Vol 4, Issue 7, pp 58-61, 2010.
  [6] Bonum Srinivasa Reddy, Nadendla Rama Rao, Vijayapandi Pandy, ?Phytochemical, Pharmacological and biological profiles of Tragia species (Family:Euphorbiaceae)?, African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, Vol 14, Issue 3, pp 105-112, 2017.
  [7] Battu Ganga Rao, Bobbili Sasi Rekha, Devarakonda Ramadevi, Battu Heera, ?Phytochemical and pharmacological studies on Jatropha gossypiifolia?, Journal of Global Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 9, Issue 1, pp 4978-4986, 2018.
  [8] Deepti Sisodiya, Pragya Shrivastava, ?A review on pharmacognostical and pharmacological perspective of Euphorbia thymifolia L.?, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Vol 6, Issue 1, pp 31-39, 2017.
  [9] Shi Qing, Xiao-Hui Su, Hiromasa Kiyota, ?Chemical and Pharmacological research of the plants in genus Euphorbia?, Chemical reviews, Vol 108, Issue 10, pp 4295-4327, 2008.
  [10] Norsharina Ismail, Nur Hanish Azmi, Siti Nurulhuda Mastuki, Norzalina Saad, ?Antidesma montanum: Biochemistry and Bioactive compounds?, Wild fruits: Composition, Nutritional value and Products, pp 359-365, 2019.
  [11] Arathi Krishnan, Ravi Mundugaru, Suma V Mallya, Sridhar Bairy, ?Experimental evaluation of Analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential of leaves of Antidesma acidum on Wistar albino rats?, Journal of Biological and Scientific Opinion, Vol 2, Issue 1, pp 1-3, 2014.
  [12] Lintang Kautsar, Panal Sitorus, Aminah Dalimunthe, ?Anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol and fraction of Buni leaves (Antidesma bunnies L) on White rat in Carrageenan induced paw inflammation?, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical research and Development, Vol 7, Issue 5, pp 01-05, 2019.
  [13] Arun Prabhakar Sithara, Ravi M, Suma Mallya, Sudhakar, Sridhar Bairy, Srikanth P, Ravishankar, ?Experimental evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential of leaves of Antidesmamenasu on wistar albino rats?, International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Vol 9, Issue 4, pp 105-112, 2013.
  [14] Neha Sharma, D S Rathore, ?Antibacterial effects of Citrus limon peel extract on human pathogenic bacteria with special reference to Urinary Tract Infection?, International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol 5, Issue 2, pp 14-17, 2018.
  [15] Dhanya P, Rama Bhat P, Muddaiah Siddaraju, ?Antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Antidesma menasu Miq.?, International Journal of Scientific Research and Publications, Vol 7, Issue 6, pp 328-331, 2017.
  
  [16] Sabuha Shafi, Nahida Tabassum, ?Phytochemical and acute toxicity studying of Euphorbia japonicaseed extract in Albino mice?, International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Vol 4, Issue 1, pp 202-205, 2013.
  [17] Winter CA, Ristey EA, Nuss GW, ?Carragenaan-induced oedema in the hind paw of the rats as an assay for anti-inflammatory drugs?, Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, Vol 111, 544-550, 1962.
  [18] Ashok Kumar Gupta, Devraj Parasar, Amin Sagar, Vikas Choudhary, Bhupinder Singh Chopra, Renu Garg, Ashish Neeraj Khatri, ?Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory properties of Gelsolin in Acetic Acid Induced Writhing, Tail Immersion and Carrageenan Induced Paw Oedema in Mice?, 2015, http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135558.
  [19] F. Mustaffa, J Indurkar, S.M Mansor, ?Analgesic activity, toxicity study and phytochemical screening of standardized Cinnomuminers leaves methanolic extract?, Pharmacognosy Research, Vol 2, Issue 2, pp 76-81, 2010.
  [20] Hunskaar S, Fasmer OB, Hole K, ?Formalin test in mice, a useful technique for evaluating mild analgesics?, J Neurosci Methods, Vol 4, pp 69-76, 1985.

  Citation
  Dhanya P., Rama Bhat P., "Evaluation of Pharmacological Activities of the Leaf Extracts of Antidesma menasu," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.3, pp.42-46, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Assessment of Nodulation Potential of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Bradyrhizobium elkanii on Glycine max L. in Acidic Clay and Loam Soils

  Enetia D Bobo, Percy Jinga, Nicole Muzvidzwa, Girlie Zingoni, Pias Munosiyei, Emmanuel Zingoni

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp.47-51, Jun-2020

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Poor soils and prohibitive cost of nitrogen fertilizers contribute to low soybean production in southern Africa. Soybean is a legume with high nitrogen demand during its development and is sensitive to acidic soils. This paper investigated the potential of two rhizobia species Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain 550 and Bradyrhizobium elkanii strain 510 in nodulating soybean variety SeedCo Status in acidic clay and loam soils. Strains of Bradyrhizobiun japonicum and B. elkanii rhizobia were each inoculated to surface sterilized soybean seeds prior sowing in acidic clay and loam soils. The inoculated seeds were sown in 1-litre pots with three replicates for each of six treatments. The soybean plants were evaluated for nodule colour, nodule number, shoot biomass and shoot N content. All means were subjected to ANOVA in STATA version 12.1. The observed nodule colour for plants inoculated with B. japonicum and B. elkanii strains was red brown. The results showed a significant difference in nodule number, shoot biomass and N content among the soybean plants inoculated with the rhizobia in both acidic clay and loam soils (F=9.09 p=0.05). Inoculating soybean seed with B. elkanii strain 510 provides more nodulation potential in acidic loam soil than B. japonicum strain 550 in the same soil type.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Bradyrhizobium elkanii, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, clay soil, loam soil, soybean

  References
  [1] R. Deshmukh, H. Sonah, G. Patil, W. Chen, S. Prince, R. Mutava, T. Vuong, B. Valliyodan, H.T. Nguyen, ?Integrating omic approaches for abiotic stress tolerance in soybean,? Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol. 5, pp.244, 2014.
  [2] P. Ghosh, S.K. Dan, G. Banerjee, S. Majumder, A. Nandi, K. Roy, A.K. Ray, ?Effects of soybean meal incorporated diet on enzyme producing autochthonous gut bacteria in fingerlings of Labeo rohita (Hamilton)? International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol. 5, Issue.4, pp.47-54, 2018.
  [3] Seed Co Agronomy manual, Seed Company Zimbabwe, 2011.
  [4] G. Kaschuk, M.A. Nogueira, M.J. de Luca, M. Hungria, ?Responses of determinate and indeterminate soybean cultivars to basal and topdressing N fertilization compared to sole inoculation with Bradyhizobium,? Field Crops Research, Vol. 195, pp.21-27, 2016.
  [5] E. Wafula, S. Zingore, G.N. Cemining?wa, ?Better Crops,? 2018.
  [6] F.D. Dakora, S.O. Keya, ?Contribution of legume nitrogen fixation to sustainable agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa,? Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 29, pp.809?817, 1997.
  [7] J.N. Chianu, E.M. Nkonya, F.S Mairura, J.N. Chianu, F.K. Akinnifesi, ?Biological nitrogen fixation and socioeconomic factors for legume production in sub-Saharan Africa: a review? Agronomy for Sustainable Development, Vol. 31, pp.139? 154, 2011.
  [8] A.H. Gibson, J.E. Harper, ?Nitrate effect on nodulation of soybean by Bradyhrizobium japonicum,? Crop Science, Vol. 25, pp.497?501, 1985.
  [9] J. Rigaud, A. Puppo, ?Effect of nitrate upon leghemoglobin and interaction with nitrogen fixation,? Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, Vol. 497, pp.702?706, 1977.
  [10] J.C Trinchant, J. Rigaud, ?Nitrogen fixation in French-bean in the presence of nitrate: effect on bacteroid respiration and comparison with nitrite,? Journal of Plant Physiology, Vol. 116, pp.209?217, 1984.
  [11] Y. Kanayama, I. Watanabe, Y. Yamamoto, ?Inhibition of nitrogen fixation in soybean plants supplied with nitrate. I. nitrite accumulation and formation of nitrosylleghemoglobin in nodules,? Plant and Cell Physiology, Vol. 31, pp.341?346, 1990.
  [12] J.K. Vessey, J. Waterer, ?In search of the mechanism of nitrate inhibition of nitrogenase activity in legume nodules: recent developments, ?Physiologia Plantantarum, Vol. 84, pp.171?176, 1992.
  [13] A.I. Hassen, F.L. Bopape, J. Habig, S.C. Lamprecht, ?Nodulation of rooibos (Aspalathus lineariburm. f), an indigenous South African legume by members of both the α-Proteobacteria and β Proteobacteria,? Biology and Fertiler Soils, Vol. 48, pp.295-303, 2012.
  [14] M. Hungria, I.C. Mendes, ?Nitrogen fixation with soybean: the perfect symbiosis?? In: de Bruijn, F. (Ed.), Biological Nitrogen Fixation, v.2, Chapter 99. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, pp. 1005?1019, 2015.
  [15] G. Kaschuk, M. Hungria, P.A. Leffelaar, K.E. Giller, T.W. Kuyper, ?Differences in photosynthetic behaviour and leaf senescence of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) dependent on N2 fixation or nitrate supply,? Plant Biology, Vol. 12, pp.60?69, 2010.
  [16] E.B Fred, I.L. Baldwin, E. McCoy ?Root nodule bacteria of leguminous plants,? University of Wisconsin, Madison. 1932
  [17] R.E. Buchanan, ?Approved lists of bacterial names? International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, Vol. 30, pp.225?240, 1980.
  [18] L.D. Kuykendall, B. Saxena, T.E. Devine, S.E. Udell, ?Genetic diversity in Bradyrhizobium japonicum Jordan 1982 and a proposal for Bradyrhizobium elkanii sp. nov.? Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 38, pp.501?505, 1992.
  [19] M. Melchiorre M. de Luca, G. Gonzalez Anta, P.Suarez, C. Lopez, R. Lascano, R. Racca ?Evaluation of Bradyrhizobia strains isolated from field-grown soybean plants in Argentina as improved inoculants,? Biology and Fertiliser Soils, Vol. 47, pp.81-89, 2011.
  [20] M.D.V. Kober, E.L.S. de S?, J.R.J. Freire, A. Giongo, ?Characterization of variants of Bradyrhizobium elkanii and B. japonicum and symbiotic behaviour in soybeans,? Ci?nc Rural, Vol. 34, pp.1459-1464, 2004.
  [21] J. Crovadore, G. Calmin, R. Chablais, B. Cochard, T. Schulz, F. Lefort, ?Whole genome sequence of Bradyrhizobium elkanii strain UASWS1016, a potential symbiotic biofertiliser for agriculture? Genomic Announcements, Vol. 4, Issue.5, 2016
  [22] M. Ahemad, M. Kibret, ?Mechanisms and applications of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: current perspective,? Journal of King Saud University Science, Vol. 26 pp.1?20. 2014.
  [23] A.I. Hassen, F.L. Bopape, A.H. Rong, G. Seane, ?Nodulation efficacy of Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculant strain WB74 on soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) is affected by several limiting factors,? African Journal of Microbiology Research, Vol. 8, Issue.20 pp.2069-2076, 2014.
  [24] P. Somasegaran, H.J. Hoben, ?Handbook for rhizobia: methods in legume-rhizobium technology? Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. 1994.
  [25] J.M. Bremner, ?Nitrogen total,? In: Soil Science, ed. D. L. Sparks, Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America, pp.1085?1121, 1996.
  [26] StataCorp. ?Stata Statistical Software: Release 12?, College Station, TX: StataCorp LP. 2011
  [27] H.H. Keyser, F. Li, ?Potential for increasing biological nitrogen fixation in soybean? Plant Soil, Vol. 141, pp.119-135, 1992.
  [28] R. Chabot, H. Antoun, J.W. Kloepper, C.J. Beauchamp, ?Root colonization of maize and lettuce by bioluminescent rhizobium Leguminosaurm biovar phaseoli,? Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 62, pp.2767?2772, 1996.
  [29] L. Qin, H. Jiang, J. Tian, J. Zhao, H. Liao, ?Rhizobia enhance acquisition of phosphorus from different sources by soybean plants? Plant Soil, Vol. 349, pp.25-36, 2011.
  [30] J. Schulze, E. Adgo, W. Merbach, ?Carbon costs associated with N2 fixation in Vicia faba L. and Pisum sativum L. over a 14-day period,? Plant Biology, Vol. 1, pp.625?631, 1999.
  [31] W.C. Plaxton, ?Plant response to stress: biochemical adaptations to phosphate deficiency? In: Goodman R (eds) Encyclopedia of plant and crop science, New York, pp 976?980, 2004.
  [32] J. Schulze, G. Temple, S. Temple, H. Beschow, C.P. Vance, ?Nitrogen fixation by white lupin under phosphorus deficiency? Annuls of Botany, Vol. 98, pp.731?740, 2006.
  [33] P. Chenn, ?Micro-organisms in Agriculture,? Biological Sciences Review Vol. 11, pp.2- 4, 1999.
  [34] H.H. Zahran, ?Rhizobium-legume symbiosis and nitrogen fixation under sever conditions and in an arid climate,? Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, Vol. 63, pp.968-989, 1999.
  [35] K.E. Giller, A. Bala, ?Symbiotic specificity of tropical tree rhizobia for host legumes,? New Phytologist, Vol. 149, pp.495?507, 2000.

  Citation
  Enetia D Bobo, Percy Jinga, Nicole Muzvidzwa, Girlie Zingoni, Pias Munosiyei, Emmanuel Zingoni, "Assessment of Nodulation Potential of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Bradyrhizobium elkanii on Glycine max L. in Acidic Clay and Loam Soils," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.3, pp.47-51, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Preliminary study of moth (Insecta: Lepidoptera) in Coonoor forest area from Nilgiri District Tamil Nadu, India

  N. Moinudheen, Kuppusamy Sivasankaran

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp.52-61, Jun-2020

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  This present study was conducted at Coonoor Forestdale area during the year 2018-2019. Through this study, a total of 212 species was observed from the study area which represented 212 species from 29 families. Most of the moth species were abundance in July to August. Moths are the most vulnerable organism, with slight environmental changes. Erebidae, Crambidae and Geometridae are the most abundant families throughout the year. The Coonoor Forestdale area was showed a number of new records and seems to supporting an interesting the monotypic moth species have been recorded. This preliminary study is useful for the periodic study of moths.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Moth, Environment, Nilgiri, Coonoor

  References
  [1] Abesh Kumar Sanyal, Uniyal V. P, Kailash Chandra and Manish Bhardwaj Diversity and indicator species of Moth (Lepidoptera: Heterocera) assemblages in different vegetation zones In Gangotri Landscape, Western Himalaya, India. (2011).
  [2] AmitKatewa& Prakash Chand Pathania Moths of the superfamily Tineoidea (Insecta: Lepidoptera) from the Western Ghats, India Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org| 11(7): 13931?13936. 2019.
  [3] Axmacher JC, T?nte H, Schrumpf M, M?llerhohenstein K, Lyaruu, HVM. Fiedler K. Diverging diversity patterns of vascular plants and geometrid moths during forest regeneration on Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. J. Biogeo. 31: 895-904. 2004.
  [4] Beck J, Schulze CH, Linsenmair KE, Fiedler K. From forest to farmland: diversity of geometrid moths along two habitat gradients on Borneo. J. Trop. Eco. 17: 33-51. 2002.
  [5] Bell and Scott. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Moths-Volume 5, Sphingidae. London: Taylor and Francis, 537-15. . 1937.
  [6] Benton T G. Biodiversity of Handerson Island insects. Bio. J. Linn Soc. 56: 245-259. 1995.
  [7] Brehm G, Diversity and community structure of geometrid moths of disturbed habitat in a montane area in the Ecuadorian Andes. J. Res. Lepid. 38: 1-14. 2005.
  [8] Chandra, K. and Nema, D. K.: Insecta: Lepidoptera: Heterocera. In: Fauna of Madhya Pradesh including Chhatisgarh, State Fauna Series 15 (Part: I), Zoological Survey of India, 347-418. 2007.
  [9] Chandramohan N. Seasonal incidence of diamondback moth, Plutellaxylostella L. and its parasitoids in Nilgiris. Journal of Biological Control 8: 77-80. 1994.
  [10] Gadhikar Y A, Sambath S and Yattoo Y. I. A Preliminary Report on the Moths (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Heterocera) Fauna from Amravati, Maharashtra, International Journal of Science and Research Volume 4 Issue 7 2015.
  [11] Katewa, Amit, and Prakash Chand Pathania. Moths of the Superfamily Tineoidea (Insecta: Lepidoptera) from the Western Ghats, India?. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11 (7), 13931-36. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4436.11.7.13 931-13936. 2019.
  [12] Kosenberg, David, Danks HV, Lehmkuki, Dennis M CImportance of insects in Environmental Impact Assessment. Environmental Management; 10 (5): 773-783. 1986.
  [13] Lewis, O.T. Effects of experimental selective logging on tropical butterflies. Biol. Conserv. 15: 389?400. 2001.
  [14] Meehl G., Stocker, T., Collins, W., Friedlingstein, P., Gaye, A., Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M.,Chen, Z. and Marquis, M. Climate Change, 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. (2007).
  [15] Rathikannu S and Chitra N Preliminary report on crambid moths (Lepidopterta: Pyraloidea: Crambidae) from different places in Tamil Nadu.Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2017; 5(6): 778-781. (2017).
  [16] Robin Baker & Yvonne Sadovy. The distance and nature of the light-trap response of moths Nature volume 276: 818?821. 1978.
  [17] Sachin A. Gurule& Santosh M. Nikam. The moths (Lepidoptera: Heterocera) of northern Maharashtra: a preliminary checklist Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 5(12): 4693?4713. 2013.
  [18] Shubhalaxmi V, Roger c. Kendrick, Alkavaidya, NeelimaKalagi and Alaka Bhagwat, Inventory of moth fauna (Lepidoptera: Heterocera) of the northern Western Ghats, Maharashtra, India Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 108(3). 2011.
  [19] Sivasankaran K, Gnanasekaran S, Paradhaman D, Ignacimuthu S. Diversity of Noctuid moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Tamil Nadu part of Western Ghats (Nilgiri Biosphere and Kodaikanal hills), India. Elixir Bio Diversity. 38:4131-4134. 2011.
  [20] Sivasankaran K and Ignacimuthu S. A report of Erebidae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea) from the Tamil Nadu part of the Western Ghats, India Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 111(3): 192-209. 2014.
  [21] Stork NE, Srivastava DS, Watt AD, Larsen TB. Butterfly diversity and silvicultural practice in lowland rainforests in Cameroon. Biodi. Conserv. 12: 387-410. 2003.
  [22] Willott SJ, Lim DC, Compton SG, Sutton SL. Effects of selective logging on the butterflies of a Bornean rainforest. Biol. Conserv. 14: 1055-1065. 2000.

  Citation
  N. Moinudheen, Kuppusamy Sivasankaran, "Preliminary study of moth (Insecta: Lepidoptera) in Coonoor forest area from Nilgiri District Tamil Nadu, India," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.3, pp.52-61, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Endophytes Fungi Associated With a Water Hyacinth of Eichhornia Crassipes (Mart.) Solms

  Venkatesan Govindan, Arun Gunasekaran

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp.62-66, Jun-2020

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Nineteen endophytes fungal species were isolated from leave and petiole of an aquatic hyacinth weed plant of Eichhornia crassipes. These plants were collected from a freshwater pond in different months at Mannargudi in Tamil Nadu. Among these two belonging to Ascomycetes, four fungal species belonging to Coelomycetes and eleven Hyphomycetes beside to two sterile forms. These endophytic fungi were studied shows fewest colonies that some of the distinct occupying the leaf and petiole tissue. Commonly isolated genera from both month and tissue were Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Colletotrichum cloeosporioides, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium sp. Phomopsis sp., and Yeast form. This study revealed that fungal diversity varied with tissue types and by host plant in representative two months. This diversity of fungi has been assessed to vary depending on the specificity of the tissue. According to the RPO statistical analysis, Hyphomycetes fungi have been dominated by both tissues. Similarly, according to the CF% calculation, more no. of fungal colonies has been isolated from leaf tissue. Assumed, that these distributed fungi have been dependent on tissues specificity.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Eichhornia crassipes, fungal diversity, endophytes, hydrophyte, tissus specificity

  References
  [1] R. Dinges, ?Water Hyacinth Culture for Wastewater Treatment. Texas Department of Health Resources, Austin, Texas, USA?, 1976.
  [2] Aquatics, ?Retrieved July 20th, 2011, from Aquatics?: http://www.pss.uvm.edu/pss123/aquatics.html. 2005.
  [3] M. L. de Casabianca, T. Laugier, ?Eichhornia crassipes production on petroliferous Wastewaters: effects of Salinity?, Bioresource Technology, 54, 39-43, 1995.
  [4] M.A. Maine, M.V. Duarte, N.L. Sune, ?Cadmium uptake by floating macrophytes?, Water Research. 35(11): 2629-2634, 2001.
  [5] C.H. Sim, ?The use of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment?, Water International ? Malaysia Office, 24, 2003.
  [6] J.R.Wilson, N. Holst, M. Rees, ?Determinants and patterns of population growth in water hyacinth?, Aquatic Botany, 81, 51-67, 2005.
  [7] U.S. EPA, ?Design Manual ? Constructed Wetlands and Aquatic Systems for Municipal Wastewater Treatment. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency?, Report no. EPA/625/1-88/022. Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, 83, 1988.
  [8] T. D. Center, T.K. Van, F.A.Dray Jr., S.J. Franks, M.T. Rebelo, P.D. Pratt, M.B. Rayamajhi, ?Herbivory alters competitive interactions between two invasive aquatic plants?, Biological Control, 2005.
  [9] A. De Bary, ?Morphologie und Physiologie der Pilze, Flechten und Myxomyceten?, Engelmann, Leipzig, 1866.
  [10] C. W. Bacon, J.F. White, ?Micro endophytes, New York?, Marcel Dekker, 2000.
  [11] I. Okane, Nakagairi, T. Ito, ?Surculiseries rugispora a new endophytic mitosporic fungus from leaves of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza?, Mycoscience, 42, 115-122, 2001.
  [12] J.D. Cubit, ?Internationals of seasonally changing physical factors and grazing affecting high intertidal communities on a rocky shore?, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 1974.
  [13] O. Petrini, ?Taxonomy of endophytic fungi of aerial plant tissues. In: Microbiology of the phyllosphere (eds. N.J. Fokkema and J.Van den Heuvel)?, Cambridge University press, Cambridge, pp 175-187, 1986.
  [14] T.S. Suryanarayanan, V. Kumaresan, J. A. Johnson, ?Foliar fungal endophytes from two species of the mangrove Rhizophora?, Can. J.Microbiol. 44, 1003-1006, 1998.
  [15] T.S.Suryanarayanan, T.S. Murali, G. Venkatesan, ?Occurrence and distribution of fungal endophytes in tropical forests across a rainfall gradient?, Can. J. Bot. 80, 818-826, 2002.
  [16] T.S. Suryanarayanan, G. Venkatesan, T.S. Murali, ?Endophytic fungal communities in leaves of tropical forest trees: diversity and distribution patterns?, Curr. Sci, 85: 489?493, 2003.
  [17] K.Apt, A. Gibor, ?Development and induction of bacteria- associated galls on Prionitis lanceolate (Rhodophyta), Dis. Aqut.Org, 6, 151-156, 1989.
  [18] J.H. Andrews, ?Observations on the pathology of seaweeds in the pacific Northwest?, Can.J.Bot, 55, 1019-1027, 1977.
  [19] P.Denny ?Biodiversity and wetlands. Wetlands Ecology and Management?, 3:55-61, 1994.
  [20] O. Petrini, ?Fungal endophytes of tree leaves. In: Microbial Ecology of Leaves (eds. J.A. Andrews and S.S Hirano?, Springer-Verlag, New York, USA, pp 179-197, 1991.
  [21] O. Petrini, ?Endophytic fungi of alpine Ericaceae?, The endophytes of Loiseleuria procumbens (eds. Laursen, G.A., Amairati, J.F., and Redhead, S.A.), Arctic and Alpine Mycology II. Environmental Science Research vol., Plenum Press, New York and London, 34, 71-77, 1987.
  [22] F. Sieber-Canavesi, T.N. Sieber, ? Endophytische Pilze in Tanne (Abies alba Mill.) Verglecich zweier Standorte in Scheweizer Mittellland (Naturwald-Aufforstung)?, Sydowia. 40, 250-273, 1987.
  [23] K.T.Thomas, ?Studies on the Ecology of Aquatic Weeds in Karalla, India. Int. Conference on Water Hyacinth?, Karala, India.1983.
  [24] M. Jia, L. Chen, H.L. Xin, C.J. Zheng, K. Rahman, T. Han, L.P. Qin, ?A Friendly Relationship between Endophytic Fungi and Medicinal Plants: A Systematic Review?, Frontiers in Microbiology. 7: 906, 2016.
  [25] P.J.Fisher, O. Petrini, ?Two aquatic hyphomycetes as endophytes in Alnus glutinosa roots?, Mycological Research, 92: 367-368, 1989.
  [26] G.F. Bills, J.D. Polishook, ?Recovery of endophytic fungi from Chamaecyparis thyoides?, Sydowia 44, 1-12, 1992.
  [27] T.S. Suryanarayanan, ?Light incubation: a neglected procedure in mycology?, The Mycologist. 6, 144, 1992.
  [28] A.E. Arnold, Z. Maynard, G. Gilbert, P.D. Coley, T. A. Kursar, ?Are tropical fungal endophytes hyperdiverse?? Ecology Letters, 3, 267-274, 2000.
  [29] T.S. Suryanarayanan, V. Kumaresan, ?Endophytic fungi of some halophytes from an estuarine mangrove forest?, Mycol. Res. 104, 1465-1467, 2000.
  [30] N, Pargaien, S.C. Sati, M. Belwal, ?Endophytic aquatic hyphomycetes of roots from forested plants of Nainital, Kumaun Himalaya?, In ?Plant Science Research in India: Challenges and Prospect:? (Ed. S. Kumar) pp 213-220, 2006.
  [31] K.R. Sridhar, F. Barlocher, ?Endophytic aquatic hyphomycetes of roots of Spruce, Birch and Maple?, Mycol. Res, 96: 305- 308, 1992.
  [32] S.C. Sati, M. Belwal, N. Pargaien, ?Diversity of water borne conidial fungi as root endophyte in temperate forest of western Himalaya?, Nature and Science, 6: 59-69, 2008.
  [33] C.A. Shearer, ?The freshwater ascomyctes?, Nova Hedwigia. 56, 1-33, 1993.
  [34] H.A. Raja, A. Ferrer, C.A. Shearer, ?Aliquandostipite crystallinus, a new ascomycete species from submerged wood in freshwater habitats?, Mycotaxon. 91, 207-215, 2005.
  [35] E.J.M. Arnolds, ?Biogeography and conservation. In: Kubick, C.P, Druzhinina, I.S (eds). The mycota. Environmental and microbial relationships?, vol IV, 2nd edn, Springer, Berlin, pp .105-124, 2007.
  [36] Q. Mahmood, P. Zheng, M.R. Siddiqi, E.U. Islam, M.R. Azim, Y. Hayat, ?Anatomical studies on water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) under the influence of textile wastewater?, Journal of Zhejiang University Science, 6(10): 991-998, 2005.
  [37] K. Hata, K. Futai, ?Endophytic fungi associated with healthy pine needles and needles infested by the pine needles gall midge?, Thecodiplosis japonesis, Can. J. Bot. 73, 384-390, 1995.

  Citation
  Venkatesan Govindan, Arun Gunasekaran, "Endophytes Fungi Associated With a Water Hyacinth of Eichhornia Crassipes (Mart.) Solms," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.3, pp.62-66, 2020