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• Open Access   Article

  Three known species of the genus Parahadronchus – First report from Mizoram, India

  S. Sushilkumar, S. Mexico, N. Mohilal

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp.1-6, Apr-2021

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  Abstract
  Mononchs play a vital role in reducing phytophagous nematode population. The present study deals with the diversity of Parahadronchus in Mizoram. Various soil samples were collected from different parts of Mizoram along with the GPS location. Upon processing and examination, three known species of the genera Parahadronchus were found, viz., Parahadronchus siroii, Parahadronchus marami and Parahadronchus shakili. P. siroii is distinguishable from P. shakili in its smaller body, short oesophagus, lesser number of vulval papillae, small lip, etc. P. marami has narrower buccal cavity, thinner body with three subventral denticles. P. shakili has larger body, broader buccal cavity with 3-6 subventral teeth.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Mononchida, Parahadronchus, Mizoram, India

  References
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  Citation
  S. Sushilkumar, S. Mexico, N. Mohilal , "Three known species of the genus Parahadronchus – First report from Mizoram, India," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.2, pp.1-6, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Fungal and Bacterial Species Associated with the Deterioration of Fresh Tomato Fruits (Lycopersium esculentum M.) Sold in Aliero Market, Kebbi State

  Mubarak Aminu, Jibrin Naka Naka, Abdulrahman Sani Kalgo, Rukayya John Patrick

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  Vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp.7-11, Apr-2021

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  Lycopersium esculentum M. are economic vegetables that deteriorated due to the nutrients contain which allowed the growth of microorganisms on it. Bacterial and fungal species were identified using poured plate method and Biochemical tests. Three (3) categories of tomato fruits samples were collected, varying different degrees of spoilage; highly rotten, slightly rotten and fresh tomatoes. A total of sixty (60) tomatoes were randomly collected within Aliero central market. From the results obtained, seven fungal species and four (4) bacterial species were isolated namely; Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida species, Alternaria alternate, Trichoderma species, Penicillium digitatum, Mucor species and Aspergillus species and bacterial species identified were; Bacillus species, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus species. The mean colony counts of bacteria ranges from 2.9 x 103 to 6.0 x 102 cfu/g and spore formed per unit for fungal species ranged from 3.0 x 103 to 5.6 x 102 sfu/g. In conclusion, these spoilage of fresh tomato usually occurs during storage and transit as well as during processing. Since many microorganisms were identified as the major causal agents of the tomato fruits spoilage in the study area, proper handling procedure especially during post-harvest and pre harvest as well as during selling and buying of the tomato fruits should be employed to avoid damage that usually results to the spoilage of these vital vegetable.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Tomatoes, microorganisms, mean, market and Aliero

  References
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  Citation
  Mubarak Aminu, Jibrin Naka Naka, Abdulrahman Sani Kalgo, Rukayya John Patrick, "Fungal and Bacterial Species Associated with the Deterioration of Fresh Tomato Fruits (Lycopersium esculentum M.) Sold in Aliero Market, Kebbi State," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.2, pp.7-11, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Isolation, Identification and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacteria from Upper Respiratory Tract Infections at Dhamar Governorate, Yemen

  Fawaz Al-Badaii, Assmaa Al-taibi, Hafeedha Al-shaeri, Ebtisam Homied, Mawadah Obad, Fardos Al-khatari, Shaima Al-khawlani, Abdulwahab Al Sanabani

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  Vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp.12-19, Apr-2021

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  This study was carried out to isolate and identify the pathogenic bacteria involving URTI as well as to assess the antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria and its correlation of age, sex and study period among patients` swabs. Bacteriological standard methods were used to isolate and identify the bacteria. Total of 106 upper respiratory tract samples were collected from patients in Teba, Dhamar, Dar Al-Shefa, Salama, and Al Mosali hospitals also from Mayas, Al Afara, and Sary clinics, from November 2019 to March 2020. The results showed that the Streptococcus pyogenes recorded the highest rate of infection (34.9%). Followed by 26.6% of Staphylococcus aureus and Moraxella catarrhalis, then 3.6% of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in addition to 0.9% of Haemophilus influenzae. The Incidence of URTI bacteria during period of study recorded the highest rate in March. The highest percentage of patients with URTI based on the sampling sites was recorded in Dar Al-Shefa and Teba hospitals. In addition, study indicated that the throat infections were highly spreading among males, while the otitis was greatly prevalent among the females. Moreover, the highest percentage of URTI was noted in age group between one to eleven years. Additionally, there is a considerable high resistance to some antimicrobial agents, often used in treatment of URTI, especially ceftriaxone, and azithromycin. The most effective antibacterial agents against all isolated URTI pathogens were gentamicin, amikacin and amoxyclav.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Isolation; Identification; Antibiotic susceptibility; Bacteria; Upper respiratory tract infections

  References
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  Citation
  Fawaz Al-Badaii, Assmaa Al-taibi, Hafeedha Al-shaeri, Ebtisam Homied, Mawadah Obad, Fardos Al-khatari, Shaima Al-khawlani, Abdulwahab Al Sanabani, "Isolation, Identification and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacteria from Upper Respiratory Tract Infections at Dhamar Governorate, Yemen," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.2, pp.12-19, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Prevalence of Rotavirus among Iraqi Children with Diarrhea in Diyala Province

  Ali R. Hameed, Bakri Y. Mohamed, Adam D. Abakar, Karim S. Ali

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  Vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp.20-23, Apr-2021

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  In children under the age of five, rotavirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis. The aim of this study was to see how common rotavirus is in children who have diarrhea, the efficacy of Immuno Chromatography Assay (ICA) and Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and evaluate the relationship between the demographic agent and clinical presentation associated with rotavirus. At AL-Batool Teaching Hospital in Baqubah, a cross-sectional study was conducted, from the first of April 2019 to 31 of March 2020, on (300) children with diarrhea below five years of age. The patients included (n=161, 53.6%) males and (n=139, 46.3%) females. The patient’s age, gender, living area, season, mode of feeding, source of water supply and sterilization, were gathered using a questionnaire designed specifically for this study. Rotavirus is detected in fecal specimens using the ICA and ELISA tests. The rotavirus antigen was detected in (47.33%) stool specimens by the ELISA test and (59%) by ICA from (300) children with diarrhea and high infection in the age group between 13-24 months at the rate (49.40%). The highest infection rate in spring was (56.00%) and lower in summer (33.33%). Males were infected at a higher rate than females (42.24% vs. 39. 57%).High significant infection among children living in rural areas (55.68%) compared to those living in urban areas (35.48%). According to the clinical features, the findings revealed the prevalence of rotavirus infection in children who had a fever (54.90%), vomiting (42.03%), those suffering from severe dehydration (48.85) some dehydration 78 (46.15%). However, rotavirus infection was significant with fever only.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Rotavirus, Diarrhea, ICA, ELISA

  References
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  Citation
  Ali R. Hameed, Bakri Y. Mohamed, Adam D. Abakar, Karim S. Ali, "Prevalence of Rotavirus among Iraqi Children with Diarrhea in Diyala Province," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.2, pp.20-23, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Effects of Seed density on Grain yield and Agronomic traits of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Kabul and Khost Agro-Ecological conditions, Afghanistan

  Ahmad Yar Ahmadi, Mohammad Wali Salari, Mohammad Jan Arian, Abdul Mosawer Asim

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp.24-30, Apr-2021

  Abstract

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  Abstract
  Optimum seed density is an important factor for high yield as well as wheat grain quality. Apt seed density not only increases yield but reduces the total cost of wheat production. The purpose of this research was to investigate the most optimum density for three wheat varieties under two different environments to produce high yield of wheat. The experiment was conducted in two different agro-ecological zones (Kabul and Khost provinces, Afghanistan) during the 2018 - 2019 growing season. The research was arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design with the combinations of densities (100, 110 and 120 kg ha-1) and three wheat varieties (Baghlan09, Kabul013 and Moqawim09). Densities and varieties revealed significant differences for different traits under study. Results indicated that Kabul013 and Baghlan09 at 110 kg seeds ha-1 in zone 1 had better fertile tillers, spike length and grain yield while the same varieties in zone 2 performed better at 120 kg ha-1 for these traits. Interestingly Moawwim09 produced better of these traits on120 kg ha-1in both zones. Interaction effects among the locations, densities x variety were also significant. From the analysis results, it’s concluded that 110 kg seeds ha-1 for Kabul013 and Baghlan09 varieties and 120 kg seeds ha-1 for Moqawim09 variety in zone 1 while 120 kg seeds ha-1 for all three varieties in zone 2 are the suitable seed rate and should be sown

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Densities, environment, wheat varieties, yield and .yield components

  References
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  Citation
  Ahmad Yar Ahmadi, Mohammad Wali Salari, Mohammad Jan Arian, Abdul Mosawer Asim, "Effects of Seed density on Grain yield and Agronomic traits of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Kabul and Khost Agro-Ecological conditions, Afghanistan," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.2, pp.24-30, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Monitoring Seasonal Dynamics of Physicochemical Water Quality of Chhari Dhandh Wetland, Gujarat (India)

  Jignasha Vankar, Ketan Tatu, R.D. Kamboj

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp.31-40, Apr-2021

  Abstract

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  Abstract
  Water quality monitoring of Chhari Dhandh natural wetland in western Kachchh, Gujarat was carried out on seasonal basis for the years 2019-20 (most recent year) and 2018-19 (previous year) with an aim of understanding extent of dynamicity of water quality. The water samples were collected from the surface of the wetland from two predominant habitats of the wetland (i.e., Open Water and Marshy Emergent Vegetation). Ten water quality parameters, i.e., pH, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, total hardness, chlorides, salinity and phosphates were seasonally monitored during the study. The collection, sampling and analysis were done according to Standard methods. The study has revealed that irrespective of the seasons, the surface water of the wetland remained alkaline throughout the study tenure. However, there was a noticeable variation in some parameters like water temperature, turbidity, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Hardness (TH), chlorides, salinity and phosphates. Comparison of values of certain parameters against values of the Bureau of Indian Standards as well as World Health Organization values for the respective parameters has indicated that though the wetland’s water is not potable, but it is appropriate for livelihood, agriculture and fishing.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Chhari Dhandh, Physicochemical parameters. Seasonal. Variation. Water quality. Wetland

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  [50] J.A. Shah, “Crustacean Community of Wular Lake, Kashmir”, Centre of Research for Development (Cord), University of Kashmir. M.Phil. Thesis. pp. 1-208, 2012.
  [51] N.N. Rabalais, “Nitrogen in aquatic ecosystems”, “AMBIO- A Journal of the Human Environment” Vol. 31, Issue. 2, pp. 102-112, 2002.
  [52] S. Kumar, R. Adiyecha, and T. Patel, “Seasonal Variation in the Water Quality of Lahru Pond located in Himachal Pradesh”, “International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications”, Vol. 4, Issue. 3 (Version 1), pp. 507-513, 2014.

  Citation
  Jignasha Vankar, Ketan Tatu, R.D. Kamboj, "Monitoring Seasonal Dynamics of Physicochemical Water Quality of Chhari Dhandh Wetland, Gujarat (India)," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.2, pp.31-40, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Integrated Disease Management Wilt of Lentil Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lentis

  Khushboo Dubey, S.K. Singh

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp.41-48, Apr-2021

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  Abstract
  Effect of chemical, bio-agents and Rhizobium was tested alone and in combination to see their individual as well as combined effect on wilt disease management in pot under net house conditions. Eighteen treatments were under taken in this study, among them highest per cent disease control (70.89%) was recorded with Rhizobium (ST)+ Carbendazim.(ST)+ Pseudomonas sp.(SoilT) followed by Rhizobium(ST)+Carbendazim.(ST)+ Bacillus subtilis (SoilT) (67.05), Rhizobium (ST)+Carbendazim. (ST)+T.h. (64.64%), Rhizobium(ST) + soilT T.harzianum (63.36%), Rhizobium(ST) + Carbendazim. (ST) (59.47%), Rhizobium(ST) + Pseudomonas fluorescens (SoilT) (58.94%), Rhizobium(ST)+Bacillus subtilis (SoilT) (57.12%), Rhizobium(ST) + T.harzianum(SoilT) (56.66%), Rhizobium(ST) + T.harzianum(ST) (56.41%), Carbendazim.(ST) (52.48%), Pseudomonas fluorescens (SoilT) (49.92%), Bacillus subtilis (SoilT)(46.24%), T. harzianum (SoilT) (43.52%), Pseudomonas fluorescens (ST) (42.08%), Bacillus subtilis (ST) (39.04%), T. harzianum(ST) (35.89%) and Rhizobium(ST) (17.58%) as compared to untreated pots during 2016-17.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Biocontrol agent, Fusarium, Lentil, rhizobium sp. and fungicides

  References
  [1] Abraham, R. “ Lentil (Lens Culinaris Medikus) Current Status and Future Prospect of Production in Ethiopia” Adv. Plants Agric Res.2 (2): 00040, 2015.
  [2] Ahmad, D. K. Sinha and K. M. Singh, “Economic Analysis of Production and Instability of Lentil in Major Lentil Growing States of India” Int. J. Pure App. Bio.sci. 6 (1): 593-598, 2018.
  [3] Ali, M. and Mishra, J. P, “Importance, Area and Production. In: Technology for Production of Winter Pulse”. Bubl. IIPR. pp. 6 – 9, 2000.
  [4] Arasu, M. V., Esmail, G. A., Al-Dhabi, N. A., & Ponmurugan, K.” Managing Pests and Diseases of Grain Legumes with Secondary Metabolites from Actinomycetes. In Plant Growth Promoting Actinobacteria” Springer Singapore pp. 83-98, 2016.
  [5] Ram, H. and Pandey, R. N.” Evaluation of biocontrol agents and fungicides for the management of black root rot of chickpea incited by Fusarium solani(Mart) Sacc.” Indian Phytopathology 64: 32-33, 2011.
  [6] Shahiduzzaman, M. “Efficacy of fungicides and botanicals in controlling foot and root rot of lentil” Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, 40(4), 711-715, 2016.
  [7] Singh, Sushil Kumar, Kumar, A., Singh, Bhanu Pratap., Yadav, J. K. and Dubey, K. “Integrated management of lentil wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lentis” Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sc. 6(10): 1319-1322, 2017.
  [8] Sinha, R.K.P., and Sinha, B.B.P, “Effect of potash, botanicals and fungicides against wilt disease complex in lentil” Annals of Plant Protection Sciences 12 (2): 454-455, 2004.
  [9] Srivastava, Mukesh, Gurha, S .N. and Narain, Udit. “Prospects of integrated management of root diseases in pulse crop. Souvenir of National Symposium on Important Plant diseases of North -Eastern India and their Management” held at Department of Plant Pathology N. D. University of Agriculture &Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad from 6-7, December, 2000. Pp 14-15, 2000.

  Citation
  Khushboo Dubey, S.K. Singh, "Integrated Disease Management Wilt of Lentil Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lentis," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.2, pp.41-48, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Bioethanol Production from Waste Paper

  Komal Thakare, Minal Trivedi

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp.49-51, Apr-2021

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  Abstract
  The municipal waste constitutes paper as major part of the solid waste. Due to shrinking landfill capacity; it has become tough to manage this solid waste. The waste paper considered here is the newspaper along with the paper used in offices for printing & photocopying. The waste paper is rich in cellulose which could serve as substrate for bioethanol production. This would lead to reduction of greenhouse gases which are released in traditional way of ethanol production. In this study, an attempt was made to convert the cellulose, a sugar into ethanol via fermentation process. Before the actual fermentation, the paper was pre-treated and hydrolyzed with 5% conc.H2SO4 at 121°C for 30 minutes. The fermentation was carried out using S.cerevisiae. The alcohol was purified using distillation and the various parameters like specific gravity, odor, yield etc. were estimated.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Bioethanol, Fermentation, Newspaper, Office waste paper, S.cerevisiae.

  References
  [1] Gupta, Shuchi, Krishna Mohan, Rajkumar Prasad, Sujata Gupta, and Arun Kansal. "Solid waste management in India: options and opportunities." Resources, conservation and recycling 24, no. 2 ,137-154,1998.
  [2] Pérez, J., J. Munoz-Dorado, T. D. L. R. De la Rubia, and J. Martinez. "Biodegradation and biological treatments of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin: an overview." International microbiology 5, no. 2 ,53-63,2002
  [3] Goldemberg, José, and Patricia Guardabassi. "Are biofuels a feasible option?." Energy policy 37, no. 1 ,10-14,2009
  [4] Naik, Satya Narayan, Vaibhav V. Goud, Prasant K. Rout, and Ajay K. Dalai. "Production of first and second generation biofuels: a comprehensive review." Renewable and sustainable energy reviews 14, no. 2, 578-597, 2010.
  [5] El-Zawawy, Waleed K., Maha M. Ibrahim, Yasser R. Abdel-Fattah, Nadia A. Soliman, and Morsi M. Mahmoud. "Acid and enzyme hydrolysis to convert pretreated lignocellulosic materials into glucose for ethanol production." Carbohydrate polymers 84, no. 3, 865-871, 2011.
  [6] Zheng, Yi, Zhongli Pan, and Ruihong Zhang. "Overview of biomass pretreatment for cellulosic ethanol production." International journal of agricultural and biological engineering 2, no. 3 ,51-68,2009.
  [7] Kumar, Parveen, Diane M. Barrett, Michael J. Delwiche, and Pieter Stroeve. "Methods for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for efficient hydrolysis and biofuel production." Industrial & engineering chemistry research 48, no. 8 , 3713-3729,2009.
  [8] Anwar, Zahid, Muhammad Gulfraz, M. Javaid Asad, Muhammad Imran, Zahid Akram, Sajid Mehmood, Abdul Rehman, Pervez Anwar, and Alia Sadiq. "Bioethanol productions from rice polish by optimization of dilute acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis." African Journal of Biotechnology 11, no. 4, 992-998,2012
  [9] Choudhary, Suhail Javed, Sajid Mehmood, and Hajra Naz. "Optimization of pretreatment conditions of sorghum bicolor straw, a substrate for bioethanol production: A pilot study." Pakistan Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 46, no. 2 ,80-84,2013.
  [10] Musa, Nicholas Akhaze. "PRODUCTION AND FUEL CHARACTERISATION OF BIOETHANOL FROM DIKA–NUT SHELL." Acta Technica Corviniensis-Bulletin of Engineering 12, no. 2 , 101-104,2019.
  [11] West, Conshohocken. "Standard Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blending with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel." ASTM D4806-04a ,2006.
  [12] Azhar, Siti Hajar Mohd, Rahmath Abdulla, Siti Azmah Jambo, Hartinie Marbawi, Jualang Azlan Gansau, Ainol Azifa Mohd Faik, and Kenneth Francis Rodrigues. "Yeasts in sustainable bioethanol production: A review." Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports 10,: 52-61,2017.
  [13] Srivastava, Ajeet Kumar, Pushpa Agrawal, and Abdul Rahiman. "Delignification of rice husk and production of bioethanol." International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology 3, no. 3 : 10187-10194, 2014.
  [14] Hansen, Gustav H., Mette Lübeck, Jens C. Frisvad, Peter S. Lübeck, and Birgitte Andersen. "Production of cellulolytic enzymes from ascomycetes: comparison of solid state and submerged fermentation." Process Biochemistry 50, no. 9,1327-1341,2015
  [15] Dubey, Alok Kumar, P. K. Gupta, Neelam Garg, and Sanjay Naithani. "Bioethanol production from waste paper acid pretreated hydrolyzate with xylose fermenting Pichia stipitis." Carbohydrate Polymers 88, no. 3 (2012): 825-829.
  [16] Maceiras, R., V. Alvonsin, and J. E. Poole. "Bioethanol production from waste office paper." J Environ Sci 6, no. 7 ,1-4,2016

  Citation
  Komal Thakare, Minal Trivedi, "Bioethanol Production from Waste Paper," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.2, pp.49-51, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Phytochemical Screening and Anti-fungal Activity of Annona senegalensis Pers Leaves and Stem Bark

  Mubarak Aminu, Jibrin Naka Keta, Kasimu Shehu, Ibrahim Muhammed, Rukayya John Patrick, Mohammed Naka Keta

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp.52-57, Apr-2021

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  Abstract
  Annona senegalensis is an indigenous traditional medicinal plant found in Kebbi State, where dermatophytosis is becoming one of the major health challenge. The Annona senegalensis leaves and stem bark were obtained from Yauri L.G.A while, the fungal species namely; Microsporum cani, Epidermophyton flocossum, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentographytes, Sporortrix schehenkii, Candida albican, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger were sourced from General Microbiology Laboratory, Federal University, Birnin Kebbi subjected to phytochemical screening and antifungal activities using standard methods at concentrations of 200, 300 and 400mg/ml. From the results obtained on phytochemical screening of Annona senegalensis leaves and stem bark extracts (aqueous and methanol) indicates presences of alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavanoids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, phenols, terpenoids, steroids, tannins and gum/mucilages which are antidermatophytic. Among all the fungal test organisms, Candida albicans showed significant zone of inhibitions (44.0%) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes with less inhibitions zone (24.0%) in leaves extracts. While in stem bark extracts visible growths inhibitions Aspergillus flavus had the highest visible inhibition of (33.0%), Trichophyton rubrum (28.0%), Aspergillus niger (30.0%), Candida albicans (27.0%), Microsporum cani (21.0%), Sporotrix schehenkii (21.0%) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes had the lowest (18.0%). In both extracts used Epidermophyton flocussum show resistance in which observed with (00.0%) percentage. The bioactive compounds presences in Annona senegalensis leaves and stem bark extracts (methanol) reveals its anti-fungal potentials against the test fungi when properly applied. These indicates the ability of the plant extracts to be used ethno-medicinally as viable antifungal in the treatment and management of dermatophytosis which may help to provide less cost and affordable treatment of dermatophytes infections in the study area and world at large.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Annona senegalensis, leaves, stem, phytochemical & fungal species

  References
  [1]. V. Carla, C.P. Ana, S. Raquel, V. Susana, B. João, V. Cristina, Environmental Mycology in Public Health: Fungi and Mycotoxins Risk Assessment and Management. Academic Press, Science. Pp. 21–23, 2015.
  [2]. M. Tim, K. Cameron, Common Skin Disorders. Elsevier Health Sciences, Medical. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Pp. 36-38, 2006.
  [3]. K. Coates Palgrave, Trees of Southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town Ellis, D. H., Davis, S., Alexiou, H., Handke, R. and Bartley, R. (2007). Descriptions of Medical Fungi. 2nd Edition, Adelaide Medical Centre for Women & Children, Australia. Pp. 198, 2002.
  [4]. J.N. Keta, A guide to the ethno-medicinal uses of some plants species in Kebbi State, North-western Nigeria. P. 64, 2016.
  [5]. H. Mboh, Vegetation assessment of Taka Manda Forest Reserve. Thesis, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, Univerrsity of Dschang. Pp. 123 – 126, 2001
  [6]. R. Narasinga, Bioactive Phytochemical in Indian Foods and their Potential Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 12(1): 9-22, 2003.
  [7]. I. Bakarnga-via, H.K. Yande, R.M. Kouipou, M.I.M. Kanko, J.M. Arc-en-ce, Effects of combined extracts from different plants parts of Annona senegalensis on antibacterial and antifungal activities. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 8: 162-166, 2016.
  [8]. O. Anthony, O. Said, I. Hamis, M. Ame, O. Odalo, Assessment of antifungal activity of Annona senegalensis plant parts on Malassezia globosa. National Product of Chemical Resources, 5:291, 2017.
  [9]. A. Tukur , Musa M.N, H.A Bello, N.A. Sani Determination of the Phytochemical Constituents and Antifungal Properties of Annona senegalensis Leaves (African Custard Apple). Chem Search Journal, 11(1): 16 – 24, 2020
  [10]. S. Gupta, K. Kulshreshth, A. Datta, Bio-Control of Clinical Fungal Isolates associated with fungal keratitis using medicinal plant extracts. International Journal of Pharmacological Science, 4(4): 544–547, 2012.
  [11]. G.N. Agrios, Plant Pathology. 5th Edition, Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam, New York, USA. P. 922, 2005.
  [12]. D.H. Ellis, S. Davis, H. Alexiou, R. Handke, Bartley, Descriptions of Medical Fungi 2nd Edition, Adelaide Medical Centre for Women & Children, Australia. P. 198, 2007.
  [13]. G.T. Trease, W.C. Evans, Pharmacognosy. 5th Edition, Elsevier, New Delhi, India, P. 585.
  [14] Association of Analytical Chemists, Official methods of Analysis. Washington, D.C, USA. P. 450, 2000.
  [15]. S.O. Ogbonnia, N.V. Enwuru, E.U. Onyemenen, G.A. Oyedle, Phytochemical evaluation and antibacterial profile of Treculi Africana Decne bark ex-tract on gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens. Afr J Biotechnol, 7: 1385-1389. 44, 2008
  [16]. L. Ostrosky-Zeichner, A. Casadevall, J.N. Galgiani, F.C. Odds, J.N. Rex, An insight into the antifungal pipeline: selected new molecules and beyond. www.nature.com/reviews/drugdisc, 2010.
  [17]. M. Freile, M. Giannini, M. Sortino, M. Zamora, A. Juarez, S. Zacchino, D. Enriz, Antifungal activity of aqueous extracts and of Berberine Isolated from Berberis heterophylla. Journal of Biological Science, 25: 83–88, 2006.
  [18]. V. Kuete, J. Kamga, P.L. Sanjo, B. Ngameni, H.M. Poumale, P. Ambassa, B.T. Ngadjul, Antimicrobial activities of the methanol extracts, fractions and compound from Ficus polita Vahl. (Moraceae). International journal of Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 11: 6, 2011

  Citation
  Mubarak Aminu, Jibrin Naka Keta, Kasimu Shehu, Ibrahim Muhammed, Rukayya John Patrick, Mohammed Naka Keta, "Phytochemical Screening and Anti-fungal Activity of Annona senegalensis Pers Leaves and Stem Bark," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.2, pp.52-57, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Eco-Friendly Management of Allopeas clavulinum (spike awl snail) Through the Application of Herbal Pesticide

  Akanksha Tripathi

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp.58-61, Apr-2021

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  Abstract
  The Allopeas clavulinum (spike awl snail) is a mud loving garden and nursery inhabiting mollusc which is very harmful for seedlings of plants as well as a vector for some parasitic helminths. Keeping in the mind the hazardous effect of synthetic chemical pesticides, some plants were screened for their eco-friendly pesticidal effect. The Leaf extract of Prosopis cineraria was found very effective for the eco-friendly management of these harmful snails.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Herbal Pesticide, Allopeas clavulinum, Prosopis cineraria, Biocontrol

  References
  [1] Bank, R. , “Classification of the Recent terrestrial Gastropoda of the World”. Last update: July 16th, 2017, World Register of Marine Species, pp134-136, 2017
  [2] Yii CY. “Clinical observations on eosinophilic meningitis and meningoencephalitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Taiwan”. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. vol 25(2) pp233–249, 1976
  [3] Shruti Ojha, Mamta Goyal, Deepika Chittoriya, “Efficacy of Ocimum Sanctum against Alternaria Causing Diseases on Medicinal Plants”. International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences ,Vol.8, Issue.1, pp.60-64, 2021
  [4] Ritter L, Solomon KR, and Forget J, Stemeroff M, and O`Leary C. “Persistent organic pollutants: An Assessment Report on: DDT, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, Chlordane, Heptachlor, Hexachlorobenzene, Mirex, Toxaphene, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Dioxins and Furans”. Prepared for The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), within the framework of the Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC), Dec,pp 01-149,1995
  [5] Akanksha Tripathi, Neha Singh, Markandey Misra, Himanshu D. Dwivedi and N.K.Dubey. “An earth-friendly herbal pesticide from Pongamia pinnata L.”, Current Botany, vol 3(2) pp 01-02, 2012

  Citation
  Akanksha Tripathi, "Eco-Friendly Management of Allopeas clavulinum (spike awl snail) Through the Application of Herbal Pesticide," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.2, pp.58-61, 2021