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• Open Access   Article

  Effect of Paper mill effluent on Nucleic acid content in Vital Organs of Snake Headed Fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch,1793)

  Sadguru Prakash

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.3 , pp.1-4, Jun-2021

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  Abstract
  Biochemical study provides an early warning to potentially damaging alterations in stressed animals. Animal’s health is influenced by the fluctuations or alterations in metabolic processes taking place in its body’s tissues. So, the objective of this study to investigate the impact of sub lethal concentrations of paper mill effluent on nucleic acids content in vital organs of fresh water snake headed fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch). A significant decrease in nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) content in heart, muscles, kidney, liver and gill of test fish after 15 days exposure to the effluent as compared with control. Although 10% paper mill effluent may not be lethal for Channa punctatus but it affects the growth and survival of entire population and community of fishes as the sublethal becomes lethal in the long term.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Paper mill effluent, Channa punctatus, Nucleic acids, DNA, RNA

  References
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  Citation
  Sadguru Prakash, "Effect of Paper mill effluent on Nucleic acid content in Vital Organs of Snake Headed Fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch,1793)," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.3, pp.1-4, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Toxicity of Solanum surattense against freshwater host snail Indoplanorbis exustus

  Pradeep Kumar

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.3 , pp.5-8, Jun-2021

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  Abstract
  Fascioliasis is a serious parasitic zoonotic disease caused by Fasciola. The carrier of Fasciola is a freshwater host snail Indoplanorbis exustus. The population of snail control is may be an effective technique for the control of fascioliasis infections. Synthetic molluscicides are effective for control of snail population but their cause’s adverse effect on non-target organisms and aquatic environment. Some plant families are potent sources of molluscicides. The present studies were designed for the evaluation of the molluscicidal efficacy of the medicinal plant Solanum surattense against snail I. exustus. Toxicity experiment of dried leaf powder of S. surattense and their organic extracts (ether, chloroform, methanol, acetone, and ethanol) and column purified was exposed against I. exustus and observed up to 96 hours (96h) at different concentrations of the treatments. Toxicity against I. exustus was noted at 24h interval up to 96h exposure and calculates lethal values and different parameters. Lethal Concentrations (LC50) of leaf powder of S. surattense were 24h exposure 185.26mg/l and at 96h 180.30 mg/l. The ethanolic extracts of dried leaf powder of S. surattense were more toxic against I. exustus among all the extracts. The present study shows that the S. surattense is a potent source of molluscicides and their different preparations revealed the new approaches that how the active components of this plant perform mode of action in the snail body.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Solanum surattense, Indoplanorbis exustus, Molluscicides, Liver fluke, Fascioliasis

  References
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  Citation
  Pradeep Kumar, "Toxicity of Solanum surattense against freshwater host snail Indoplanorbis exustus," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.3, pp.5-8, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Bacteriological examination of children diagnosed of meningitis in Lagos, Nigeria

  Dauphin Dighitoghi Moro

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.3 , pp.9-13, Jun-2021

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  Abstract
  Bacterial meningitis results from an inflammation of the meninges of the brain by bacteria and bacterial products which is characterized by high prevalence in neonates and children. Patients at risk for bacterial meningitis include newborns, people in developing countries and those already infected with Gram-negative bacilli. This study was carried out to isolate, identify and characterize bacterial pathogens associated with cerebrospinal meningitis in children as well assess their antibiotic resistant patterns. A total of 318 samples were collected for bacteriological analysis at the children emergency wards of two hospitals for 24 months. All children diagnosed of meningitis were enrolled after obtaining informed consent from their parents. Aliquots of cerebrospinal fluids were collected by attending physician after lumbar puncture. Microscopy and culture, CSF protein and CSF glucose analyses were done. Of 318 samples analyzed, eighty two Gram stains indicated the presence of bacterial cells, 36 only of which had positive culture. Relationship between glucose and protein levels with Gram staining of CSF was observed. Bacteria were identified with standard microbiological methods included: Streptococcus species (12), Staphylococci (8), Acinetobacter iwoffi (6), Escherichia coli (4), Klebsiella pneumoniae (4) and Serratia rubidala (2). Most previously dominant organisms in bacterial meningitis were not isolated. Male patients were more predisposed to bacterial invasion with a higher number of cases in those less than one year. The routine use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nucleic acid probes will surely provide rapid and definitive diagnosis of meningitis.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Bacterial meningitis, children, Gram-negative bacilli, cerebrospinal fluid, meninges

  References
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  Citation
  Dauphin Dighitoghi Moro, "Bacteriological examination of children diagnosed of meningitis in Lagos, Nigeria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.3, pp.9-13, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Association of Col6a3 Missense Variants with Uterine Leiomyomata.

  Firdaus R, Aruna Priya K, Kodati V, Hasan Q2,

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.3 , pp.14-18, Jun-2021

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  Abstract
  Uterine fibroids or Uterine leiomyomata (UL), are non-malignant smooth muscle tumors of the uterus, identified in women of child bearing age. They usually develop in the third to fourth decade of life. UL may be asymptomatic or cause heavy and abnormal bleeding, pressure and pain in the pelvic region, difficulty in conceiving or causing repetitive abortions. They tend to shrink in size after menopause indicating that hormones play a role in their aetiology apart from other molecular factors. Missense variants of collagens have been associated with UL. Two polymorphism rs2270669 and rs36117715 of the collagen 6A3 gene have been evaluated in fibroids in this study. DNA samples of women with and without leiomyoma were evaluated for COL6A3 gene polymorphisms. This is the first study indicating susceptibility of South Indian women to UL with missense polymorphisms of COL6A3 gene.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  COL6A3, Uterine leiomyoma, Missense variants

  References
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  Citation
  Firdaus R, Aruna Priya K, Kodati V, Hasan Q2,, "Association of Col6a3 Missense Variants with Uterine Leiomyomata.," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.3, pp.14-18, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Dry Season Study of Arthropods’ Succession on Pig Carrions in Edjeba, Nigeria

  ODO P.E.

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.3 , pp.19-25, Jun-2021

  Abstract

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  Abstract
  Arthropods’ succession on putrefying pigs were monitored at the Edjeba community in Southern Nigeria, from 10th June to 10th August 2018. The arthropods were collected with the aid of sweep nets while the bodies of the carrions and the soil below the carrions were combed with brushes for the presence of the arthropods two times for the first week and one time for the remaining weeks, insects’ maggots found were grown till adults. Multiple bar charts were applied to illustrate the regularities of the flies in every phase of decay, pie charts were used similarly to indicate phases of putrefaction, Component bar charts were applied to demonstrate succession of the different orders of insects, while Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was used to show the spreading of insects in the different decay phases. Whereas PCA indicates that constituent 1 stood for 47.9% of the disparity in the dataset, constituent 2 stood for 30.8% making a total of 78.7%. The Simpson index was high (0.94) in the active decay phase but low (0.87) in the fresh phase. The dominance index was high (0.13) in fresh phase but low (0.06) in active decay phase, Shannon–Wiener index (H) was high (2.96) in the active decay phase but low (2.19) in the fresh phase. The evenness index (E) was high (0.92) in active decay phase but low (0.75) in dry decay phase and Margalef (R) was high (3.32) in advanced decay phase but low (1.88) in fresh phase. The equitability index was high (0.97) in active decay phase but low (0.89) in dry decay phase. The total number of insects collected were 1495, 244 were at fresh phase of decay, 273 at bloated phase, 437 at active decay phase and 346 at advance decay phase and 195 at dry decay phase of decay as 1090 of these insects were Diptera, Coleoptera were 285 and only 110 were Hymenoptera. More studies on carrion ecology should be carried out in the Edjeba community and its environs in order to generate trustworthy data base of arthropods of forensic importance in the city.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Forensic entomology, Arthropods, Insects, phases of decay, succession

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  Citation
  ODO P.E. , "Dry Season Study of Arthropods’ Succession on Pig Carrions in Edjeba, Nigeria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.3, pp.19-25, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Apoptosis Inducing Effects of Venomous Glandular Extract from Heterometrus spinifer in HepG2 Cells

  Ivan Kong, Ong Khang Wei, Nivrenjeet Singh, Nisheljeet Singh

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.3 , pp.26-34, Jun-2021

  Abstract

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  Abstract
  In the search of alternative anti-cancer chemotherapeutic drugs, until recently, scorpions’ venom is one of the most promising sources which were highly sought-after. From previous studies, scorpions’ venom demonstrated promising inhibitory effect on cell proliferation and led to apoptosis in various cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the effects of Heterometrus spinifer scorpion venom on HepG2 cells (liver cancer) to explore its anti-cancer effect in the aspects of inhibition of cell proliferation, apoptosis induction and tumor genes expression. MTT assay revealed that H,spinifer’s venom induces cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Hoechst 33342 stained the condensed DNA caused by apoptosis in the cells treated with the venom. At the same time, propidium iodide stained the dead HepG2 cells with ruptured cell membranes. These findings showed a dose- and time-dependent cell death induced by the H.spinifer’s venom. Furthermore, TUNEL assay demonstrated the fragmentation of DNA in the venom-induced apoptotic HepG2 cells by a dose-dependent manner. Consistently, RT-PCR findings showed up-regulated expression levels for both capsase-3 and p53 tumor protein genes, explaining the cause of apoptosis and cell death. Taken together, these results highly suggest that Heterometrus spinifer’s venom can be a potential source of apoptosis-inducing agent.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Heterometrus spinifer, scorpion venom, apoptosis, HepG2, p53

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  Citation
  Ivan Kong, Ong Khang Wei, Nivrenjeet Singh, Nisheljeet Singh, "Apoptosis Inducing Effects of Venomous Glandular Extract from Heterometrus spinifer in HepG2 Cells," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.3, pp.26-34, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Extraction of Glucose from Colocasia esculenta Starch: A Major Substrate for Ethanol Production

  Chirasmita Mohanty, Pratyush Kumar Das, Gopal Krishna Purohit, Sangram Pattanaik, Swadhin Palo

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.3 , pp.35-40, Jun-2021

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  Abstract
  Global energy consumption and demand are on an ever-rising trend. The current situation has led to an increased dependence on fossil fuels, thereby leading to dwindling fuel reserves, a rise in fuel prices, and several environmental problems. To alleviate the current pressure on conventional fuel sources researchers have started to shift their focus onto new renewable options like biofuels. Global mandates of blending bio-ethanol with petroleum have been accepted differentially in different countries. The global biofuel market is expected to rise in the coming years and pose huge opportunities for researchers as well as stakeholders. Starch is a major substrate for the production of glucose which in turn acts as a primary substrate for the production of ethanol. The current work emphasizes the use of Colocasia esculenta (Taro) starch for the production of glucose which could be further used for biofuel production. The glucose was produced from taro starch by acid hydrolysis using hydrochloric acid as the hydrolyser. Process parameters like acid concentration, temperature, and time of incubation were optimized. At an optimum acid concentration of 5%, the temperature of 100°C, and incubation time of 20 minutes, 25.3 mg of glucose per gram of starch (2.53%) was produced. The glucose yield was found to be comparatively higher as compared to other starchy plants reported. Keeping in mind the wide availability of the plant, and the ability to grow in wide conditions, it could be used as a potential source for the production of bioethanol.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Biofuel, Ethanol, Glucose, Starch hydrolysis, Taro starch

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  Citation
  Chirasmita Mohanty, Pratyush Kumar Das, Gopal Krishna Purohit, Sangram Pattanaik, Swadhin Palo, "Extraction of Glucose from Colocasia esculenta Starch: A Major Substrate for Ethanol Production," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.3, pp.35-40, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Haematological Parameters of Japanese Quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) Subjected to High Stocking Density

  Aro S.O., Arogbodo J.O., Ademola O.F.

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.3 , pp.41-45, Jun-2021

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  Abstract
  This study evaluated high stocking density and its effect on haematological parameters of 296 day-old apparently healthy Japanese quails for a period of eight weeks. They were divided into four stocking densities of 252.20 cm2/bird (11birds); 173.43 cm2/bird (16 birds), 132.10 cm2/bird (21birds), and 106.73 cm2/bird (26 birds) that represented Treatments I-IV respectively. The treatments were replicated four times adopting a completely randomized (CRD) design. Blood samples were drawn through their jugular veins into Ethylene di-amine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) and plain bottles for haematology and serum biochemistry respectively. Analyses of the blood samples were done using standard laboratory protocols. The haematological and serum biochemistry results differed significantly (p < 0.05) among the treatments. The haemogram revealed a corresponding (p < 0.05) rise in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) as the stocking density increased while haemoglobin, red blood corpuscles (RBC), packed cell volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) decreased (p < 0.05) correspondingly The leuckogram showed a significant increase in the lymphocytes while heterophils decreased significantly relative to the stocking density. The minimum and maximum osmotic fragility for quails in this study was estabilished at 0.30 % and 0.10 % saline concentration respectively. Serum proteins, cholesterol, glucose, urea and alanine amino transferase were not affected by high stocking density but the treatment effects lowered the triglyceride component and concomitantly increased the high density lipoprotein components of the total cholesterol. Conclusively, most of the haematological parameters including the osmotic fragility of RBCs were negatively affected by high stocking density of 106.73 cm2/bird (TIV). Therefore, the stock densities of 173.43 cm2/bird (TII) and 132.10 cm2/bird (TIII) could be used for profitable quail production where there are constraints on land for this rapidly expanding backyard poultry venture.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Haematology, leuckogram, osmotic fragility, serum biochemistry, stocking densities, Japanese quails

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  Citation
  Aro S.O., Arogbodo J.O., Ademola O.F., "Haematological Parameters of Japanese Quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) Subjected to High Stocking Density," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.3, pp.41-45, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Inter-State Heterogeneity of The Burden of Novel Coronavirus Disease In India: An Analysis of the Correlating Factors

  Sanjay Kumar Thakur, Anil Kumar Sinha, Rupinder Kalra, Garima Singh, Aarzoo Jahan, Namrata Sarin, Sompal Singh

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.3 , pp.46-51, Jun-2021

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  Abstract
  The number of cases of novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in India has been increasing since March 2020. However, a significant inter-state heterogeneity is evident. The present study was aimed at analysing the various factors that could correlate with this heterogeneity. This analytical cross-sectional study included the COVID-19 related data of various Indian states as on 14th Oct 2020. Data of the demographic factors and other infectious diseases were extracted from various websites. Correlation between these factors and COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths was assessed (Pearson’s correlation coefficient). After a check for multi-collinearity, a stepwise linear regression analysis using R software was done for the final model of confirmed cases as well as deaths due to COVID-19. Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed a significant correlation between COVID-19 cases and deaths due to dengue while COVID-19 deaths demonstrated correlation with number of chikungunya cases and deaths due to dengue. The linear regression analysis gave the final model explaining COVID-19 deaths with total population, population density, other infectious diseases, average minimum temperature, and population above 60 years. The present study highlights a possible association between COVID-19 epidemiology and population density as well as with other infections like chikungunya, dengue, and malaria in India. Number of COVID-19 deaths are also related to population above 60 years. Knowledge of these related factors will help in prediction of health care need of states and better management of pandemic.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Novel corona virus, multiple linear regression, statistical model, heterogeneity, India

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  Citation
  Sanjay Kumar Thakur, Anil Kumar Sinha, Rupinder Kalra, Garima Singh, Aarzoo Jahan, Namrata Sarin, Sompal Singh, "Inter-State Heterogeneity of The Burden of Novel Coronavirus Disease In India: An Analysis of the Correlating Factors," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.3, pp.46-51, 2021