Volume-9 , Issue-2 , Apr 2022, ISSN 2455-3174 (Online) Go Back
-
Open Access Article
Analysis of Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Parameters of Rawal and Khanpur Dams
Saima Akbar, Aleena Nazir, Shoukat Ali Shah
Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRCS)
Vol.9 , Issue.2 , pp.1-7, Apr-2022
Abstract
Water is an essential natural resource for every living organism thus water quality is an important parameter that cannot be overlooked. This study was conducted in order to perceive the water quality and microbial characterizations of Rawal and Khanpur Dams that supply water to Rawalpindi. Water samples were collected at five points of the Rawal and Khanpur dams from March to May 2019 with the furthest sampling points upstream situated at the Korang and Haro rivers entering into Rawal and Khanpur dams. Water samples were obtained from various sites for physicochemical, microbiological examination, and heavy metals analysis. Different physico-chemical constraints together with pH, Total dissolved solids (TDS), Conductivity, Chlorides (Cl-), Florides (F-), hardness, and alkalinity were measured by standard methods. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to assess heavy metal concentrations such as arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni). The Standard Plate Count (SPC) method was employed to calculate the total viable count and total coliform count in water tasters. Different bacteriological colonies were extracted from water samples and identified using various biochemical assays, including Gram staining. The results indicated that several physicochemical parameters including pH, TDS, Cl-, F-, COD, and heavy metals such as As, Cu, and Fe were within World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. While conductivity readings in a few samples were above the WHO permitted limits. Results of both dams in different periods varied greatly which indicates the temporal and spatial variations. Most of the water parameters of both dams were within the acceptable limits provided by the World health organization (WHO). Water was found safe to utilize for drinking purposes except for a few locations of Rawal dam where microbial counts were found high. Further studies on water quality are required to ensure the supply of safe drinking water to consumers. The study provided a holistic approach to understanding the impacts of toxic water on the health of organisms.Key-Words / Index Term
Dams; Microbial Identification; Heavy Metals; Health Risks; Water Quality; RawalpindiReferences
[1] M.K. Ahmed. S. Islam. S. Rehman. M.R. Haque. M.M. Islam. Heavy metals in water, sediment, and some fishes of Buriganga River, Bangladesh. International Journal of Environmental Research. Vol.4, pp.321-332, 2010.
[2] R. Ullah. R.N. Malik. A. Qadir. Assessment of groundwater contamination in an industrial city, Sialkot, Pakistan. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. Vol.3, Issue. 12, pp.429-446, 2009.
[3] N. Ejaz. U.A. Naeem. M.A. Shahmim. A. Elhai. N.M. Khan. Environmental impacts of small dams on agriculture and groundwater development: A case study of Khanpur dam, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. Vol.10, pp.45-50, 2012.
[4] American Public Health Association (APHA). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 20th ed, Washington, DC. 2005.
[5] American Public Health Association (APHA). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 20th ed, Washington, DC. 2005.
[6] Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Method 3015 microwave-assisted acid digestion of aqueous sample and extracts. In: Test methods for evaluating solid waste, 3rd ed, US EPA, Washington. 1995.
[7] A. Jamil, T. Khan, F. Majeed, D. Zahid, Zabiullah. Drinking water quality characterization and heavy metal analysis in springs of Dewan Gorah, District Palandri, Azad Jammu, and Kashmir, Pakistan. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Geology. Vol.9, Issue.3, pp.33-39, 2018.
[8] P. Edimeh, I.S. Eneji, O. Oketunde, R. Shaato. Physico-chemical parameters and some heavy metals content of rivers Inachalo and Niger in Idah, Kogi State. Journal of Chemical Society. Nigeria. Vol.36, Issue.1, pp.95-101, 2011.
[9] M.O. Aremu, O. Olaofe, P.P. Ikokoh, M.M. Yakubu. Physicochemical characteristics of a stream, well, and borehole water sources in Eggon, Nasarwa state, Nigeria. Journal of Chemical Society. Nigeria. Vol.36, Issue.1, pp.131-136, 2011.
[10] M. Soylak. F.A. Aydin. S. Saracoglu. L. Elci. M. Dogan. Chemical analysis of drinking water samples from Yozgat. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. Vol.11, Issue.2, pp.151-156, 2002.Citation
Saima Akbar, Aleena Nazir, Shoukat Ali Shah, "Analysis of Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Parameters of Rawal and Khanpur Dams," International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.2, pp.1-7, 2022 -
Open Access Article
L.U. Onah, S.O. Oguche
Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRCS)
Vol.9 , Issue.2 , pp.8-13, Apr-2022
Abstract
Multiple organ failure is the cause of death in diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia induce oxidative stress is responsible for major diabetic complications including nephropathy. Traditional plant medicines or herbal formulations might offer a natural key to unlock complications of diabetes. 35 healthy albino rats (Wister strain) of both sexes (80g-110g) were procured from the Animal House at University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The rats were separated into 7 groups after induction with alloxan. The present study investigate the histopathological effects of Musa paradisiaca stem juice on the kidney of 150mg/kg alloxan induced diabetic rats, treated with 0.21mL/kg/bw/rat/day and 0.43mL/kg/bw/rat/day Musa paradisiaca stem juice. The result revealed that among the seven groups both sub-diabetic and diabetic rats treated with 0.21mL/kg/bw/rat/day Musa paradisiaca stem juice showed mild reduction in cellularity of glomerulus and increase in Bowman’s space as compared to the diabetic control with hyper cellularity in glomerulus and narrowing of bowman’s space while 0.43mL/kg/bw/rat/day day Musa paradisiaca stem juice showed a significant reduction in cellularity of the glomerulus and significant increase in Bowman’s space of both sub-diabetic rats and diabetic rats. This study therefore suggest that, the therapeutic actions of plantain stem juice has reduced the cellularity of the glomerulus and concomitantly increase the Bowman’s space of both sub-diabetic rats and diabetic rats. And as such can be used in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease.Key-Words / Index Term
Diabetes; Histopathological; Kidney; Alloxan; Musa paradisiacaReferences
[1] H.A. Azza, F.Y. Asmaa, K.R. Basma, E. Hanana, "Comparative Effects of Steriarebaudiana and Aspartame on Hepato-Renal Function of Diabetic Rats: Biochemical and Histological Approaches", Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, Vol.7, Issue.8, pp.034-042, 2017.
[2] S.O. Oguche, "Evaluation of Renoprotective Potential of Plantain (Musa parasidiaca) Stem Juice on Rat Model Diabetes", International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.5, pp.11-15, 2021.
[3] M. Krishnappa, K.C. Chaluvaraju, M.S. Niranjan, T.R. Manajuthej, "Review of Insulin and its Analogues in Diabetes Mellitus", Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy, Vol.3, Issue.02, pp.1-2, 2012.
[4] Z.A. Radical, T.R. Michele, R.T. Katherine, "Diabetic Kidney Disease", Clinical Journal of American Society of Nephrology, Vol.12, Issue.2, pp.49-50, 2017.
[5] M.J.N. Chaudhary, "Diabetic Nephropathy: Principles of Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetic Kidney Disease", Journal of Nephropharmacology, Vol.3, Issue.1, pp.1-3, 2014.
[6] C. Richmond, "Microscopic Examination of Biological Tissues: Study of Microscopic Changes". Journal of Medical and Surgical Pathology, Vol.3, Issue.2, pp.1-3, 2018.
[7] A. Mahboobe, N. Saeed, K. Nasrin, K. Behnaz, G. Tana, T. Sara, "Renal protective effect of saffron Aqueous Extract in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats", International Journal of Medicinal Research and Health Sciences, Vol.6, Issue.9, pp.1-3, 2017.
[8] E.M. Arhoghro, T.R. John, A.S. Eboh, T.P. Prohp, B. Angalabiri-Owei, "Biochemical Parameter and Sperm Characteristics in Male Rats given Plantain Stem Juice in Cyclosphosphamide-Induced Reproductive Toxicity", World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol.5, Issue.6, pp.1-4, 2016.
[9] H.C. Ogbonna, S.O. Oguche, "Investigation into the Lipidemic Potential of Musa paradisiaca (Plantain) Stem Juice in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Wister Rats", International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.1, pp.01-05, 2022
[10] E. Benjamin, K. Ajibesin, O. Eseyin, B. Danladi, "Evaluation of Hypoglycemic Activities of Musa paradisiaca in Rats", International Journal of Research in Ayurrida and Pharmacy, Vol.2, Issue.2, pp.498-499, 2011.
[11] D.O. Dong, F. Mujeeb, P. Bajpai, N. Pathak, "Phytochemical Evaluation, Antimicrobial Activity, and Determination of Bioactive Components from Leaves M. Paradisiaca", Analytical Chemistry, Vol.34, pp.1314-1326, 2017.
[12] N.S. Mathew, P.S. Negi, "Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Wild Banana (Musa acuminata): A Review", Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Vol.1, pp.124-125, 2017.
[13] A.R. De-Silva, C.D. Cerdeira, A.R. Brito, B.C.C. Salles, G.F. Ravazi, G.D.I. Moraes, L.R.A. Rufino, R.B.S. De-Oliveira, G.B. Santos, "Green Banana Pasta Diet Prevents Oxidative Damage in Liver and Kidney and Improves Biochemical Parameters in type 1 Diabetic Rats", Archives of Endocrinology Metabolism, Vol.60, pp.355-356, 2016.
[14] O. Famakin, A. Fatoyinbo, O.S. ljarotimi, A.A. Badejo, T.N. Fagbemi, "Assessment of Nutritional Quality, Glycaemic Index, Antidiabetic and Sensory Properties of Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) Based Functional Dough Meals", Journal of Food Science and Technology Mysore, Vol.53, pp.65-66, 2016.
[15] I.O. Ayoola, M.B. Gueye, M.A. Sonibare, M.T. Abberton, "Antioxidant Activity and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition of Field and In-vitro Grown Musa L. Species", Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, Vol.11, pp.488-499, 2017.
[16] K.S. Santosh, N.K Achyut, K.R. Prashant, W, Geeta,. "Assessment of Glycemic Potential of Musa paradisiace Stem Juice", India Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, Vol 22, Issue .2, pp.49-50, 2007.
[17] E. Hossam, A.T. Jameel, M. Ali, A. Ahmed, "Effect of STZ-Induced Diabetes on Spleen of Rats: Improvement by Camel Whey Proteins", Pakistan Journal of Zool, Vol.47, Issue.4, pp.1109-1116, 2015.
[18] V.A. Turan, V. Ahmet, C. Ismail, E.A. Elit, F. K. Omer, Y. Zabit, "Histopathological and Immuno historical study of Antidiabetic Effects of Heracleum Persicum Extract in Experimentally Diabetic Rats", India Journal of Pharmaceutical education and Research, Vol.51, Issue.3, pp.451-454, 2017.
[19] J.A. Ojewole, C.O. Adewunmi, "Hypoglycemie Effect of Methanolic Extract of Musa paradisiaca (Musaceae) Green Fruits in Normal and Diabetic Mice", Methods Find. Ern Clin. Pharmacol, Vol.25, Issue.6, p.453.
[20] P.K. Rai, D. Jaiswal, N.K. Rai, S. Pandhija, A.K. Rai, G. Watal, "Role of Glycemic Elements of Cynodon Dactylon and Musa paradisiaca in Diabetes Management", Lasers Med. Sci. Vol.24, Issue.5, pp.761-768, 2009.
[21] C. Mallick, R. Maiti, D. Ghosh, "Comparative Study on Antihyperglycemic and Antihyperlipidemic: Effects of Separate and Composite Extract of Seed of Eugenia Jambolana and Root of Musa paradisiaca in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Male Albino Rat", Iranian Journal of Pharmacology Ther, Vol.5, Issue.1, pp.27-33, 2007.
[22] L. Pari, U.J. Maheshwari, "Hypoglycemic Effect of Musa sapientum L. in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats", Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Vol.68, pp.321-235, 1999.Citation
L.U. Onah, S.O. Oguche, "Histopathological Analysis of the Kidney of Alloxan Induced Diabetic Albino (Wistar Strain) Rat Treated with Musa paradisiaca (Plantain) Stem Juice," International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.2, pp.8-13, 2022 -
Open Access Article
Synthesis of Hierarchical Mesoporous KAlPO for Benzene Hydroxylation
Sreenivasulu Peta, SiddharthVats, Namrata Budhiraja
Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRCS)
Vol.9 , Issue.2 , pp.14-19, Apr-2022
Abstract
An amorphous hierarchical mesoporous KAlPO material was synthesized by a simple method. This compound showed catalytic activity for benzene (48% conversion) to phenol (100% selectivity) reaction.Key-Words / Index Term
Catalysis, Mesoporous, Hydroxylation and PhenolReferences
[1]. a) A. Vinu, V. Murugesan, M. Hartmann, “pore size engineering and mechanical stability of the cubic mesoporous molecular sieve SBA-1,” Chemistry of Materials, Vol.15, issue. 6 pp.1385, 2003, 1385-1393; b) S. Huo, J. Feng, F. Schuth, G. D. Stucky, “Preparation of Hard Mesoporous Silica Spheres.” Chemistry of Materials, Vol.9, Issue 1, pp.14, 1997.
[2]. a) Y. Wan, D. Zhao, “On the Controllable Soft-Templating Approach to Mesoporous Silicates,” Chemical. Reviews, Vol. 107, Issue. 7, pp.2821-2860, 2007; b) R. Mokaya, “Ultrastable Mesoporous Aluminosilicates by Grafting Routes” Angewandtle. International Edition Chemie, Vol. 38, Issue.19, pp.2930-2934, 1999.
[3]. a) X. Yang, A. Leonard, A. Lemaire, G. Tian, B. Su, “Self-formation phenomenon to hierarchically structured porous materials: design, synthesis, formation mechanism and applications” chemical communications Vol. 47, Issue. 10, pp. 2763-2768, 2011; b) P. Yang, D. Zhao, D. I. Margolese, B. F. Chmelka, G. D. Stucky, Generalized syntheses of large-pore mesoporous metal oxides with semicrystalline frameworks, Nature, Vol. 396, Issue.6707,pp.152-155, 1998.
[4]. a)T. Kimura, “Surfactant-templated mesoporous aluminophosphate-based materials and the recent progress,”Microporous Mesoporous Materials,Vol.77, Issue.2-3, pp.97-107. 2005;
[5]. b)M. Tiemann, M. Froba, “ mesostructured aluminophosphates synthesized with` supramolecular structure directors” Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 13, Issue. 10, pp.3211-3217, 2001;
[6]. c) P. Feng, Y. Xia, J. Feng, X. Bu, G. D. Stucky, “Synthesis and characterization of mesostructured aluminophosphates using the fluoride route,” Chemical Communications, Issue. 10, 949-950, 1997.
[7]. a) M. Tiemann, M. Schulz, C. Jäger, M. Fr?ba, “Mesoporous Aluminophosphate Molecular Sieves Synthesized under Nonaqueous Conditions” Chemistry of Materials, Vol.13, Issue.9, pp. 2885-2891, 2001; b) R.Tian, W. Tong, Y. Wang, G. Duan, V. Krishnan, L. Suib, “Manganese Oxide Mesoporous Structures: Mixed-Valent Semiconducting Catalysts,” Science, Vol. 276, Issue. 5314, pp. 926-930, 1997.
[8]. J. Lu, K. T. Ranjit, P. Rungrojchaipan, L. Kevan, “Synthesis of Mesoporous Aluminophosphate (AlPO) and Investigation of Zirconium Incorporation into Mesoporous AlPOs,” Journal of . Physical Chemistry B, Vol.109, Issue.19, pp. 9284-9293, 2005.
[9]. a) P. Selvam, S. K. Mohapatra, Thermally stable trivalent iron-substituted hexagonal mesoporous aluminophosphate (FeHMA) molecular sieves: Synthesis, characterization, and catalytic properties, Journal of Cataysis, Vol. 238, Issue. 1, pp.88-99, 2006; b) T. Kimura, “Synthesis of Mesostructured and Mesoporous Aluminum Organophosphonates Prepared by Using Diphosphonic Acids with Alkylene Groups” Chemistry of Materials ,Vol. 17, Issue. 2, pp.337-344, 2005.
[10]. F. M. Bautista, J. M. Campelo, A. Garcia, G. D. Luan, J. M. Marinas, R. A. Quiros, A. A. Romero, “Influence of acid–base properties of catalysts in the gas-phase dehydration–dehydrogenation of cyclohexanol on amorphous AlPO4 and several inorganic solids,” Applied Catalysis A: General Vol. 243, Issue. 1, pp.93-107, 2003.
[11]. a) X. Zhao, G. Lu, “Aluminophosphate-based mesoporous molecular sieves: synthesis and characterization of TAPOs,” Microporous Mesoporous Materials, Vol. 44-45, pp. 185-194, 2001;
[12]. b) T. Kimura, Y. Sugahara, K. Kuroda, “Alkyltrimethylammonium Cations as Structure-Directing Agents” Chemistry of Materials, Vol.11, Issue. 2, pp. 508-518;
[13]. c) A. Sayari, V. R. Karra, J. S. Reddy, I. L. Moudrakovski, “Synthesis of mesostructured lamellar aluminophosphates,” Chemical Communication, Issue.3, pp.411-412, 1996.
[14]. a) Z. Yuan, T. Chen, J. Wang, H. Li, Mater.Chem. Phys. 2001, 68, 110;
[15]. b) L. Wang, B. Tian, J. Fan, X. Liu, H. Yang, C. Yu, B.Tu, D. Zhao, “Enhanced photocatalytic decomposition of nonylphenol polyethoxylate by alkyl-grafted TiO2-MCM-41 organic–inorganic nanostructure,” Microporous Mesoporous Material, Vol.67,Issue.1-3, pp.1273-130. 2004.
[16]. a) S. Cabrera, J. E. Haskouri, C. Guillem, A. B. Porter, D. B. Porter, S. Mendioroz, M. D. Marcos, P. Amoros, “Tuning the pore size from micro- to meso-porous in thermally stable aluminophosphates” Chemical Communication, Issue.4, pp.333-334, 1999;
[17]. b) M. Tiemann, M. Froba, “Mesoporous aluminophosphates from a single-source precursor” Chemical Communication, Issue.5, pp.406-407,2002.
[18]. J. M. Campelo,M. Jaraba, D. Luna, R. Luque, J. M. Marinas, A. Romero, J. A. Navio, M. Macias, “Effect of Phosphate Precursor and Organic Additives on the Structural and Catalytic Properties of Amorphous Mesoporous AlPO4 Materials.” Chemistry of Materials, Vol.15, Issue.17, pp. 3352-3364, 2003.
[19]. B. Tian, X. Liu, B. Tu, C. Yu, J. Fan, L. Wang, S. Xie, G. D. Stucky, D. Zhao, “Self-adjusted synthesis of ordered stable mesoporous minerals by acid–base pairs,” Nature Materials, Vol.2, pp. 159-163, 2003.
[20]. a) G. Liu, M. Jia, Z. Zhou, W. Zhang, T. Wu, D. Jiang, “Synthesis of amorphous mesoporous aluminophosphate materials with high thermal stability using a citric acid route,” Chemical Communication, Issue.14,pp.1660-1661, 2004;
[21]. b) F. S. Xiao, L. F. Wang , C. Y. Yin, K. Lin, Y. Di, J. L. Prof, R. X. Prof, D. S. Su Dr, R. S. Prof, T. Y. Dr, T. T. Prof, Catalytic Properties of Hierarchical Mesoporous Zeolites Templated with a Mixture of Small Organic Ammonium Salts and Mesoscale Cationic Polymers, Angewandtle. International Edition Chemie, Vol.45, Issue.19, pp. 3090-3093, 2006;
[22]. c) T. D. Tang, C. Y. Yin, L. F. Wang, Y. Ji F.-S. Xiao, “Good sulfur tolerance of a mesoporous Beta zeolite-supported palladium catalyst in the deep hydrogenation of aromatics,”Journal of Catalysis, Vol. 257, Issue.1, pp.125-133, 2008.
[23]. M. Choi, R. Srivastava , R. Ryoo, “Organosilane surfactant-directed synthesis of mesoporous aluminophosphates constructed with crystalline microporous frameworks,” Chemical Communications, Issue. 43, pp.4380-4382,2006
[24]. A. Conde, M. M. D1`az-Requejo, P. J. Pe`rez, “Direct, copper-catalyzed oxidation of aromatic C–H bonds with hydrogen peroxide under acid-free conditions,” Chemical Communications, Vol. 47, Issue. 28, pp.8154-8156, 2011.
[25]. B. Cornil, W. A. Herrmann, “Concepts in homogeneous catalysis: the industrial view,” Journal of Catalysis, Vol. 216, Issue.1-2, pp.23-31, 2003.
[26]. a) N. R. Shiju, S. Fiddy, O. Sonntag, M. Stockenhuber, G. Sanker, “Selective oxidation of benzene to phenol over FeAlPO catalysts using nitrous oxide as oxidant,” Chemical Communications, Issue.47, pp.4955-4957, 2006;
[27]. b) A. J. J. Koekkoek, H. Xin, Q. Yang, C. Li, E. J. M. Hensen, “Hierarchically structured Fe/ZSM-5 as catalysts for the oxidation of benzene to phenol,”Microporous Mesoporous Materials, Vol.145,Issue.1-3, pp. 172-181, 2011
[28]. a) J. Chen, J. Li, Y. Zhang, S. Gao, “Transition metal substituted polyoxometalates and their application in the direct hydroxylation of benzene to phenol with hydrogen peroxide,” Res. Chem. Intermed. Vol. 36, Issue.8, pp.959-968, 2010;
[29]. b) J. Chen, S. Gaoa, J. Xu, Direct hydroxylation of benzene to phenol over a new vanadium-substituted phosphomolybdate as a solid catalyst,Catalysis Communications, Vol. 9, Isuse. 5, pp.728-733, 2008;
[30]. c)Y. Li, Z. Wang, R. Chen, Y. Wang, W. Xing, J. Wang and J. Huang, The hydroxylation of benzene to phenol over heteropolyacid encapsulated in silica, Catal. Commun., Vol. 55, pp. 34-37, 2014;
[31]. d) Y. Leng, J. Wang, D. Zhu, L. Shen, P. Zhao and M. Zhang, Chem. Eng. J., 2011, 173, 620–626; d) Y. Li, S. Li and Y.Kong, “Hydroxylation of benzene to phenol over heteropoly acid H5PMo10V2O40 supported on amine-functionalized MCM-41” RSC Advances., Vol. 11, Issue. 43 pp.26571-26780, 2021;
[32]. e)G. C. Silva, N.M.F. Carvalho, A. Horn, E.R. Lachter, O.A.C. Antunes, “Oxidation of aromatic compounds by hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by mononuclear iron(III) complexes,” Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, Vol. 426, pp.564–571, 2017;
[33]. f) R. Mistri, M. Rahaman, J. Llorca, K.R. Priolkar, S. Colussi, B.C. Ray, A. Gayen, “Liquid phase selective oxidation of benzene over nanostructured CuxCe1?xO2?? (0.03 ? x ? 0.15),” Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, Vol. 390, pp.187–197, 2014.
[34]. R. Bal, M. Tada, T. Sasaki and Y. Iwasawa, “Direct Phenol Synthesis by Selective Oxidation of Benzene with Molecular Oxygen on an Interstitial-N/Re Cluster/Zeolite Catalyst,” Angewandtle. International Edition Chemie . Vol. 45, Issue.3, pp.448-452, 2006.
[35]. M. Tani, T. Sakamoto, S. Mita, S. Sakaguchi, Y. Ishii, “Hydroxylation of Benzene to Phenol under Air and Carbon Monoxide Catalyzed by Molybdovanadophosphoric Acid.” Angewandtle. International Edition Chemie, Vol. 44, Issue.17, 2586-2588, 2005.
[36]. a) Y. Liu, K. Murata , M. Inaba, Direct oxidation of benzene to phenol by molecular oxygen over catalytic systems containing Pd(OAc)2 and heteropolyacid immobilized on HMS or PIM, Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, Vol. 256, Issue. 1-2, pp-247-255, 2006;
[37]. b) T. D. Bui, A. Kimura, S. Ikeda, M. Matsumura, Determination of Oxygen Sources for Oxidation of Benzene on TiO2 Photocatalysts in Aqueous Solutions Containing Molecular Oxygen, Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 132, Issue. 24, pp. 8453-8458, 2010.
[38]. W. Laufer, W. F. Hoelderich, “New direct hydroxylation of benzene with ox`ygen in the presence of hydrogen over bifunctional ion-exchange resins,” Chemical Communication, Issue.16, pp. 1684-1685, 2002.
[39]. a) E. J. M. Hensen, Q. Zhu, R. A. Van santen, “Extraframework Fe Al O species occluded in MFI zeolite as the active species in the oxidation of benzene to phenol with nitrous oxide”,Journal of catalysis, Vol.220, Issue. 2, pp.260-264, 2003;
[40]. b) R. Dittmeyer, L. Bortolotto, Modification of the catalytic properties of a Pd membrane catalyst for direct hydroxylation of benzene to phenol in a double-membrane reactor by sputtering of different catalyst systems, Applied Catalysis A: General,Vol.391, Issue.1-2, pp.311-318
[41]. c) Y. Guo, X. Zhang, H. Zou, H. Liu, J. Wang, K. L. Yeung, “Pd–silicalite-1 composite membrane for direct hydroxylation of benzene,” Chemical Communication, Issue.39, pp.5898-5900, 2009;
[42]. d) R. Molinari, T. Poerio and P. Argurio, “Liquid-phase oxidation of benzene to phenol using CuO catalytic polymeric membranes,” Desalination, Vol. 241, Issue.1-3,pp.22-28, 2009.
[43]. Peta Sreenivasulu, Devaki Nandan, Manoj Kumar, Nagabhatla Viswanadham. "Synthesis and catalytic applications of hierarchical mesoporous AlPO4/ZnAlPO4 for direct hydroxylation of benzene to phenol using hydrogen peroxide", Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 1, pp.3268-3271, 2013
[44]. Z. Niu, S. Kabisatpathy, J. He, L. A. Lee, J. Rong, L. Yang, G. Sikha, B. N. Popov, T. S. Emrick, T. P. Russell, Q. Wang, “Synthesis and characterization of bionanoparticle—Silica composites and mesoporous silica with large pores,” Nano Res. Vol. 2, Issue.6, pp.474-483, 2009.
[45]. X. Qi, J. Li, T. Ji, Y. Wang, L. Feng, Y. Zhu, X. Fan and C. Zhang,” Catalytic benzene hydroxylation over copper-substituted aluminophosphate molecular sieves (CuAPO-11),” Microporous and Mesoporous Material, Vol. 122, Issue.1-3,pp.36-41,2009.
[46]. N. R. Shiju, S. Fiddy, O. Sonntag, M. Stockenhuber and G. Sankar, “Selective oxidation of benzene to phenol over FeAlPO catalysts using nitrous oxide as oxidant,” Chemical Communication,Issue.47, pp. 4955-4957, 2006.
[47]. L. C. Passoni, F. J. Luna, M. Wallau, R. Buffon and U. Schuchardt, “Heterogenization of H6PMo9V3O40 and palladium acetate in VPI-5 and MCM-41 and their use in the catalytic oxidation of benzene to phenol.”Journal of Molecular Catalysis A Chemical. Vol.134, Issue. 1-3, pp.229-235, 1998.
[48]. B. Chou, J. L. Tsai, S. Cheng, “Cu-substituted molecular sieves as liquid phase oxidation catalysts’” Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, Vol.48, Issue.1-3, pp. 309-317, 2001.
[49]. Y. Li, Z. Wang, R. Chen, Y. Wang, W. Xing, J. Wang and J. Huang, “The hydroxylation of benzene to phenol over heteropolyacid encapsulated in silica” Catalysis Communications, Vol.55, pp. 34-37, 2014
[50]. Y. Leng, J. Wang, D. Zhu, L. Shen, P. Zhao and M. Zhang, “Heteropolyanion-based ionic hybrid solid: A green bulk-type catalyst for hydroxylation of benzene with hydrogen peroxide” Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 173, Issue. 2, pp-620-626, 2011.
[51]. Y. Li, S. Li and Y.Kong, “Hydroxylation of benzene to phenol over heteropoly acid H5PMo10V2O40 supported on amine-functionalized MCM-41” RSC Advances, Vol.11, Issue.43, pp.26571-26780, 2021.
[52]. G.C. Silva, N.M.F. Carvalho, A. Horn, E.R. Lachter, O.A.C. Antunes, Oxidation of aromatic compounds by hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by mononuclear iron(III) complexes , Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, Vol.426, pp. 564– 571,2017.
[53]. S. Farahmand, M. Ghiaci, J. S. Razavizadeh, Copper phthalocyanine as an efficient and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for direct hydroxylation of benzene to phenol under mild conditions, Inorganica Chimica Acta, Vol. 484, pp.174-179, 2019.
[54]. P. Xiao , Y. Wang , J. N. Kondo, T. Yokoi, “ Consequences of Fe speciation in MFI zeolites for hydroxylation of benzene to phenol with H2O2”Applied Catalysis A, General, Vol. 579, pp.159-167,2019.
[55]. R. Mistri, M. Rahaman, J. Llorca, K.R. Priolkar, S. Colussi, B.C. Ray, A. Gayen, “Liquid phase selective oxidation of benzene over nanostructured CuxCe1?xO2?? (0.03 ? x ? 0.15)” Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, Vol. 390, pp.187-197,2014
[56]. X. Qi, J. Li, T. Ji, Y. Wang, L. Feng, Y. Zhu, X. Fan and C. Zhang, “Catalytic benzene hydroxylation over copper-substituted aluminophosphate molecular sieves (CuAPO-11)” Microporous and Mesoporous Material.,Vol. 122, Issue.1-3, pp.36-41,2009.
[57]. N. R. Shiju, S. Fiddy, O. Sonntag, M. Stockenhuber and G. Sankar, “Selective oxidation of benzene to phenol over FeAlPO catalysts using nitrous oxide as oxidant” Chemical Communications, Issue. 47, pp.4955-4957, 2006.
[58]. L. C. Passoni, F. J. Luna, M. Wallau, R. Buffon and U. Schuchardt, “Heterogenization of H6PMo9V3O40 and palladium acetate in VPI-5 and MCM-41 and their use in the catalytic oxidation of benzene to phenol”Journal of Molecular Catalysis A Chemical, Vol. 134, pp. 229-235, 1998.
[59]. B. Chou, J. L. Tsai, S. Cheng, “Cu-substituted molecular sieves as liquid phase oxidation catalysts” Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. Vol. 48, Issue. 1-3, pp. 309-317, 2001.Citation
Sreenivasulu Peta, SiddharthVats, Namrata Budhiraja, "Synthesis of Hierarchical Mesoporous KAlPO for Benzene Hydroxylation," International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.2, pp.14-19, 2022 -
Open Access Article
Rimamcwe Andemun Nzuta, Jasper O.G. Elechi, Israel Sule Isa, Henry Jeremiah Kittika, Charity Tsinima Thomas
Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRCS)
Vol.9 , Issue.2 , pp.20-29, Apr-2022
Abstract
High post-harvest food losses, owing to insufficient food preservation capabilities, are a key constraint to food and nutrition security in West African developing nations, where seasonal food shortages and nutritional deficiency disorders remain a big concern. Due to post-harvest physiological degradation, cassava roots have a shelf life of just 1-2 days after harvest. The end-use qualities of cassava flour, such as composition, physico-chemical, and functional properties, dictate its usage in product development and food formulations. The purpose of this study was to learn more about the chemical functioning of cassava flour from three Nigerian varieties. The functional qualities of cassava flour were determined, and significant differences were found between the various criteria assessed and were judged as having acceptable organoleptic properties. The flours developed showed acceptable quality characteristics in terms of swelling and water absorption capacity, resulting in increased production volume of items such as bread, cakes, doughnuts, meat pies, and biscuits with shorter processing times. In terms of appearance, flavor, and texture, cassava flour grade was satisfactory, with sample C being more acceptable than the other samples.Key-Words / Index Term
Nigeria, Cassava Flours, Chemical Functionality, Cultivars, Post-harvestReferences
[1]. FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021. Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all. Rome, FAO. 2021 https://doi.org/10.4060/cb4474en
[2]. FAO (2017) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Trade and Markets Division. Food Outlook: Biannual Report on Global Food Markets, October 2017. Rome. FAO 2017.
[3]. FAO. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Trade and Markets Division. Food Outlook: Biannual Report on Global Food Markets, October 2008. Rome. FAO. 2008.
[4]. FAO (2018) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Trade and Markets Division. Food Outlook: Biannual Report on Global Food Markets, October 2018. Rome. FAO. 2018.
[5]. Uchechukwu-Agua AD, Caleb OJ, Opara UL Postharvest handling and storage of fresh cassava root and products: a review. Food Bioprocess Tech 8(4):729–748. 2015
[6]. Zhu F. Composition, structure, physicochemical properties, and modifications of cassava starch. Carbohydr Polym 122(2):456–480. 2015
[7]. Cheng Y-E, Dong M-Y, Fan X-W, Nong L-L, Li Y-Z. A study on cassava tolerance to and growth responses under salt stress. Environ Exp Bot. 2018 155:429–40. doi: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2018.07.022
[8]. Chisenga Shadrack Mubanga, Tilahun Seyoum Workneh, Geremew Bultosa, Buliyaminu Adegbemiro Alimi. Progress in research and applications of cassava flour and starch: a review. J Food Sci Technol. 2019 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03814-6
[9]. van Oirschot QEA, O’Brien GM, Dufour D, El-Sharkawy MA, Mesa E. The effect of pre-harvest pruning of cassava upon root deterioration and quality characteristics. J Sci Food Agric. 80:1866–73. 2000 doi: 10.1002/1097-0010(200010)80:13<1866::AID-JSFA718>3.0.CO;2-H
[10]. Zhang Y, Nie L, Sun J, Hong Y, Yan H, Li M, You X, Zhu L and Fang F. Impacts of Environmental Factors on Pasting Properties of Cassava Flour Mediated by Its Macronutrients. Front. Nutr. 7:598960. 2020 doi: 10.3389/fnut.2020.598960
[11]. Jensen S, Skibsted LH, Kidmose U, Thybo AK. Addition of cassava flours in bread-making: sensory and textural evaluation. LWT Food Sci Technol. 2015 60:292–9. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.08.037
[12]. Mawoyo B, Adebola P, Gerrano AS, Amonsou EO. Effect of genotypes and growth locations on composition and functional properties of amadumbe flours. J Food Sci Technol. 54:3577–86. 2017. doi: 10.1007/s13197-017-2816-0
[13]. Sánchez T, Salcedo E, Ceballos H, Dufour D, Mafla G, Morante N, et al. Screening of starch quality traits in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Starch-Stärke. 61:12–9. 2009. doi: 10.1002/star.200800058
[14]. Mtunguja MK, Laswai HS, Kanju E, Ndunguru J, Muzanila YC Effect of genotype and genotype by environment interaction on total cyanide content, fresh root, and starch yield in farmer-preferred cassava landraces in Tanzania. Food Sci Nutr 4(6):791–801. 2016
[15]. Emmanuel O, Clement A, Agnes S, Chiwona-Karltun L, Drinah B Chemical composition and cyanogenic potential of traditional and high yielding CMD resistant cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) varieties. Int Food Res J 19(1):175–181. 2012
[16]. Liang Z, Mu T-h, Zhang R-F, Sun Q-H, Xu Y-W Nutritional evaluation of different cultivars of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) from China by grey relational analysis (GRA) and its application in potato steamed bread making. J Integr Agric 18(1):231–245. 2019
[17]. Ogunyemi AM, Otegbayo BO, Fagbenro JA Effects of NPK and biochar fertilized soil on the proximate composition and mineral evaluation of maize flour. Food Sci Nutr 6(8):2308–2313. 2018
[18]. Abdulrahman W, Omoniyi A Proximate analysis and mineral compositions of different cereals available in gwagwalada market, FCT, Abuja, Nigeria. Adv J Food Sci Technol 3(2):50–55. 2016
[19]. Falade, K.O.; Akingbala, J.O. Utilization of cassava for food. Food Rev. Int. 2010, 27, 51–83
[20]. Omodamiro, R.; Oti, E.; Etudaiye, H.; Egesi, C.; Olasanmi, B.; Ukpabi, U. Production of fufu from yellow cassava roots using the odourless flour technique and the traditional method: Evaluation of carotenoids retention in the fufu. Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 3, 2566–2572. 2012
[21]. Westby, A. Cassava utilization, storage and small-scale processing. Cassava: Biol. Prod. Util. 2002, 281–300
[22]. Sánchez, T.; Chávez, A.L.; Ceballos, H.; Rodriguez-Amaya, D.B.; Nestel, P.; Ishitani, M. Reduction or delay of post-harvest physiological deterioration in cassava roots with higher carotenoid content. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2006, 86, 634–639
[23]. Udoro, E.; Gbadamosi, O.; Taiwo, K. Studies on the production and utilization of dried cassava chips as human food. In Using Food Science and Technology to Improve Nutrition and Promote National Development; International Union of Food Science & Technology: Guelph, ON, Canada, 2008.
[24]. Dziedzoave, N.T.; Abass, A.B.; Amoa-Awua,W.K.; Sablah, M. Quality Management Manual for Production of High Quality Cassava Flour; IITA: Ibadan, Nigeria, 2006.
[25]. Suresh and Samsher Singh (2013).Assessment of functional properties of different flours. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 8(38); 4849-4852. DOI:10.5897/AJAR2013.6905. ISSN 1991-637X ©2013.
[26]. Kaur M and Singh N. Relationships between the selected properties of seeds, flours, & starches from different chickpea cultivars. Int. J. Food Prop. 9:597-608. 2006.
[27]. Siddiq M, Nasir M, R Ravi, Dolan DK, and Butt SM. The effect of defatted maize germ addition on functional and textural properties of wheat flour. Int. J. Food Prop. 12:860-870. 2009
[28]. Awuchi, Chinaza Godswilla; Igwe, Victory Somtochukwu and Echeta, Chinelo Kate. The Functional Properties Of Foods And Flours. International Journal of Advanced Academic Research | Sciences, Technology and Engineering. Vol. 5, Issue 11. 2019
[29]. Awuchi, C. G. Sugar Alcohols: Chemistry, Production, Health Concerns and Nutritional Importance of Mannitol, Sorbitol, Xylitol, and Erythritol. International Journal of Advanced Academic Research (IJAAR), 3 (2); 31 – 66. 2017.
[30]. Awuchi, Chinaza Godswill and Echeta, Kate Chinelo. Current Developments in Sugar Alcohols: Chemistry, Nutrition, and Health Concerns of Sorbitol, Xylitol, Glycerol, Arabitol, Inositol, Maltitol, and Lactitol. International Journal of Advanced Academic Research, 5 (11); 1 – 33. 2019
[31]. Maziya-Dixon, B.; Dixon, A.G.; Adebowale, A.R.A. Targeting different end uses of cassava: Genotypic variations for cyanogenic potentials and pasting properties. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., 42, 969–976. 2007
[32]. Aryee, F.; Oduro, I.; Ellis, W.; Afuakwa, J. The physicochemical properties of flour samples from the roots of 31 varieties of cassava. Food Control, 17, 916–922. 2006
[33]. Charoenkul, N.; Uttapap, D.; Pathipanawat,W.; Takeda, Y. Physicochemical characteristics of starches and flours from cassava varieties having different cooked root textures. LWT-Food Sci. Technol., 44, 1774–1781. 2011
[34]. Murayama, D.; Kasano, M.; Santiago, D.M.; Yamauchi, H.; Koaze, H. Effect of pre-gelatinization on the physicochemical properties of dry flours produced from 5 cassava varieties of the Philippines. Food Sci. Technol. Res., 20, 1131–1140. 2014
[35]. Eleazu, C.; Eleazu, K. Determination of the proximate composition, total carotenoid, reducing sugars and residual cyanide levels of flours of 6 new yellow and white cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) varieties. Am. J. Food Technol., 7, 642–649. 2012
[36]. Eriksson E., K. Koch, C. Tortoe, P. T. Akonor and E. Baidoo. Physicochemical, Functional and Pasting Characteristics of Three Varieties of Cassava in Wheat Composite Flours. British Journal of Applied Science & Technology 4(11): 1609-1621, 2014
[37]. Olufunmilola O. Oladunmoye, Ogugua C. Aworh, Bussie Maziya-Dixon, Ochuko L. Erukainure1 & Gloria N. Elemo. Chemical and functional properties of cassava starch, durum wheat semolina flour, and their blends. Food Science & Nutrition; 2(2): 132–138. 2014 doi: 10.1002/fsn3.83
[38]. Hasmadi, M., Harlina, L., Jau-Shya, L., Mansoor, A.H., Jahurul, M.H.A. and Zainol, M.K. Physicochemical and functional properties of cassava flour grown in different locations in Sabah, Malaysia. Food Research 4 (4): 991 – 999. 2020. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(4).405
[39]. Danbaba, N., Ukwungwu, M.N., Maji, A.T., Ndindeng, S.A., Jiya, A.G., Danfulani, S. and Onyeneke, E.N. End-use quality of upland Nerica rice (Oryza sativa L) as affected by the addition of sweet cassava (Low cyanide, Manihot esculenta) flour. International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 4 (3), 237-245. 2014.
[40]. Mustapha, S., Mohammed, U.M., Adeosun, N.O., Mathew, T.J., Muhammed, S.S. and Ibn Aliyu, A. Nutritional and functional characterization of undecorticated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds from Bosso Market, Minna, Nigeria. American Journal of Food Science and Technology, 3(5), 126-131. 2015.
[41]. Iwe M.O., U. Onyeukwu, and A.N. Agiriga. Proximate, functional & pasting properties of FARO 44 rice, African yam bean and brown cowpea seeds composite flour. Cogent Food & Agriculture 2: 1142409. 2016 .http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2016.1142409
[42]. Mbougueng, P.D., Tenin, D., Scher, J. and Tchiengang, C. Physichochemical and functional properties of some cultivar of irish potato and cassava starches. Journal of Food Technology, 6(3), 139-146. 2008.
[43]. Chandra, K.D. and Samsher, A.Y. Assessment of functional properties of different flours. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(38), 4849-4852. 2013.
[44]. Marise Amaco Kacou, Gbocho Serge Elvis Ekissi, Bomo Catherine Ebbah-Djedji, Boni N’zué and Patrice Lucien Kouamé.. Assessment of Functional Properties Flours from Seven Local Varieties of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Consumed in Côte d`Ivoire. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 7(10): 815-826. 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.710.090
[45]. Linus-Chibuezeh, A, M. O. Iwe, M. Ngadi, V. U. Asumugha and N. E. Obasi. Evaluation of Some Physicochemical and Pasting Properties of Three Improved Cassava Varieties Available in the Southeast of Nigeria. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-9, pp 641-650. 2017.
[46]. Kaushal, P., Kumar, V. and Sharma, H.K. Comparative study of physico-chemical, functional, anti-nutritional and pasting properties of taro (Colocasia esculenta), rice (Oryza sativa), pegion pea (Cajanus cajan) flour and their blends. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 48(1), 59-68. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2012.02.028
[47]. Maziya-Dixon, B., Adebowale, A. A., Onabanjo, O. O. and Dixon, A. G. O. Effect of variety and drying methods on physico-chemical properties of high quality cassava flour from yellow cassava roots. African Crop Science Conference Proceedings, 7: 635-641. 2005
[48]. Sanni, L. O., Kosoko, S. B., Adebowale, A. A. and Adeoye, R. J. The Influence of Palm Oil and Chemical Modification on the Pasting and Sensory Properties of Fufu Flour. International Journal of Food Properties, 7(2): 229–237. 2004.
[49]. Etudaiye, H. A., Nwabueze, T. U. and Sanni, L.O. Quality of fufu processed from cassava mosaic disease (CMD) resistant varieties. African Journal of Food Science, 3(3): 61-6 2009.
[50]. Adebowale, Y.A., Adeyemi, I.A. and Oshodi, A.A. Functional and physico-chemical properties of six Mucuna species. African Journal of Biotechnology, 4(12), 1461-1468. 2005.
[51]. Akobundu, E. N. T., Cherry, J.P. and Simmons, J.G. Chemical, functional and nutritional properties of egusi (Colocynthis citrullus L.) seed protein products. Journal of Food Science, 49: 829-835.1982
[52]. Eke-Ejiofor, J., Barber, L.I. and Kiin-Kabari, DB. Effet de précuisson sur le produit chimique, fonctionnel et Propriétés du riz. Collage Journal de l`Agriculture et Science Biology.2 :214- 219. 2005
[53]. Mora-Escobedo, R., Lopez, O.P and Lopez, G.F.G. Effect of germination on the rheological and functional properties of amaranth seeds. LWT Food Sci Technol. 24:241–244. 1991
[54]. Kulkarni, K.D., Kulkarn, I.D.N. and Ingle, UM. Sorghum malt based weaning food formulations, preparations, functional properties and nutritive values. Food and Nutrition Bulletin. 13:322–329. 1991
[55]. Sara, Y.H., Nafisa, M.H., Amro, B.H., Mohamed, M.E. and Elfadil, E.B. Nutritional Evaluation and Physiochemical Properties of Processed Pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis Hook) Seed Flour. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 7 (2): 330-334. 2008
[56]. Rolland-Sabate ? A, Sanchez T, Bule ?on A, Colonna P, Ceballos H, Zhao S-S, Zhang P, Dufour D. Molecular and supra- molecular structure of waxy starches developed from cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Carbohydr Polym 92(2):1451–1462. 2013
[57]. Eddy, N.; Udo?a, P.; Eyo, D. Sensory evaluation of wheat/cassava composite bread and effect of label information on acceptance and preference. Afr. J. Biotechnol 6. 2007.
[58]. Aboaba, O.; Obakpolor, E. The leavening ability of bakers’ yeast on dough prepared with composite ?our (Wheat/Cassava). Afr.J. Food Sci., 4, 325–329. 2010.
[59]. Udoro, E.O.; Anyasi, T.A.; Jideani, A.I.O. Process-Induced Modifications on Quality Attributes of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Flour. Processes 2021, 9, 1891. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9111891
[60]. Singh, U. Functional properties of grain legume flours. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 38 (3), 191-199. 2001.Citation
Rimamcwe Andemun Nzuta, Jasper O.G. Elechi, Israel Sule Isa, Henry Jeremiah Kittika, Charity Tsinima Thomas, "Flour and Cassava (Manihot spp) Cultivars in Nigeria: Understanding their Chemical Functionalities and Acceptability in Food Systems," International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.2, pp.20-29, 2022
You do not have rights to view the full text article.
Please contact administration for subscription to Journal or individual article.
Mail us at support@isroset.org or view contact page for more details.
