Volume-10 , Issue-3 , Jun 2023, ISSN 2455-3174 (Online) Go Back

• Open Access   Article

  Recovery of Cobalt from Used Lithium-Ion Batteries and its Leaching Kinetics

  Alfred Obaje, Douglas Onyancha, Samuel Mirie

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRCS)

  Vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp.1-12, Jun-2023

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  Abstract
  Lithium-ion batteries are frequently employed as rechargeable batteries, driving most of electronics and electric cars, significantly increased the quantity of utilized LIBs. Hence, ecosystems may be threatened by these used LIBs, due to the presence of heavy metals and poisonous electrolytes. Hence, for sound protection and financial considerations, it is highly essential to develop an efficient method to recycle used LIBs with an aim of preventing hazardous compounds entering ecosystem and endangering people’s health and recover valuable metal. The study concentrated on cobalt recovery using hydrometallurgical and thermal treatment techniques that enhanced a high rate of recovery, low energy use, and less waste production. Used LIBs of mobile phones, were collected from phone repairing shops in Nyeri town, Kenya. Hydrometallurgical process which involves acid leaching using mineral acids and organic acids was applied by using H2O2 as a reductant. Leaching process was optimized by varying parameters (type of acid, acid concentration, reductant dosage, time, and temperature). Cobalt ion concentration level in liquor, was analysed via ICP - OES, and finally cobalt was extracted from the leachate liquor via precipitation. XRF analysis showed that cathode active material has highest composition of 61.72 % cobalt and other valuable metals like 12.11 % Ni and 9.64 % Mn, hence need of recycling the cathode active material to recover the valuable metals and minimize chances of heavy metals release into the environment. Optimum conditions for leaching cobalt from cathode material were as follows: 80 ?, 120 minutes, 1.5 % v/v of H2O2, for both 3M H2SO4 and 2M C6H8O7. The cobalt leaching followed chemical reaction model, with best satisfactory regression coefficient fitting values above 0.98 and activation energy as 21.84 and 7.89 kJ/mol, and percentage recovery of 82.75 % and 67.47 % while using 3M H2SO4 and 2M C6H8O7 respectively.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), Leaching Kinetics

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  Citation
  Alfred Obaje, Douglas Onyancha, Samuel Mirie, "Recovery of Cobalt from Used Lithium-Ion Batteries and its Leaching Kinetics," International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.10, Issue.3, pp.1-12, 2023

• Open Access   Article

  Adsorption equilibrium studies of p-Nitrophenol onto macadamia nutshell waste (non-activated and activated carbon) from aqueous solutions

  Lydiah N. Simiyu, Esther W. Nthiga, Paul Tanui, Gerald K. Muthakia

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRCS)

  Vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp.13-24, Jun-2023

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  Abstract
  Water pollution by organic pollutants has been a source of major concern because they tend to accumulate in the body to toxic levels and yet they are not easily biodegraded. P-Nitrophenol (PNP), has negative effects on humans such as cancer, immune system suppression, and gastrointestinal. Various technologies have undergone changes and developed for its elimination from the wastewater such as chemical sedimentation, distillation, and solvent extraction. However, these methods have limited factors such as operational cost and their non-generable nature. Adsorption has proven to be an economically viable and easy method for elimination of these contaminants from the wastewater. This study has dealt with adsorption equilibrium studies of p-Nitrophenol onto Macadamia nutshell in non-activated and activated form. Macadamia nutshells were subjected to base treatment then characterized The methods of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared analysis (FT-IR) were utilized in this study and further investigated on the optimization batch experiments. Initial PNP ions increased with an increase in adsorption capacity between (5 – 60) mg/L, from (0.52-0.77) mg/g and (2.38-3.14) mg/g for the unmodified macadamia nutshell (UMNS) and modified macadamia nutshell (MMNS) respectively. The highest PNP ions eradication was recorded at pH 4 and the sorbent dosage in terms of PNP percentage removal increased from 67.53%, to 87.97% and 87.97% to 94.22 % with an enhancement in the dose of 0.05 g and 0.2 g at fixed PNP concentration for both the UMNS and MMNS. This is designated to a bigger number of active adsorption sites with greater availability for adsorption process in the modified material. Adsorption equilibrium for the UMNS and MMNS was attained after 30 minutes with an optimum dose of 0.1g. The presence of the amides, hydroxyl, asymmetric and antisymmetric vibrations (C-H) and amines functional groups was detected using FTIR which captured change in the chemical functional groups modification. Topography and the shape of the adsorbents was studied by the SEM. From the equilibrium models, the sorption behaviour fitted well with and the Langmuir isotherm. The method became highly efficient for making a productive MMNS alternative to renewable carbon.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  macadamia, activated carbon, p-Nitrophenol, adsorption capacity, wastewater

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  Citation
  Lydiah N. Simiyu, Esther W. Nthiga, Paul Tanui, Gerald K. Muthakia, "Adsorption equilibrium studies of p-Nitrophenol onto macadamia nutshell waste (non-activated and activated carbon) from aqueous solutions," International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.10, Issue.3, pp.13-24, 2023

• Open Access   Article

  Determination of the optimal conditions to produce lovastatin compound from the fungus (Penicillium digitatum)

  Hajar Nasser, Nawal Ali, Reem Salamah, Amjad Deeb

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRCS)

  Vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp.25-28, Jun-2023

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  This study was done to determine an ability of the fungus (Penicillium digitatum) to produce lovastatin compound after do experiments by using method of Solid State Fermentation (SSF). The fermentation method was carried out within presence of a mixture of three organic substrates (wheat bran, oat bran, soybeans), carbon and nitrogen sources (potato peels powder, yeast extract, milk powder) at different environmental conditions (temperature degrees, acidity degrees, concentration of spore suspension, and period time). After that, lovastatin compound was extracted by using ethanol 95%. This study showed that the highest concentration of lovastatin reached 155.93 mg/g of dry substrate after 10 days from fermentation in temperature degree 300C, pH=6, and concentration of spore suspension 108 spore/ml.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Fermentation, extraction, lovastatin, Fungi, Penicillium digitatum, Spectrophotometer.

  References
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  Citation
  Hajar Nasser, Nawal Ali, Reem Salamah, Amjad Deeb, "Determination of the optimal conditions to produce lovastatin compound from the fungus (Penicillium digitatum)," International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.10, Issue.3, pp.25-28, 2023