Volume-7 , Issue-6 , Dec 2020, ISSN 2347-7520 (Online) Go Back

• Open Access   Article

  Levels of Heavy Metals (Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu) In Ulva sp. and Enteromorpha sp. macrophytic Green Algae Along Benghazi Coast Line

  Khadija S. ELhariri, Mohamed S. Hamouda, Mariam M. ELmughrbe, Munay A. Alteerah

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.6 , pp.89-94, Dec-2020

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  Abstract
  Pollution with heavy metals is one of the most severe marine environmental problems in the world. In this study concentrations of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu) tested in tow marine green algae Ulva sp. and Enteromorpha sp. Collected from four Sites, Elsaberry, Juliana, Eshbellia and Benghazi port (Elmina) along of Benghazi city Coast. The coast extends to about 18 km at the north east of Libya. The algae samples were collected during the winter and summer seasons 2011 and summer 2012. The results obtained shows that the concentration were found to range from 18.66 mg/kg (Pb), 1.93 - 5.5 mg/kg (Cd) and 2.36 - 6.13 mg/kg (Cu). There was a significant difference in heavy metals concentrations found between the sites and also with seasons. The Enteromorpha sp. showed ability to accumulate heavy metals more than Ulva sp. this could be attributed to the large surface area of the Enteromorpha sp. Generally, the summer concentrations of metals were found to be higher than in winter concentrations and this may be due to high temperature levels that affect the uptake of metals and to the availability and presence of nutrient mainly Nitrogen and phosphorous due to the increase in sewage discharge into the sea during summer time.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Heavy metals, Accumulation, Green algae, Pollution monitoring

  References
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  Citation
  Khadija S. ELhariri, Mohamed S. Hamouda, Mariam M. ELmughrbe, Munay A. Alteerah, "Levels of Heavy Metals (Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu) In Ulva sp. and Enteromorpha sp. macrophytic Green Algae Along Benghazi Coast Line," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.6, pp.89-94, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis of nodC Gene from Pea Rhizobium

  Javaria Tabusam, Nisar Ahmed, Umer Karamat, Nasar Amjad, Hafiza Hadiqa Anum, Sumer Zulfiqar

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.6 , pp.95-106, Dec-2020

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  Abstract
  Pea is a legume that belongs to the family Fabaceae and an economical source of carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamins. Nitrogen deficiency is the main problem of crops, which is hard to overcome. However, pea plants can establish a symbiotic relationship with the bacteria known as Rhizobacterium and efficiently utilize the available nitrogen through the roots, and the plant can withstand even harsh conditions. Nodule, which is established by these rhizobacteria are main parts which are involved in the process of nitrogen fixation; Nod factors are stimulator for the establishment of nodules in the rhizobia of pea NodC gene is one of these factors, used as a genetic marker to analyze the genetic variation among Rhizobacterium keeping in view the capability of nitrogen fixation. In this purposed research, the nodC gene was amplified using PCR technology, cloning, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis to study the homology and divergence in Rhizobium from other species that have these Nod factors in establishing the nodulation and enhancing the nitrogen fixation in the leguminous species.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Pea, Phylogenetic analysis, NodC Gene, Rhizobium

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  Citation
  Javaria Tabusam, Nisar Ahmed, Umer Karamat, Nasar Amjad, Hafiza Hadiqa Anum, Sumer Zulfiqar, "Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis of nodC Gene from Pea Rhizobium," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.6, pp.95-106, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  The Effect of Armed Conflict on Biodiversity and its Implication on Wildlife: A Case Study on the Lebialem Highlands, South-West Region, Cameroon

  Enokenwa Allen Tabi, Mfonkwet Njiaghait Younchahou, Abhijit Mohanty

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.6 , pp.107-112, Dec-2020

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  Abstract
  The armed conflict in the Anglophone regions of Cameroon surged in 2016. In this conflict, many villages have been razed and hundreds of thousands of people displaced. In the South West Region, Lebialem is one of the hot zones of the conflict. Here, many displaced persons have found refuge in the forest; their impact on biodiversity cannot be undermined. The goal of this research paper is to highlight the impact of the armed conflict on the biodiversity and its implications for wildlife. In order to achieve this goal, the land cover of the study site was analyzed using satellite imagery. Two Landsat 8 OLI_TIRS satellite images taken in 2015 and 2020 were downloaded through the United States Geological Survey (USGS). These two images were processed using ENVI 5.3. Maps were produced by importing vectors derived from digital processing ENVI into Arc Map 10.5 software. A wildlife survey was conducted using the guided reconnaissance (recce) method. The results indicate that there was a slight change in dense forest cover of 0.26% (152 ha) and a general decrease in the relative abundance of Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee (from 2.964 in 2015 to 0.321 in 2018), Cross River gorilla (from 1.857 in 2015 to 0.107 in 2018), African forest elephants, and other species whose populations are vulnerable to human disturbance. Though armed conflict might have its own impacts on biodiversity and wildlife species, a strong conservation program is needed for the development of local professionals to continue even during socio-political instability.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Conflict, Biodiversity, Wildlife, Habitat-loss, Lebialem Highlands

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  Citation
  Enokenwa Allen Tabi, Mfonkwet Njiaghait Younchahou, Abhijit Mohanty, "The Effect of Armed Conflict on Biodiversity and its Implication on Wildlife: A Case Study on the Lebialem Highlands, South-West Region, Cameroon," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.6, pp.107-112, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  The Activities of Rhizosphere Bacteria in Improving the Growth of Habanero Pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) and Soil Fertility

  Isabella Avwerosuoghene Onoharigho, Adeniyi Adewale Ogunjobi

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.6 , pp.113-119, Dec-2020

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

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  Abstract
  Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) enhances plant growth by direct and indirect mechanisms, making them a good alternative to chemical fertilizers. Rhizosphere soil were collected and bacteria were isolated from them. The bacterial isolates obtained were screened for their ability to enhance the growth of plants. Those with the best activity were used to inoculate the seeds of the pepper plant before planting in an experimental plot. The plant growth parameters and the physico-chemical properties of the soil used were monitored before and after the experiment. Sixteen bacterial isolates belonging to Azospirillum spp., Pseudomonas spp., Aeromonas spp., and Bacillus spp. were obtained from the rhizosphere of habanero pepper plant. In all the bacterial isolates, Azospirillum brasilense C1 had the highest nitrogen fixed (0.002%), Pseudomonas putida P4 and Bacillus subtilis A2 had the largest zones of clearance of 4mm and 8mm, respectively. Plants inoculated with isolates had the highest growth, biomass, yield, and mineral nutrient content. T4 (Azospirillum brasilense C1 + Pseudomonas putida P4) had the highest values in root length, leaf length, leaf width, shoot length, number of fruit, and plant dry weight of 13.86cm, 8.69cm, 5.69cm, 18.43cm, 2.67 and 0.29g, respectively, over uninoculated controls. Soil treated with T7 (Azospirillum brasilense C1 + Pseudomonas putida P4 + Bacillus subtilis A2) had the highest mineral content compared to soil treated with chemicals. Thus, combined rhizobacteria inoculants inoculated into habanero pepper seeds are suitable for excellent growth and performance of habanero pepper plant and also for improving soil fertility.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  PGPR, Habanero pepper, Soil fertility, Growth, Mineral uptake

  References
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  Citation
  Isabella Avwerosuoghene Onoharigho, Adeniyi Adewale Ogunjobi, "The Activities of Rhizosphere Bacteria in Improving the Growth of Habanero Pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) and Soil Fertility," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.6, pp.113-119, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Indoor Air Quality in College Laboratories: Exposure to Airborne Fungi

  Surendra K. Giri

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.6 , pp.120-130, Dec-2020

  Abstract

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  Abstract
  The present study was undertaken to identify and find out the airborne viable fungi and their concentrations in indoor environment of college laboratories. Air sampling was conducted in Chemistry, Zoology, Botany, and Geology laboratories by using Hi-Air Sampler (Hi-media LA-002); two media strips were used for isolation of airborne fungi (PS-290 & PS-640). The average counts of total fungi isolated on two media strips were recorded maximum in chemistry laboratory (4088 CFU/m3), followed by Botany (2681 CFU/m3), Zoology laboratory (2300 CFU/m3), and the lowest recorded in geology laboratory (1622 CFU/m3). While comparing the total CFU counts of isolated fungi on two media strips, the maximum counts were recorded on PS-640 media strips (13618.75 CFU/m3), and (9,637.50 CFU/m3) recorded on PS-290 media strips. In chemistry laboratory total 31 species isolated along with Yeast and Non-sporulating fungi, followed by 29 species from Botany laboratory, 26 from Zoology and only 17 species from Geology laboratory. The total fungal counts of all the fungal species isolated from the studied laboratories were considered and found maximum CFU counts of Curvularia clavata, which is most predominant species followed by the species of Cladosporium herbarum, Curvularia geniculata, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Alternaria solani, Curvularia lunata, Yeasts, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium lutem, Penicillium purpurogenum, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium glabrum, Alternaria brassicicola, Alternaria tenuissima, Curvularia brachyspora, Rhizopus, Mucor, and Cladosporium oxysporum.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Indoor, Air-quality, Laboratories, Airborne, Fungi, Curvularia spp

  References
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  Citation
  Surendra K. Giri, "Indoor Air Quality in College Laboratories: Exposure to Airborne Fungi," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.6, pp.120-130, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Diversity, Status and Abundance of Avian fauna in and around Jalna Urban, M.S., India

  Satish N. Harde, Laxmikant V. Shinde, Ganesh B. Phalke

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.6 , pp.131-140, Dec-2020

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  Abstract
  The present study conducted to investigate the diversity, distribution, status and abundance of Avian fauna in and around Jalna urban. We surveyed Wetland (Lakes, Ponds), Kundlika river, Forest, Grassland and Agriculture areas from June 2018 to December 2019. The result of present study reveals total 97 species of birds belonged to 48 families. Highest number 68 of bird species observed from agricultural areas, 57 species from forest areas, 41 species from Kundalika River and 32 species from wetlands. According to Status of birds 72 (74.22%) birds’ species were residential, 9 (9.27%) were winter migrant, some 12 (12.37%) local migrant and 4 (4.12%) found passage migrants. Considering abundance, 43 (44.32%) birds’ species were commonly seen, 18 (18.55%) species were very common, 27 (27.83%) species were not rare but not common whereas 9 (9.27%) species were rare. Winter migrant species were Greater flamingoes, Eurassian spoonbills, Painted stork, Bar headed goose, Barn swallow, Common sandpiper, Ruddy shelduck. Rare species of bird in Jalna were Common hoopoe, spotted owlet, Wooly necked stork and Yellow fronted woodpecker, Indian Grey hornbill. For conservation point of view there is need of time to protect forest areas and wetlands through proper administration and legislation. Beside plantation of bird attracting plants and development of new habitat may lead to increase in the species richness in the district.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Avian fauna, Jalna urban, Bird Species, Survey, Status, Abundance

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  Citation
  Satish N. Harde, Laxmikant V. Shinde, Ganesh B. Phalke, "Diversity, Status and Abundance of Avian fauna in and around Jalna Urban, M.S., India," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.6, pp.131-140, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Ethnomedicinal Survey of Plants Used for Oral and Dental Healthcare in Sivagangai District, Tamil Nadu, Southern India

  S. Shanmugam, A. Sundari, R. Jayakumararaj, K. Rajendran

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.6 , pp.141-146, Dec-2020

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  Abstract
  The present research was conducted to enumerate the medicinal usage of plants followed by the residents of various locations in Sivagangai district of Tamil Nadu as potential drug leads for the treatment of oral and dental care. Ethnomedicinal survey was conducted from September 2019 to February 2020 among 60 key informants to gather information on medicinal plants used as a treatment for oral and dental care. Quantitative ethnomedicinal data was obtained from Use Value (UV), Citation Frequency (CF) and Family Importance Value (FIV). Present documentation enumerated the uses of 24 medicinal plants comes under 22 genera of 16 families. Trees (12 species, 50.0%) were most preferably used in the treatment of oral and dental medicine and twigs were the most commonly used plant part (41.38%). Azadirachta indica was found with highest UV (1.00) and CF (9.53) with 60 use reports. Meliaceae was recorded with highest FIV (161.66). Like this documentation, more ethnobotanical studies should be carried out before the traditional knowledge of indigenous people vanishes.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Quantitative ethnobotany, Medicinal plants, Oral and dental care, Sivagangai district, Tamil Nadu

  References
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  [13] T.R. Dash, N. Singh, D. Gupta, E. Panwar, S. Ramisetty, “ Role of medicinal herbs in oral health management”, International Journal of Dental Medicine Research, Vol. 1, Issue 2, pp. 113-119, 2014.
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  Citation
  S. Shanmugam, A. Sundari, R. Jayakumararaj, K. Rajendran, "Ethnomedicinal Survey of Plants Used for Oral and Dental Healthcare in Sivagangai District, Tamil Nadu, Southern India," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.6, pp.141-146, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Investigation of Weeds in Wheat Crops of Tehsil Kotli, Kotli Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan

  Syed Awais Hussain Shah

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.6 , pp.147-150, Dec-2020

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  Abstract
  Weed infestation is one of the most drastic factors which adversely affects the grain quantity as well as quality in cereal crops like wheat, which is a worldwide cultivated staple food crop. The aim of this research was to survey the weed species found in wheat growing in tehsil Kotli. The survey was performed from seeding to harvest during the wheat campaign 2019-2020. Thirty one weed species belonging to twenty six genera and sixteen families were reported. Most weed species (26%) belonged to the Asteraceae family followed by Poaceae (13%), Brassicaceae (10%), Polygonaceae (10%) and Papaveraceae (6%). Other minor families found belonged to Amaranthaceae, Apiaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Cyperaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae, Oxalidaceae, Primulaceae, Ranunculaceae and Saxifragaceae. Rumex genus was the most represented by four species followed by Cirsium, Fumaria and Lepidium. Controls of these weeds require awareness of farmers about the use of ecofriendly methods (i.e. physical, biological and crop rotation) in a weed integrated management.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Weed’s diversity, Kotli AJK, Wheat, Economy, Invasive Species, Parthenium

  References
  [1] PBS (Pakistan bureau of Statistics) http://www.pbs.gov.pk/
  [2] Memon, R.A, G. R. Bhatti, S. Khalid, A. Mallah and S. Ahmad., “Ahmed Illustrated weed flora of wheat crop of Khairpur district.,” Sindh. Pak. J. Bot., Vol. 45, Issue: 1, pp. 39-47, 2013.
  [3] Marwat, K.S., K. Usman, N. Khan, U. M. Khan, A. E. Khan, A. M. Khan and A. Rehman., “Weeds of wheat crop and their control strategies in Dera Ismail Khan District, Khyber Pakhtun-Khwa, Pakistan.” Am. J. Plant Sci., Vol. 4, Issue: 1, pp. 66-76, 2013.
  [4] Shabbir, A. and R. Bajwa., “Distribution of Parthenium weed (PartheniumhysterophorusL.): An alien invasive weed species threatening the biodiversity of Islamabad.,” Weed Biol. Manage., Vol. 6, Issue, 2, pp. 89-95, 2006.
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  [9] Sosa, A. J., M. V. Cardo and M. H. Julien., “Predicting weed distribution at the regional scale in the native range: environmental determinants and bio control implications of Phyla nodiflora (Verbenaceae).,” Weed Res., Vol. 57, Issue 3, pp. 193-203. 2016.
  [10] ??, Shah Jahan & Ali Leghari, Umed & Laghari, Ghulam & Buriro, Mahmooda & Soomro, Farooque., “An Overview on Various Weed Control Practices Affecting Crop Yield.,” Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences., Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 59-69, 2015.
  [11] Shah, A.H., and R. Ali., “Exploitation of folk ethnomedicinal knowledge of Kotli Azad Jammu and Kashmir-Pakistan.,” Pak. J. Weed Sci. Res., Vol. 26, Issue 2, pp. 243-250, 2020.
  [12] Ali, S.I., Nasir, E., (Eds.) 1970–2002., Flora of Pakistan., 01-215.
  [13] Ali, S.I., Qaiser, M., “A phyto-geographical analysis of phanerogams of Pakistan and Kashmir.,” Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. 89B, pp. 89–101, 1986.
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  [17] NRCS (Natural Resources Conservation Service) http://plants.usda.gov/

  Citation
  Syed Awais Hussain Shah, "Investigation of Weeds in Wheat Crops of Tehsil Kotli, Kotli Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.6, pp.147-150, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  To Study the Prescribing Pattern of Drugs in Dengue Patients of a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Prospective and Observational Study

  S.M. Biradar, K. Maurya, A. Naikal, S. Sarnadgowd, Rajesh M. Honnutagi, Ravi Kattimani, Shivakumar B., V.T. Kallyanappagol

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.6 , pp.151-155, Dec-2020

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  Abstract
  Dengue fever (DF) is an acute febrile illness which is transmitted by mosquito bite. Annually 5 lakhs of patients are hospitalized and more than 20,000 deaths are reported worldwide. Till today there is no specific therapy available for DF, therefore it is very essential to study the prescribing pattern of drugs among dengue patients in order to make the pharmacotherapy streamline and reduce the mortality rate. A Prospective observational prescription pattern study was conducted for a period of six months in a tertiary care hospital. The sample size of the study was 100 from medicine and pediatric departments and relevant information were extracted from respective files and selected patients. A total of 661 drugs were prescribed among selected dengue patients, in whom 145 were anti-invectives, out of them 143 drugs were antibiotics, Cefixime contributes 35% and followed by Doxycyclin 25.8% and remaining 516 drugs were as supportive therapy. DF was more prevalent in males and prominent in age group of 11-20 years. As concern with the laboratory diagnosis, it was seen that the NS1positive were 97% and IgM positive were 3%, indicates the most of the patients were brought to the hospital in time, because the NS1 is detected early stage of dengue infection. The hematological values (SBP, DBP, PCV, PLT & TC) were in the optimal range indicating the treatment was started abruptly and prescription was most appropriate to the medical condition of patients.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Prescribing pattern; Dengue fever (DF); Anti-infective; Supportive therapy

  References
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  [13]. Parvathy Krishna Pillai Sathidevi. Dengue epidemic- knowledge gaps and its mending in Kerala, India. Int J Mosq Res, Vol. 4, issue 1, pp. 19-2, 2017.
  
  [14]. Siripen Kalayanarooj. Clinical Manifestations and Management of Dengue/DHF/DSS. Trop Med Health, Vol. 39, issue 4, pp. 83-87, 2011.
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  [18]. Amrita Ojha, Dipika Nandi, Harish Batra, Rashi Singhal, Gowtham K. Annarapu, Sankar Bhattacharyya, et al. Platelet activation determines the severity of thrombocytopenia in dengue infection. Sci Rep , Vol. 7, pp. 41697, 2017.
  [19]. Deepti Pruthvi, Shashikala P, Vasavi Shenoy. Evaluation of Platelet Count in Dengue Fever along with Seasonal Variation of Dengue Infection. J Blo Dis Transfus , Vol. 3, issue 4, pp. 1-4, 2012.
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  Citation
  S.M. Biradar, K. Maurya, A. Naikal, S. Sarnadgowd, Rajesh M. Honnutagi, Ravi Kattimani, Shivakumar B., V.T. Kallyanappagol, "To Study the Prescribing Pattern of Drugs in Dengue Patients of a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Prospective and Observational Study," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.6, pp.151-155, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Agriculture: Features and Characteristics—An Overview

  P.K. Paul, R.R. Sinha, Anil Bhuimalli, K.S. Tiwary, Pappachan Baby, Ricardo Saavedra

  Review Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.6 , pp.156-161, Dec-2020

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  Abstract
  Agriculture is a broad concept and deals with various kinds of methods regarding the betterment in cultivation and farming and cultivation is considered as a small part of the agriculture. The expert expressed that Agriculture is a scientific study, procedure and policies in cultivation and farming. Normally it is considered thatfarming is done in a small area but agriculture is broader. Moreover, farming is considered in a family or group of families or small number of people engaged for the agriculture or in the process of food production. There arevarious inputs and methods inAgricultural Systems and also run by the industrial support and thereafter it is refereeing as Industrial Agriculture.It is far different than traditional agricultural systems wider regarding theproduction of food for humans andanimal.Internationally the population has changed and increasing therefore the methods of agricultural systems also shifting into newer and innovative one. Though in western world the ‘green revolution’ has changed agricultural systems many ways and thereafter farms have engaged in agriculture with solid and rapid productively and with types. Among the changes few valuable arehydroponics, plant breeding, hybridization, gene manipulation, healthy soil management, modern weeding controlling, Genetic engineering, use of Nanotechnology, Information Technology etc. areimportant for enhancing higher yields and disease resistance.The advancement of the technologies isnoticeable in agricultural sciences including the Information Technology and Management applications. This is conceptual paper and deals with various aspects of agriculture especiallywith evolution, types, methods, emerging concern, related and allied areas of agriculture in brief.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Agriculture, Agricultural Science, Modern Agro Systems, Agricultural Methods, Foods, Development

  References
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  Citation
  P.K. Paul, R.R. Sinha, Anil Bhuimalli, K.S. Tiwary, Pappachan Baby, Ricardo Saavedra, "Agriculture: Features and Characteristics—An Overview," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.6, pp.156-161, 2020