Volume-11 , Issue-3 , Jun 2024, ISSN 2347-7520 (Online)
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Open Access Article
Microscopic and Molecular Diagnosis of Lice infesting Buffaloes in Babylon Province, Iraq
Hadeel H. Kokas, Mohammad H. Al-Hasnawy
Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)
Vol.11 , Issue.3 , pp.1-6, Jun-2024
Abstract
Lice are harmful ectoparasites that feed on human and animal blood and are vital vectors for various parasitic diseases in mammals. Current data shows that the lice-infesting buffaloes in Babylon city were not identified. Thus, the present study was done to isolate and identify lice species infesting buffaloes using microscopic and molecular techniques. The results of clinical inspection revealed that 5 out of 1000 animals (%0.5) were only infested between September 2023 and January 2024. The microscopic examination of isolated lice identified one genus, Haematopinus. The distribution of lice in buffaloes according to sex in females was higher than in males, which was 0.62% compared to male 0.28%. The rate of lice infection according to age was high in the 11-18 years of age with a percentage of 0.83% and the lowest rate in the 4-10 years of age with a percentage of 0.37%. Furthermore, the lice infestation rates according to the area recorded that Awfi had the highest infestation rate of 2.22%, followed by the districts of Al-Qasim and Al-Sadda, which were 1.66% and 1.33%, respectively. The molecular study, using PCR and sequencing techniques, confirmed microscopic findings, where all isolated lice were under Haematopinus tuberculatus. In conclusion, according to currently available data, the present study is believed to be the first molecular study for the identification of lice species infesting buffaloes in Babylon province, Iraq.Key-Words / Index Term
Lice, Buffaloes, PCR, DNA sequencing, IraqReferences
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Hadeel H. Kokas, Mohammad H. Al-Hasnawy, "Microscopic and Molecular Diagnosis of Lice infesting Buffaloes in Babylon Province, Iraq," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.3, pp.1-6, 2024 -
Open Access Article
Anil Sarsavan, Manohar Pawar, Shehla Ishaque
Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)
Vol.11 , Issue.3 , pp.7-11, Jun-2024
Abstract
India experiences a high burden of snakebite fatalities, with secondary wound infections posing a significant additional threat. This study investigated the diversity of oral bacteria, including both pathogenic and non-pathogenic species, in the common non-venomous Indian rat snake (Ptyas mucosa) from Central India. Oral swabs were collected for bacterial isolation, followed by DNA extraction and bacterial identification via 16S rRNA gene amplification. All isolates were identified to the strain level, with their consensus sequences deposited in the NCBI Gen Bank database. Phylogenetic trees were generated using MEGA X software. We identified eight bacterial strains: Enterococcus faecalis strain yjd-wu, Lysinibacillus capsici strain PB300, Lysinibacillus fusiformis strain 24, Lysinibacillus macroides strain R154, Mammaliicoccus sciuri strain A-SD13, Mammaliicoccus sciuri strain FDAARGOS_285, Mesobacillus subterraneus strain HBPPPL1, and Mesobacillus subterraneus strain KI1. Among these, two strains were highly pathogenic to humans, and two were moderately pathogenic. Findings of the study show the presence of harmful bacteria in the oral cavity of non-venomous snakes, implying a risk of subsequent infections and wound problems after snakebite.Key-Words / Index Term
Snakebite, Non-venomous snakes, Oral bacteria, Pathogens, Secondary infections, Central IndiaReferences
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Anil Sarsavan, Manohar Pawar, Shehla Ishaque, "Unveiling the Bacterial Diversity of Non-venomous Snakes: Insights from 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing and Phylogenetics," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.3, pp.7-11, 2024 -
Open Access Article
Genetic Diversity of Pleurotus Ostreatus Using Random Amplification Polymorphisms DNA Technique
Zahraa A.N. Al-Yassiry, Mohammed Abdullah Jebor
Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)
Vol.11 , Issue.3 , pp.12-17, Jun-2024
Abstract
— Mushrooms are the reproductive structures of large fungi that do not have leaves or tissues containing chlorophyll. Nevertheless, they continue to increase in size and generate fresh organic matter on an annual basis. Mushrooms provide high nutritional value and can be consumed as food, tonic, and medicinal substances. They include a high amount of crude fibre, proteins, and beneficial vitamins, while having a low content of fat and calories. They have many therapeutic benefits. The edible King Oyster mushroom (i.e. Pleurotus ostreatus) is part of the genus Pleurotus, which is regarded significant. Using various molecular techniques, genetic variation amongst several strains of wild macrofungi could be documented and expressed. This work examined the relatedness and genetic diversity of Pleurotus ostreatus from various locations. To determine the genetic diversity of P. ostreatus, a random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction marker was used. 6 of the 21 bands produced by two primers (OPL-03 and OPI-05), which indicated variability between the isolates examined, were polymorphic and ranged in size from 250 to 1 kb. The phylogenetic analysis for two primers used in this study led to classification into three clusters, the first includes PO1 and the second cluster includes PO8 and the third major cluster contained 3 classes (first class includes PO7 second class PO9 and third class contains PO3, PO4, PO2, PO5and PO6. Conclusions Genetic diversity and genetic relatedness of the examined wild P. ostreatus were revealed by RAPD. This will enhance the selection of strains for additional utilizations and documentations.Key-Words / Index Term
RAPD-PCR, dendrogram, P. ostreatusReferences
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Zahraa A.N. Al-Yassiry, Mohammed Abdullah Jebor, "Genetic Diversity of Pleurotus Ostreatus Using Random Amplification Polymorphisms DNA Technique," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.3, pp.12-17, 2024 -
Open Access Article
Ibrahim Usman Gafai, Maryam Lawal Darma
Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)
Vol.11 , Issue.3 , pp.18-24, Jun-2024
Abstract
Moringa oleifera and Moringa ovalifolia are highly valued for their nutritious seeds and are often consumed in sub-Saharan Africa. Different parts of these plants have a profile of key minerals and are high in protein, vitamins, B-carotene, and amino acids. Moringa leaves contain vitamins A, calcium, iron, C, and potassium. Moringa oleifera is well-known for its high nutritional content, which has been likened to that of Moringa ovalifolia. Moringa oleifera, also known as "Zogale" in Northern Nigeria, is one of the most widely distributed and cultivated plant species in the region. However, the prospective uses for their leaves were not adequately researched and documented. As a result, proximal examination of their leaves for possible applications is extremely important. Leaf samples were collected from Nigeria`s Katsina metropolis and analyzed for proximate components using standard analytical methods. Moringa oleifera and moringa ovalifolia leaves had percentage carbohydrate, crude fiber, and moisture contents of 56.33±0.29, 63.11±0.11, 11.23±0.16, 7.09±0.11, 10.74±0.05, and 2.11±0.11, respectively. Moringa oleifera and moringa ovalifolia leaves had crude protein, lipid, and ash levels of 9.38±0.23, 17.1±0.1, 7.76±0.21, and 1.69±0.09, 10.74±0.05, and 2.11±0.11, respectively. Moringa oleifera leaves had more crude fiber, lipid, and moisture content than moringa ovalifolia leaves, whereas moringa ovalifolia leaves had much higher protein, ash, and carbohydrate content.Key-Words / Index Term
Moringa oleifera, Moringa Ovalifolia, Proximate analysis, Moisture, Ash, Carbohydrate, Lipid, Fiber, ProteinReferences
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Ibrahim Usman Gafai, Maryam Lawal Darma, "Comparative Proximate Analysis between Two Types of Moringa (Moringa Oleifera and Moringa Ovalifolia)," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.3, pp.18-24, 2024 -
Open Access Article
Ibrahim Mohammed Ibrahim, Salisu Abubakar, Ndatsu Yakubu
Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)
Vol.11 , Issue.3 , pp.25-33, Jun-2024
Abstract
This research focus was stressed on creating Alginate-Chitosan (Alg-Cht)) loaded luteolin (LT) microparticles (MPs) able to function as carriers for the hydrophobic medications. LT is a water insoluble bioactive compound characterized by the presences of multiple unit of phenol belonging to the flavonoid family and offers a wide range of therapeutic benefits. MPs loaded with LT were created through the process of ionotropic gelation polyelectrolyte complexation using Cht, Alg, tripolyphosphate (TPP) and LT. Synthesized LT loaded Alg/Cht-MPs were evaluated for encapsulation efficiency, percentage yield, FTIRS, in vitro drug release, and antioxidant activity. Average particle size ranging from 2.1-4.0um, 4.1-6.0 and 8.1-10.0um, for Cht, Alg and Alg -Cht-MPs respectively. FTIRS analysis proved the drug interacted with the additives as they were a shift in the peaks the formulations displayed a notable impact on the encapsulation efficiency as well. (78.2, 68.8 and 87.4%) and percentage Yield (77.7, 92, and 87.4%) for Cht, Alg and Alg/Cht-MPs respectively. The results for in vitro release study revealed improved drug release as formulations (Cht, Alg, and Alg/Cht-MPs) showed a maximum drug release of 67.4, 62.4, and 78.9% respectively, while pure LT showed only 20.1% within 24hrs. The release data revealed significant variation (p < 0.005) in the release pattern. The antioxidant activity for the formulations showed greater activity compared to pure LT at 0.5mg/ml concentration, the radical scavenging effect of Cht, Alg, and Alg/Cht-MPs was 80.8, 78.6 and 89.4% respectively compared to pure LT 76.3±0.7%. From this results imply that the enhanced drug release from MPs was achieved due to the enhanced solubility of LT in the presence of the polymers. Formulation with Alginate/Chitosan microparticles could be a promising carrier for the encapsulation of the hydrophobic bioactive compound combining safety profile and enhanced drug protective activity.Key-Words / Index Term
Alginate, Chitosan, Drug Delivery, Luteolin, microencapsulation, Micropaticles, and pHReferences
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Ibrahim Mohammed Ibrahim, Salisu Abubakar, Ndatsu Yakubu, "Development and Assessment of Alginate-Chitosan Microparticles loaded with Luteolin for Hydrophobic Drug Encapsulation," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.3, pp.25-33, 2024 -
Open Access Article
Nano Biotechnology, Usage, Application and Challenges in Microbiology (Mini Review)
Ruqaya Muther Jalil Ewadh
Review Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)
Vol.11 , Issue.3 , pp.34-39, Jun-2024
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a broad scientific discipline that has permeated almost every branch of study. Nanotechnology has significant applications in various fields such as environment, agriculture, industry, and medicine. It is particularly valuable in the diagnosis and treatment of microbial illnesses caused by bacteria, fungus, and viruses. This article provides concise explanations regarding the utilization of nanotechnology in the food industry and provides a summary of the various applications of nanotechnology in the field of microbiology. The discussion revolved around the applications of nano-particles, such as their antibacterial activity, as well as the use of nano-sensors for detecting microbes. However, it is necessary to take some measures while utilizing nanotechnology applications in order to prevent any potential toxicological and adverse impacts on both human health and the environment.Key-Words / Index Term
microbiology, nanotechnology, nanoparticles, antibacterial, antibiotic, Nano biotechnologyReferences
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Ruqaya Muther Jalil Ewadh, "Nano Biotechnology, Usage, Application and Challenges in Microbiology (Mini Review)," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.3, pp.34-39, 2024 -
Open Access Article
Growth, Biomass, and Yield Responses of Agricultural Crops to Water Deficit Stress: A Review
Anandharaj B., Murugan R., Kanimozhi G., Priyanka D., Munnaji P., Arun V.P.
Review Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)
Vol.11 , Issue.3 , pp.40-45, Jun-2024
Abstract
Various environmental stresses influence crop plants, affecting their growth and development and ultimately decreasing their productivity. Drought is a particularly harmful abiotic stressor to plant growth and yield in agricultural production, which has an impact on global food security. Global climate change accompanied by drought stress gradually depletes agriculture and affects food security globally. In plants, a better understanding of the morpho-physiological and biochemical basis of changes in water stress resistance could be used to select or create new varieties of crops to obtain better productivity under water deficit conditions. Globally, millets are a major food crop that has an extensive economic influence on developing countries. By elucidating the complex interactions between crops and water stress, this review provides valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, and agricultural practitioners seeking to enhance crop resilience and mitigate the impacts of water scarcity on global food security.Key-Words / Index Term
Water deficit, drought stress, agriculture crops, growth parameter and biomassReferences
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