Abstract
Constructed wetland with horizontal subsurface flow have been used wastewater treatment in India more than 35 years. Water scarcity is likely to become more geometrical proposition in the near future due to rapid population growth, increasing per capita water consumption and geographical disparities or inequalities between centers of population growth and availability of water CWS after an effective mean of integrating wastewater treatment and resources enhancement, often at competitive cost in comparison to conventional wastewater treatments, with additional benefit of green urban landscaping and wildlife habitat. In present research work various pollutants have been removed from domestic wastewater like TS, TSS, TDS, DO, TKN, NH4+-N, COD and BOD by 78%, 80%, 76.48%, 135.41%, 69.53%, 69%, 78.64% and 69.54%. The constructed wetland system is located in upstream of wastewater nullah on MR-II road site in Mahankal Commercial Area at Ujjain city with (23°12`N latitude, 75°42`E longitude) mean sea level 515.45 m in the central part of India. Phragmites Karka the tropical emergent grass over 60 cm depth peanut size gravel bed planted. The system specially designed for domestic wastewater treatment. The treatment system covered effective surface area of 900 m2 (length 100m x width 9m), retention capacity 75m3/day. Phragmites Karka the indigenous tropical emergent grass cosmopolitan species found in north America, Mexico, Great britain, Euresia, India, Africa, Newzealand and Australia. In India species is a distributed widely in the north and indo Gangetic plain of humid area. Phragmites Karka (Reed Grass) play important role in removing pollutant when strategically planted in eco engineered system.
Key-Words / Index Term
Phragmites Karka, Gravel bed, TS, TKN, Wastewater and Filtration
References
[1]. S.K. Billore, “Certain aspects of nitrogen transformation in soil and sediments of terrestrial and aquatic habitat”. Int. J. Ecol. Environ. Sci., vol. 14, pp.199-214. 1988
[2]. H. Vyas, A study on evaluation of nitrogen in municipal sewage and its biological control. Ph.D. Thesis, Vikram University, Ujjain. 1990
[3]. P.Dass “Ecological studies in N-removal from domestic wastewater through ammonia volatilization, nitrification and denitrification in land application methods”. Ph.D. Thesis, Vikram University, Ujjain. 1996
[4]. S.K. Billore, Prashant, J.K. Sharma, Restoration and conservation of stagnant water bodies by gravel-bed treatment wetlands and artificial floating reed beds in tropical India. Proceedings of Taal 2007: The 12th world lake conference: pp 981-987. 2008
[5]. K.R. Reddy and Gale, “Wetland processes and water quality”: A symposium overview J. Environ. Qual. 23 pp : 875-877, 1994
[6]. A. Wood, “Constructed wetlands in water pollution control: Fundamentals to their understanding”. Water Sci. Technol., vol.32: 21–9, 1995
[7]. R.H. Kadlec, and R.L. Knight, “Treatment Wetlands, CRC Press, Lewis Publishers”, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 1996
[8]. S.C. Reed, R.W. Crites, and E.J. Middlebrooks, “Natural systems for waste management and treatment. Civil Engg., 64-67, 1995
[9]. J. Vymazal, “Plants used in constructed wetlands with horizontal subsurface flow”: a review. Hydrobiologia. doi: 10.1007/s10750-011-0738-9, 2011
[10]. S.K. Billore, N. Singh, J.K. Sharma, R.M. Nelson, P. Dass, “Horizontal subsurface flow gravel bed constructed wetland with Phragmites karka in Central India”. Wat. Sci. Tech. 40, pp.163-171, 1999
[11]. E.S. Schussler, and D.J. Longstreth, Aerenchyma develops by cell lysis in roots and cell separation leaf petiole in sagittaria latifolia.(Alismataceae). AM.J.Bot. 83, 1266-1273,1996.
[12]. K. R. Reddy, W. H. Patrick, C. W. Lindau, “Nitrification- denitrification at the plant root- sediment interface in wetlands”. Limnol. Oceanogr., 34, 1004- 13, 1989
[13]. P.F. Cooper, G.D. Job, M.B. Green, and R.B.E. Shuter, “Reed beds and constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment” W.R.C. Swedon, UK, 1996
[14]. S.K. Billore, H. Ram, N. Singh, R. Thomas, R.M. Nelson, and B. Pare “Treatment performance evaluation of surfactant removal from domestic wastewater in a tropical horizontal subsurface constructed wetland”. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 16-19 Sept, 2002
[15]. J. De Jong, “The purification of wastewater with the aid of rush or reed ponds. In: Biological Control of Water Pollution” (Eds. Tourbien, J. and Pierson, R.), Philadelphia, Pennysylvania University Press, pp.133-139, 1976
[16]. J.T.A. Verhoeven , J. Van der Toorn, “Marsh Eutrophication and wastewater treatment. In wetland and Shallow continental water bodies” . Pattern , B. C. et al., Eds. SPB Academic Publishing by:The Hague. 1, pp571-585, 1990
[17]. W.C. Howard “Cycling and retention of nitrogen and phosphorus in wetlands”. A theoretical and applied perspective. Freshwater Biol, 15, pp.391-431, 1985
[18]. W. J. Mitsch, and J. G. Gosselink, “Wetlands (3rd ed.)”. New York: Wiley, 2000
[19]. G.J. Both , s Gerards,.& H.J. .Laanbroek, The occurrence of Chemolitho-autotrophic nitrifiers in water saturated grassland soils. Microbiol.Ecol.23, pp.15-26 , 1992.
[20]. K.K. Moorehead and K.R. Reedy Oxygen transport through selected aquatic macrophytes. J.Environ. Qual.17, pp.138-142, 1988.
