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• Open Access   Article

  Anti-Bacterial and Anti-Fungal Activities of Citrus sinensis Leaves Extracts

  Nasiru Mohammed, Yusuf Muhammad Sanyinna, Ridwan Nuhu Ahmed

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.6 , pp.1-8, Dec-2021

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  Abstract
  The biological activities and medicinal benefits of different plants have been long known. Therefore, humans have ever since researched, tried and utilised them for their betterment. In the present study, an effort was made to perceive the existence of microbial infections alongside with herbal remedy of these infections. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities of Citrus sinensis leaves extracts. In vitro anti-bacterial and anti-fungal potentials of Citrus sinensis leaves extracts were investigated. Four different solvents i.e. ethanol, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether and water were used for extract preparation from the plant leaves. The anti-microbial activity potency of leaves extracts was evaluated by Standard Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Method against reference strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus. Four different concentrations (2000 µg, 1000 µg, 500 µg and 200 µg) of each extract were investigated against the test organisms. Significant anti-bacterial activity was displayed by ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922). No activity was displayed by petroleum and aqueous extracts at all concentrations. A significant anti-bacterial activity was displayed against Salmonella typhi (ATCC 14028). No activity was displayed by ethyl acetate extract except at 1000 µg. There was no activity displayed by all the extracts against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228) at all concentrations. Ethanol extract displayed an exceptional anti-fungal activity against Aspergillus niger (ATCC 16404) and Aspergillus fumigatus (ATCC 16404). No activity was displayed by aqueous extract at all concentrations. This study justifies the claimed uses of Citrus sinensis leaves extracts in the Pakistan’s traditional system of medicine to treat various diseases. The results of this study show the extracts to possess significant antibacterial and antifungal activities to leaves extracts of Citrus sinensis, and are considered appropriate for empirical treatment of various diseases in the study area. It is therefore, recommended that further studies of these extracts should be carried out by agar well dilution and other methods prepared in different solvents and evaluated again through in-depth analysis by fractionation, structure elucidation and docking studies.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Anti-Bacterial, Anti-Fungal, Activities, Citrus sinensis, Extracts

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  Citation
  Nasiru Mohammed, Yusuf Muhammad Sanyinna, Ridwan Nuhu Ahmed, "Anti-Bacterial and Anti-Fungal Activities of Citrus sinensis Leaves Extracts," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.6, pp.1-8, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Genotoxic impacts of long term exposure of Arsenic and Fluoride to Cat Fish, Clarias batrachus

  Purva Mishra, Aditi Niyogi Poddar

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.6 , pp.9-15, Dec-2021

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  Abstract
  Arsenic and Fluoride are very common ground water pollutants, contributed by natural and anthropogenic sources leading to serious health effects in both terrestrial and aquatic organisms. The current research was carried out to identify the relationship between arsenic and fluoride, using Clarias batrachus (common cat fish) as an experimental model. The study includes seven groups (Group I to VII), one control (Group I) and other six (Group II, III, IV, V, VI, VII) exposed to different concentration of arsenic and fluoride individually and in combination. Long term exposure of 60 days was carried out for each group, with no toxicant added in Group I. Blood samples were collected from each experimental group on 60th day and COMET assay was performed to check genotoxicity. Parameters like Head DNA percentage, tail DNA Percentage, comet length, tail moment were calculated from comet images. Results revealed maximum DNA damage in group V, which was exposed to arsenic alone, concluding arsenic being more toxic than fluoride. Also, antagonistic relationship was established between arsenic and fluoride.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Arsenic, Fluoride, Clarias batrachus, Genotoxicity

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  Citation
  Purva Mishra, Aditi Niyogi Poddar, "Genotoxic impacts of long term exposure of Arsenic and Fluoride to Cat Fish, Clarias batrachus," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.6, pp.9-15, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Associated Risk Factors among Schoolchildren at Dhamar City, Yemen

  Fawaz Al-Badaii, Khawlah Bajah, Sondos Ahmed, Hanady Al-Ameri, Hisham Shumaila, Ziyad Abbas, Fuad Ahmed Ali Saad

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.6 , pp.16-22, Dec-2021

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  Abstract
  Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the most common chronic infections and a global public health problem, affecting over 50% of the population worldwide. Childhood is the age in which most H. pylori infections tend to be acquired particularly in developing nations. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among Schoolchildren as well as to evaluate the correlation between risk factors including age, sex, education, symptoms and nutrition with the infection rate. H. pylori-antigen and H. pylori- antibody tests were used to detect the infection by H. pylori. Total 120 blood-serum samples and 120 fecal samples were collected randomly from schoolchildren comprising eleven schools at Dhamar city. Study was carried out from November 2019 to March 2020. The results revealed that the rate of infection was 75.8% of H. pylori Antigen and 74.2% of H. pylori Antibody. The highest rate of infection by H. pylori-Ag was recorded in Oqbah, Hafsah and Yemen Modern Schools, whereas H. pylori-Ab recorded the highest rate in Oqbah, Al-jawdah and Al-motafawgeen Schools. According to the gender, the rate of infection among female students was higher compared to the male students. Moreover, the highest infection of H. pylori was in students aged between six to eight. In addition, the elementary school showed high infections in correlation with education. Finally, the current study showed a significant relationship between H. pylori infection with the pathological symptoms and type of nutrition.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Prevalence; Risk factors; Helicobacter pylori; Infection; School students

  References
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  Citation
  Fawaz Al-Badaii, Khawlah Bajah, Sondos Ahmed, Hanady Al-Ameri, Hisham Shumaila, Ziyad Abbas, Fuad Ahmed Ali Saad, "Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Associated Risk Factors among Schoolchildren at Dhamar City, Yemen," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.6, pp.16-22, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  The Assessment of Bacterial and Protozoan Contamination of Local Soup Condiment (Daddawan Batso) Sold in Sakaba Local Government Area, Kebbi State, North-Western Nigeria

  Daniel Dan-Inna Attah, Yusuf Muhammad Sanyinna, Regina Doro Jabaka

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.6 , pp.23-29, Dec-2021

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  Abstract
  Daddawan Batso is a condiment produced by a traditional uncontrolled alkaline fermentation of the seeds of Hibiscus sabdariffa. They are abundantly produced in Nigeria especially in the North-West. The study was carried out to assess the bacterial and protozoan contamination of local local soup condiment (Daddawan Batso) sold in Sakaba Local Government Area, Kebbi State, North-Western, Nigeria. Samples were purchased and collected at random from the markets of Laraba, Makuku, Janbirni, Dankolo, Doka and Dirin-Daji towns. Clean hand gloves were used aseptically and sterilized polythene bags were labelled correctly according to the markets. The samples were then transported to the Laboratory for analysis. About 0.1 ml of the samples was inoculated on the nutrient media and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Gram staining technique was also employed and the samples observed under microscope using ×100 objective lenses. For the identification of protozoa, 1 g of the sample was soaked in 9 mls of distilled water for 7 - 10 minutes, centrifuged and observed using ×10 and ×40 objective lenses. The bacteria present were counted in colony forming unit per gram per sample. A total of six bacterial genera were isolated (Proteus sp., Escherichia sp., Klebsiella sp., Micrococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp. and Bacillus sp.). Further characterization revealed the organisms to be Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Micrococcus roseus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis respectively. Again, the morphological features of the isolates revealed that some are gram +ve (Micrococcus roseus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus spp.) while others are gram –ve (Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella aerogenes). A total of eight protozoa was isolated and all were Entamoeba spp. The overall prevalence of the protozoa was 44.4%. Bacillus spp. and Entamoeba spp. were observed to be the key spoilage organisms of the condiments. Sellers should ensure that they do not expose the fermented foods during display for sale.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Assessment, Microbes, Contamination, Local Soup Condiment, Sakaba Local Government Area.

  References
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  Citation
  Daniel Dan-Inna Attah, Yusuf Muhammad Sanyinna, Regina Doro Jabaka, "The Assessment of Bacterial and Protozoan Contamination of Local Soup Condiment (Daddawan Batso) Sold in Sakaba Local Government Area, Kebbi State, North-Western Nigeria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.6, pp.23-29, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Mosquitoes and their perceived nuisance in Tripoli

  Hanan Aqeehal, Walid Saadawi, Hanaa Qashsh, Manal Alshibani, Ahmed Elgrari

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.6 , pp.30-33, Dec-2021

  Abstract

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  Abstract
  Despite the high numbers of mosquitoes observed in some areas, little is known about the biting nuisance of mosquitoes in Libya. Tripoli municipality is a place notorious for nuisance mosquitoes perceived in year 2015, The objective was to assess the impact of mosquito nuisance on the residents of Tripoli municipality and to show results of mosquitoes collected during the nuisance outbreak. Two hundred people were randomly selected and asked if they had been bitten by mosquitos. If they said yes, they were asked to explain where and when they were attacked by mosquitos, as well as what precautions they took to avoid mosquito bites. The questionnaire was filled out by 160 participates. 65% of those reported being bitten by mosquitoes, with most bites occurring outdoors during the summer. Thirty-nine percent said most of the biting happened in the evenings and at night. 43 (27%) took protective measures against being bitten. Of those respondents who protected themselves against biting using repellents (44%), with the remainder changing their behavior to avoid mosquitoes, including closing or screening windows and windows or doors screen with (35%), (2%) respectively, wearing thicker clothes (4%) and spraying insecticide (21%).one person stayed inside (2.3%). Mosquitoes are a major issue for a large section of Tripoli`s population, according to this study. Given the growing worry about the threat posed by potential and emerging viruses in Libya, health officials need to make major efforts to alert the public about the threats posed by mosquitoes in areas where they are common.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Mosquito, nuisance, bite, Protective measures, Libya

  References
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  Citation
  Hanan Aqeehal, Walid Saadawi, Hanaa Qashsh, Manal Alshibani, Ahmed Elgrari, "Mosquitoes and their perceived nuisance in Tripoli," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.6, pp.30-33, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Accumulation of Sulphate and Nitrate in IMLI ( Tamarindus indica L.) Tree Bark as Indicator of Atmospheric Pollution at Indore (M.P.) India

  Priya Trivedi

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.6 , pp.34-37, Dec-2021

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  Abstract
  Bio-monitoring of air quality in Indore city was investigated by analyzing the accumulation of sulphate and nitrate in the bark of Tamarindus indica L. by measuring their concentration using a double beam spectrophotometer. The samples were taken from different polluted areas (mixed (MPA), vehicular (VPA), industrial (IPA), and control sites (LPA)) in different seasons. The results of the present study show sulphate and nitrate accumulation more in the rainy season at all pollution areas while maximum sulphate accumulation was found at IPA i.e. 36.9 mg kg -1 whereas it was 27.3 mg kg -1 at MPA for nitrate in the rainy season. The minimum sulphate was 16 mg kg -1 at VPA in the summer season while it was 14.8 mg kg -1 for nitrate at MPA in the winter season. A maximum % increase for sulphate was found at IPA in the summer season i.e. 88.03 % while it was 67.48 % in the rainy season at MPA for nitrate respectively. The research also confirms the suitability of the Tamarindus indica tree as a suitable bio-indicator and will help to reduce the gaseous as well as particulate pollution in the city.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Tamarindus indica L., Sulphate and Nitrate accumulation

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  Citation
  Priya Trivedi, "Accumulation of Sulphate and Nitrate in IMLI ( Tamarindus indica L.) Tree Bark as Indicator of Atmospheric Pollution at Indore (M.P.) India," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.6, pp.34-37, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Vitamin C and Nonylphenol Alters Some Apoptotic Gene Expression Levels In Rats

  Fahriye Zemheri-Navruz, Metin Erdogan, Cevdet Uguz

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.6 , pp.38-44, Dec-2021

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEs) are ubiquitous enviromental pollutants and have been shown to mimic 17?-estradiol. Nonylphenol (NP) is a biodegradation product of APEs. NP is the most abundant in the environment and the most resistant against biodegration among other APEs dervivatives. In this study, against the effects of apoptosis induced by NP, potential preventive effects of vitamin C for gene expression levels was investigated in Rattus norvegius’s. NP was administered in the amounts of 0.1, 10, 1000 µg/ml alone and in combination with 100 µg/ml vitamin C to the 5 male and 5 female Rattus norvegius. To determine the level of changes in the gene expression levels in brain and liver tissues at real-time PCR. Results indicated that NP caused a significant increase in the expression caspase-3 and bcl-XL gene while it caused a significant decrease in the expression of bcl-2 and p53 genes in a dose dependent manner. In conclusion, while NP induced the expression of apoptotic gene, it inhibited anti-apoptotic genes and vitamin C had been shown to accelarate the NP-induced effects in both cases.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Nonylphenol, vitamin C, gene expression, rat, brain and liver

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  Citation
  Fahriye Zemheri-Navruz, Metin Erdogan, Cevdet Uguz, "Vitamin C and Nonylphenol Alters Some Apoptotic Gene Expression Levels In Rats," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.6, pp.38-44, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Taxonomic study of Tanypodinae (Chironomidae: Diptera) larvae in Balloran River – Lattakia – Syria

  Eva Rajab

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.6 , pp.45-47, Dec-2021

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Tanypodinae larvae samples were collected monthly from one fixed site in Balloran river (Lattakia, Syria) for a year, during the period from December 2017 till October 2018. Slides were prepared and morphological characteristics of last-instar larvae (matured) were used to determine the classification of species. As a result, Two species namely (Ablabesmya malloshi; Procladius bellus) were reported in the station.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Tanypodinae–fauna–freshwater–Chironomidae–Syria

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  Citation
  Eva Rajab, "Taxonomic study of Tanypodinae (Chironomidae: Diptera) larvae in Balloran River – Lattakia – Syria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.6, pp.45-47, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Effect of different application rates of pesticides to groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Soils of Ananatapuramu District

  Ramanamma P., Swetha K., Rangaswamy V.

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.6 , pp.48-50, Dec-2021

  Abstract

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  Abstract
  This study was undertaken to determine the effect of pesticides, on Amylase activity in two groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) soils. The effect of the pesticides were assessed over a period of 10, 20, 30 and 40 days for Amylase activity. Soil samples (red sandy loam and black clay soils) collected from groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivated fields of Ananatapuramu District of Andhra Pradesh, India were treated with pesticides at different concentrations i.e. 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm, which are equivalent to field application rates (1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 kg ha-1) in the laboratory. The activity of Amylase was significantly more treated with pesticides at levels of 2.5 kg ha-1 in black and red soils respectively at 24 and 72hrs. But at higher concentrations of 7.5 and 10.0 kg ha-1 respectively, pesticides were toxic to amylase activity. The activity of amylase was drastically decreased with increasing period of incubation up to 40 days.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Pesticides, Amylase enzyme, Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) soils

  References
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  Citation
  Ramanamma P., Swetha K., Rangaswamy V., "Effect of different application rates of pesticides to groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Soils of Ananatapuramu District," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.6, pp.48-50, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  An Assessment of Decapod Crustaceans (Crabs and Shrimps) in Freshwater Riverine Systems across Watersheds of South-Central Guyana

  Chetwynd Osborne

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.6 , pp.51-56, Dec-2021

  Abstract

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  Citation

  Abstract
  Areas across South-Central Guyana are very diverse and have the potential to sustain freshwater groups of vertebrates and invertebrates even though these areas are prone to major gold mining activities which have major impacts on the biodiversity both on land and in water. Some of the areas surveyed comprised of water bodies that were fully mined out and groups such as fishes, amphibians, insects, mollusks and crustaceans were the most representative animals. The knowledge of freshwater shrimps and crabs from Guyana is poor; hence the importance of this survey to identify the physicochemical parameters that serve as the best predictors of the density of crab and shrimps and examine the diversity trends using taxa abundance of crabs and shrimps. Water temperature (?) and dissolved oxygen (mg/l) seemed to be the best physicochemical parameters as it relates to predicting crustacean density and distribution across sites. River locality sites seem to have a stronger effect on crustacean community structure as compared to other surveyed localities (creek and waterfall), possibly indicating more suitable conditions within these sites. The number of five species of shrimps and four species of crabs was normal if we consider the range of area sampled.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Crab, Shrimp, Freshwater, Watershed, Biodiversity

  References
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  Citation
  Chetwynd Osborne, "An Assessment of Decapod Crustaceans (Crabs and Shrimps) in Freshwater Riverine Systems across Watersheds of South-Central Guyana," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.6, pp.51-56, 2021