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• Open Access   Article

  Definition of mtDNA Markers for Studies in Pampas Deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) based On Fecal Samples

  Shamira de Fátima Sallum Leandro, Elias Alberto Gutierrez Carnelossi, Pedro Henrique de Faria Peres, Rullian César Ribeiro, José Maurício Barbanti Duarte

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.9 , Issue.5 , pp.1-8, Oct-2022

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  Abstract
  Pampas deer, Ozotoceros bezoarticus (Linnaeus, 1758), is found within a wide geographic distribution in Latin America with five subspecies recognized (O. b. bezoarticus, O. b. celer, O. b. uruguayensis, O. b. arerunguaensis and O. b. leucogaster). The limited access to biological material and the lack of genetic structure information, however, hinder the conservation strategies for the species and the management of free-living populations. Therefore, we selected informative regions and developed primers for amplification of small sequences of mitochondrial DNA (Cytochrome-b, Dloop, ND5 and COI) to provide tools for studies using non-invasive genetic sampling. We evaluated the polymorphisms and phylogenetic signal of each region and successfully amplified it in fecal DNA samples of pampas deer from Pantanal. As results we described a set of primers that allow amplified DNA present in any fecal material to be applied in different approaches of conservation genetics. The methodological approach described here will favor genetic analyses of wild populations and highlights the relevance of non-invasive sampling to assist the decision-making and conservation strategies for this species.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Odocoileini, fecal DNA, non-invasive genetic sampling, minibarcoding, conservation

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  Citation
  Shamira de Fátima Sallum Leandro, Elias Alberto Gutierrez Carnelossi, Pedro Henrique de Faria Peres, Rullian César Ribeiro, José Maurício Barbanti Duarte, "Definition of mtDNA Markers for Studies in Pampas Deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) based On Fecal Samples," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.5, pp.1-8, 2022

• Open Access   Article

  Giant Oocyte with Two Polar Bodies: Case Report of Self Patient

  Jayaram C., Nyma Sultana, Jayesh Amin, Paresh Makwana, Mohammad Sehba Kousar, Bharvi Patel

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  Vol.9 , Issue.5 , pp.9-12, Oct-2022

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  Here we report a case of the giant oocyte with two polar bodies, with the immense of ART technology, formally giant oocytes are a very rare phenomenon among humans and embryos may develop from oocytes. (1,2), and Giant oocytes are defined to have a 35% larger diameter and twice the volume of the normal oocyte. Fertilization and progression of a giant oocyte are suspected to be the cause of triploidy, which is defined as triploidy with two maternal and one paternal complement. The hypothesis for the mechanism of their formation is a cytoplasmic fusion of two oogonia and the second one is the lack of cytokinesis during mitotic divisions in an oogonium. In this case report, we present one Giant oocyte with two distinct polar bodies. Giant oocytes can develop into embryos that are morphologically normal, but genetically abnormal, embryologist should aware of this phenomenon. For this reason, the scientific aim of this report is to present make awareness among practicing embryologists.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Giant oocyte, meiotic spindle, polar bodies.

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  Citation
  Jayaram C., Nyma Sultana, Jayesh Amin, Paresh Makwana, Mohammad Sehba Kousar, Bharvi Patel, "Giant Oocyte with Two Polar Bodies: Case Report of Self Patient," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.5, pp.9-12, 2022

• Open Access   Article

  Comparative Study of Physicochemical and Microbiological Parameters of Water from Rawal Dam and its Silt Control Tank

  Saima Akber, Aleena Nazir, Shoukat Ali Shah, Aktar Mst Shamima, Amina Hadayat, Rabab Abd Elhakim

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  Vol.9 , Issue.5 , pp.13-24, Oct-2022

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  Abstract
  Water plays a vital role on this planet it is a very important factor in the living of almost every species. Water resource has been depleted, exploit, and polluted day by day due to exposure to different hazardous contaminants and misuse of water. Urbanization and increase in population increase the risk of deterioration of water quality of water resources. This study was conducted on physicochemical and microbiological analysis to determine the water quality of Rawal dam, its tributaries, and their comparison with the water quality of the silt control tank of Rawal dam which is the WASA filtration tank. The main objectives of this research water are to access the water quality parameters which are consumed by the public and to find out whether these parameters are complying with the standards given or not. Water samples were collected from the main Rawal dam, and from its tributaries that are entering the dam. All five water samples were analyzed separately to get the results and were compared with water quality standards prescribed by World Health Organization (WHO) and Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency. The samples were collected in sterilized plastic bottles during October and November 2019. Physicochemical and Biological parameters (pH, Temperature, Turbidity, ORP, EC, Salts, Total Hardness, Total alkalinity, Carbonates, Chlorides, Calcium, Magnesium, Total and Fecal coliform) were analyzed at the Chemistry Lab of Bahria University Islamabad campus. Despite, most of the parameters from upstream to the main dam exceeding the standards, most of the parameters of Dam samples and all parameters of WASA water samples were within the permissible limits given by WHO and the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency. Microbiological analysis showed that the water samples contain high microbial counts of different pathogens like Salmonella, Shigella, and Total Coliforms in the Dam and its tributaries as compared to the WASA filtration plant (silt control tank). It is recommended to the regulatory authorities to analyze, inspect and monitor the drinking water quality regularly and it needs immediate attention of governmental bodies and public participation.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  TDS, Water Treatment, EC, pH, Rawal Dam

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  [12]. N. Tahir, M. Ayaz, M. Shareef, B. Ayesha, S. Ali, S. Ahmed, N. Ahmed, Saifurehman, “Determination of water quality of Rawal dam, Islamabad”, Academic Journal of Agriculture Research. Vol.4, Issue.3, pp. 113-117, 2016.
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  Citation
  Saima Akber, Aleena Nazir, Shoukat Ali Shah, Aktar Mst Shamima, Amina Hadayat, Rabab Abd Elhakim, "Comparative Study of Physicochemical and Microbiological Parameters of Water from Rawal Dam and its Silt Control Tank," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.5, pp.13-24, 2022

• Open Access   Article

  The Effect of Secondhand and Thirdhand E-cigarette Vapor on the Geotaxis and Olfaction of Larval and Adult Drosophila melanogaster

  Srilekha Mamidala

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.9 , Issue.5 , pp.25-29, Oct-2022

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  Abstract
  Rapidly increasing in popularity, e-cigarettes have proved to be detrimental to human health. Appealing most to youth aged 12-17, e-cigarettes have been the cause of thousands of cases of lung-related illnesses around the world. Adequately addressing this situation requires a complete understanding of the effects of e-cigarettes. This study examines how secondhand and thirdhand exposure to e-cigarette vapor affects youth and adult populations via the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. This experimental study analyzed groups of 6-10 flies that were exposed to e-cigarette vapor once a day for 8 consecutive days. The experiment analyzed the activity and behavior of the flies and showed that both secondhand and thirdhand exposure to e-cig vapor affects both youth and adult populations negatively through the assessments of geotaxis and olfactory perception. Data from the flies exposed to secondhand and thirdhand vapor were compared to data from flies not exposed to vapor. The flies exhibited both a lower average climb height and reduced ability to smell fruit placed in the environment. Additionally, it was observed that youth were affected more severely than adults, and that thirdhand exposure was almost as harmful as secondhand exposure. The different types of exposure presented to populations in different stages of life prove to have a visible effect on the perceptionary strength of the flies, which may translate to effects experienced by humans undergoing the same types of exposure.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  E-cigarette, vape, olfaction, geotaxis, perception

  References
  [1] Cullen KA, Ambrose BK, Gentzke AS, Apelberg BJ, Jamal A, King BA. Notes from the Field: Increase in use of electronic cigarettes and any tobacco product among middle and high school students – United States, 2011-2018. MMWR Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report 2018; Vol. 67, No. 45, pp.1276-1277, 2018.
  [2] Office of the Surgeon General. E-cigarette Use among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General Cdc Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2016.
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  [8] Hang B, Sarker AH, Havel C, et al. Thirdhand smoke causes DNA damage in human cells. Mutagenesis. 2013; Vol. 28, Issue. 4, pp. 381-91.
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  [11] Wagoner KG, Reboussin DM, King JL, Orlan E, Cornacchione Ross J, Sutfin EL. Who Is Exposed to E-Cigarette Advertising and Where? Differences between Adolescents, Young Adults and Older Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Vol. 16, No. 14, pp. 25-33, 2019.
  [12] Michael Siegel, Amanda Katchmar, Effect of flavored E-cigarette bans in the United States: What does the evidence show?, Preventive Medicine, 107063, ISSN 0091-7435, 2022.
  [13] Hi Linderman JA, Chambers MC, Gupta AS, Schneider DS (2012) Infection-Related Declines in Chill Coma Recovery and Negative Geotaxis in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS ONE Vol. 7 Issue. 9, e41907
  [14] Vosshall, Leslie B, Olfaction in Drosophila, Current Opinion in Neurobiology, Volume 10, Issue 4, pp.498-503, 2000. ISSN 0959-4388.
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  Citation
  Srilekha Mamidala, "The Effect of Secondhand and Thirdhand E-cigarette Vapor on the Geotaxis and Olfaction of Larval and Adult Drosophila melanogaster," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.5, pp.25-29, 2022

• Open Access   Article

  Assessment of Meiofaunal Community Structure in Heavy Metal Containing Sediment of Tapi River, India

  Khushboo Patel, Kapila Manoj

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.9 , Issue.5 , pp.30-39, Oct-2022

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  Abstract
  Meiofauna is a vital constituent of freshwater systems because it helps in the biomineralization of organic matter, increases nutrient restoration, works as food intended for higher trophic levels, and shows high sensitivity to environmental changes. The study was undertaken to understand the meiofaunal community composition concerning heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cd) in sediment at different sites of the Tapi River. During the study total of 44 species of 6 groups of the meiofaunal community were identified i.e., Copepoda, cladocerans, rotifers, nematodes, Oligochaeta, and Ostracoda. Among these groups, nematodes were most abundant in both seasons and Ostracoda was reported least dominant at all the sites. According to heavy metal concentration meiofaunal community composition also differed.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Meiofauna, heavy metals, seasonal variation, sediment, Tapi River

  References
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  Citation
  Khushboo Patel, Kapila Manoj, "Assessment of Meiofaunal Community Structure in Heavy Metal Containing Sediment of Tapi River, India," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.5, pp.30-39, 2022

• Open Access   Article

  Factors Affecting Conduct of Practical Activities in Science Subjects in Some Selected Secondary Schools in Tarauni Local Government Area, Kano State

  A.S. Ado, S.A. Hussain, M. Muzammil, F.S. Gwarzo

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.9 , Issue.5 , pp.40-45, Oct-2022

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  Abstract
  Developing scientifically literate individuals who are highly competent in logical thought and action is the main objective of science education. The objectives of science education in Nigeria include preparing students to observe and explore their surroundings, to explain basic natural phenomena, to develop scientific attitudes like curiosity, critical reflection, and objectivity, to use their scientific knowledge and skills to solve environmental problems on a daily basis, and to build their self-confidence and independence through problem-solving activities in science. Numerous studies have proved that science students struggle to understand the subject, and these learning challenges have branded some areas as challenging. In the study, 291 students from 10 secondary schools in the Tarauni local government area of Kano state were purposefully selected. The study identified factors related to teachers, laboratory-related factors, and learners` perceptions of factors influencing the conduct of practical activities using a descriptive survey research design. Data from the respondents was gathered using instrument titled Factors Affecting Conduct of Practical in Science Questionnaire (FACPSQ). Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) were used to analyse the data obtained. The findings indicated that teacher-related factors that affect how science practical are conducted include lack of management motivation and awareness, full-time occupancy of science teachers, low commitment from teachers to practical classes, teacher absenteeism, teachers` lack of knowledge about practical work and low qualifications for science teachers and laboratory attendants. Findings showed that inadequate laboratory equipment, inadequate time assigned for practical activities, a lack of practical textbooks, an incompetent lab assistant, and inefficient instrument maintenance were laboratory-related factors that significantly impacted practical activities in science. The result also demonstrated those students` perceptions that affected scientific practical included: more students than equipment; a hazardous laboratory atmosphere; and a lab assistant who lacked motivation. Based on the findings, teachers-related factors, laboratory-related factors, and students` attitudes toward laboratory activities all have an impact on how science practical activities are carried out. The study suggested that, in order to ensure that practical work is carried out effectively, practical time should be allotted on the school schedule, and regular classroom monitoring should be carried out. There should be enough basic necessities on hand. Additionally, science teachers must carefully plan adaptive teaching methods for their students that will stimulate their interest in learning science and help them apply what they have learned to meet societal requirements.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  laboratory, learning, performance, practical, science, teaching

  References
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  Citation
  A.S. Ado, S.A. Hussain, M. Muzammil, F.S. Gwarzo, "Factors Affecting Conduct of Practical Activities in Science Subjects in Some Selected Secondary Schools in Tarauni Local Government Area, Kano State," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.5, pp.40-45, 2022

• Open Access   Article

  Microbiological and Physico-Chemical Analysis in Potable Water from Different Sources via Elite Regions of Meghalaya, India

  Sumi Nongrum, Wadamika Lyngdoh

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.9 , Issue.5 , pp.46-51, Oct-2022

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  Abstract
  Introduction: Quality of drinking water is one of the major concern in the Globe. Drinking water should be free from pathogens and within limit of physico chemical parameters such as pH, chloride, alkalinity etc., for preventing diseases and improving quality of life. Objectives: Assessment of water quality on the basis of microbiological and physico-chemical properties from different sources of water from selected regions of Meghalaya i.e., from stream, spring, groundwater, well water, PHE UV treated water and drill water(raw). Study Design: This study was conducted on six different samples from stream, spring, groundwater, well water, PHE UV treated water and drill water(raw) respectively at State Food testing laboratory, Meghalaya which is accredited by National Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL- A constituent board of Quality Council of India). Methods: Microbiological methods include IS 15185:2002 for detection of E.coli, IS 5402:2012 method for detection of Standard Plate Count and IS 5403:1999 for detection of Yeast and mould and basic physicochemical methods from FSSAI manual for detection of pH, Total hardness, total alkalinity, Calcium magnesium, chloride and samples appearance. Results: In this study; it was observe that PHE UV treated water depicts absence of bacterial & fungal growth, also passes physio-chemical parameters as per IS:10500. Conclusion: On microbiological & physicochemical analysis, it was found that PHE UV treated water is the only source of water fit for consumption.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Escherichia.coli,Coliforms;Waterborne;bacteria,Yeast&Mould,Physicochemical parameters, water quality, Public Health Engineering-PHE water supply.

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  [18]. Kumari dm. Studies on physicochemical parameters to assess the ground water quality for drinking purpose in ballia district. International Journal of Advanced Research in Multidisciplinary Sciences eISSN 2581-8996. Vol. 15,issue.2,pp.33-8, 2019.

  Citation
  Sumi Nongrum, Wadamika Lyngdoh, "Microbiological and Physico-Chemical Analysis in Potable Water from Different Sources via Elite Regions of Meghalaya, India," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.5, pp.46-51, 2022

• Open Access   Article

  Solanum Xanthocarpum-A Critical Approach to the Lesser Known Aspects of the Herb

  Abhishek Konar, Reshmi Chatterjee

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.9 , Issue.5 , pp.52-56, Oct-2022

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  Abstract
  Plant plays important role of medicinal source and food source for animal. The value of plants as a food and medicine has been studied in different parts of the world. About 80% of people on the planet still rely on and use Ayurveda today. Ayurvedic medicinal plants have great value in this aspect. Solanum xanthocarpum (SX) is widespread herbaceous weed distributed throughout India. SX is in danger of extinction and its supply is limited. Phytochemical production and biosynthesis can be stimulated using plant in vitro culture and elicitation. This Plant biodiversity is the large source of medicine, food. In Ayurvedic pharmaceutical Solanum xanthocarpum is an important herb for medicinal source. The Solanum xanthocarpum plant is a source of many phytochemical compounds that are useful against human pathogens, according to a number of analytical reports. Its plant parts have, antidiabetic, anti-oxidant, antifungal, anti-abiotic, antibacterial, anti-hypertensive, antiemetic, hypolipidemic, antivenom, anticancer. Fruits with a reddish-brown color are utilized for food.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Traditional Medicinal Plants, West Bengal, Tribal Community, Ethnobotany, SX, Solanum xanthocarpum.

  References
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  Citation
  Abhishek Konar, Reshmi Chatterjee, "Solanum Xanthocarpum-A Critical Approach to the Lesser Known Aspects of the Herb," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.5, pp.52-56, 2022

• Open Access   Article

  Cyanobacteria as a Natural Biotechnological Tool for Bio-Reclamation of “Usar” Soils

  Vivek Kumar Yadav, D.V. Singh

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.9 , Issue.5 , pp.57-61, Oct-2022

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  Abstract
  Soil salinity is only of the best international challenging situations ‘Usar’ (Saline/Alkaline) soils. ‘Usar’ soil is widespread in eastern Utter Pradesh India and is either saline or alkaline. Such soils are unproductive, impermeable, hard, barren, and compact. ‘Usar’ soils restrict plant increase through bad water infiltration, enhanced mechanical resistance to root growth, water logging, and bad water availability with inside the soil profile. The experimentally studied soil sample has high pH, EC, Organic compound, high exchangeable Na+, and low Ca2+. The low amount of EC and Calcium in ‘Usar’ soil cannot support the conventional growth of plant species. Blue-green algae act pretty much as good plant food and will be used for reclamations of such soils. Heterocystous filamentous forms increase the N content of soil and area unit capable of solubilizing microorganism nutrients. The adhesive sheath of blue-green algae absorbs water and retains it. Comparatively, more growth of isolated cyanobacteria (Nostoc linckia Roth) in ‘Usar’ soils solution than in Allen-Arnon nutrient medium showed that the strain is alkalophilic and salt tolerant. The inhibition of sodium ion influx appears to be a major mechanism for the survival of cyanobacteria against salt stress and synthesis of salt-stress proteins have been found in cyanobacteria. Therefore, farmers will use blue-green algae to create their agricultural land and ‘Usar’ land nitrogen-rich and fertile economically and naturally.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Cyanobacteria, “Usar” soil, Reclamation, Heterocystous and Salinity.

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  Citation
  Vivek Kumar Yadav, D.V. Singh, "Cyanobacteria as a Natural Biotechnological Tool for Bio-Reclamation of “Usar” Soils," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.5, pp.57-61, 2022