Conspectus of Aquatic Macrophytic Flora of Jammu & Kashmir State, India

Ayaz Bashir Shah¹ , Zafar A Reshi² , Manzoor A Shah³

Section:Research Paper, Product Type: Isroset-Journal
Vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp.167-176, Feb-2019

CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6i1.167176

Online published on Feb 28, 2019

Copyright © Ayaz Bashir Shah, Zafar A Reshi , Manzoor A Shah . This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
 

View this paper at   Google Scholar | DPI Digital Library

XML View     PDF Download

How to Cite this Paper

1216 Views    367 Downloads    129 Downloads

Abstract :
Keeping in view importance of macrophytic in aquatic ecosystems, we focused on the diversity of macrophytes in Jammu and Kashmir State, the part western Himalaya. A total of 234 macrophytic species were reported from all three regions of state after taken into consideration both primary and secondary sources. The emergent macrophytes had the highest diversity, followed by rooted floating leaf- type, submerged and free floating. The maximum numbers of macrophytic species were recorded in the Kashmir valley while as minimum of 41 species from the Ladakh region. The lakes which have been submitted to an increasing eutrophication for the past several years is overgrown mainly by the aggressive interlopers like Typha sp., Phragmites australis, Sparganium ramosum and Scirpus sp and some free floating species.

Key-Words / Index Term :
Macrophytes, emergent, submerged, eutrophication

References :
[1] Lacoul, P and Freedman, B (2006). Environmental influences on aquatic plants in freshwater ecosystems. Environmental Reviews, 14: 89–136.
[2] Rorslett, B (1989). An integrated approach to hydropower impact assessment. Hydrobiologia, 175: 65–82.
[3] Keddy, PA (1983). Shoreline Vegetation in Axe Lake, Ontario: Effects of Exposure on Zonation Patterns. Ecology, 64: 331–344.
[4] Weisner, S (1991). Within-lake patterns in depth penetration of emergent vegetation. Freshwat. Biol., 26: 133–142.
[5] Riis, T and Hawes, I. (2003). Effect of wave exposure on vegetation abundance, richness and depth distribution of shallow water plants in a New Zealand lake. Freshwat. Biol., 48: 75–87.
[6] Barko, JW and Smart, RM (1986). Sediment related mechanisms of growth limitations in submersed macrophytes. Ecology, 67 (5): 1328-1340.
[7] Spence, DHN (1982). The zonation of plants in fresh-water lakes. Adv. Ecol. Res., 12: 37–125.
[8] Toivonen, H and Huttunen, P (1995). Aquatic macrophytes and ecological gradients in 57 small lakes in southern Finland. Aquat. Bot., 51: 197–221.
[9] Jeppesen, E., Jensen, JP., Soendergaard, M., Lauridsen, T and Landkildehus, F (2000). Trophic structure, species richness and biodiversity in Danish lakes: changes along a phosphorus gradient. Freshwat. Biol., 45: 201–218.
[10] Ramakrishnan, N (2003).Bio-monitoring approaches for water quality assessment in two Waterbodies At tiruvannamalai, tamil nadu india, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Environment and Health, Chennai, India, 374 – 385.
[11] Palit, D and Mukharjee, A (2012). Studies on water quality and macrophytes composition in wetlands of Bankura district, West Bengal, India. Ind. J. Plant Sci., (2&3): 221-228.
[12] Egertson, CJ, Kopaska, JA and Downing, JA (2004). A century of change in macrophyte abundance and composition in response to agricultural eutrophication. Hydrobiologia 524: 145–156.
[13] Mukherjee, SK (1921). The Dal Lake: A study in biotic succession. Proc. Indian Sci. Cong., 8:185.
[14] Kaul, V and Zutshi, DP (1967). A study of aquatic and marshland vegetation of Srinagar lakes. Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. India, 3313: 111-128.
[15] Zutshi, DP (1968). Ecology of some Kashmir Lakes. Ph. D. Thesis J&K Univ., Srinagar.
[16] Kak, AM (1978). Taxanomic studies of aquatic angiosperms of Kashmir. Ph. D. Thesis, Kashmir University. Srinagar.
[17] Kak, AM (1990). Aquatic and wetland vegetation of Kashmir Himalaya. Journal of Economic, Taxonomic Botany, 4: 1-14.
[18] Pandit, AK (1984). Role of macrophytes in aquatic ecosystems and management of freshwater resources. J. Environ. Manage., 18: 73-88.
[19] Pandit, AK (1999). Freshwater Ecosystems of the Himalaya. Parthenon Publications, New York, London.
[20] Pandit, AK (2001). Plant diversity in freshwater ecosystems of north-west Himalaya. Journal of Research and Development, 1: 1-21.
[21] Pandit, AK and Qadri, (1990). Floods threatening Kashmir wetlands. J. Environ Manage., 31:299-311.
[22] Gangoo, SA and Makaya, AS (2000). Changes in vegetation pattern of Hokersar (wetland reserve), Kashmir. pp 107-112. In: Environmental Biodiversity and conservation. Khan, ed) A.P.H. publishing House, New Delhi. India.
[23] Rather, GH and Pandit, AK (2005). Diversity of emergent macrophytes in two rural valley lakes of Kashmir Himalaya. Journal of Research & Development, 5:71-77.
[24] Cook, CDK (1996). Aquatic and wetland plants of India. Oxford university press. New York
[25] Kala, PC and Mathur VB (2002). Patterns of plant species distribution in the Trans-Himalayan region of Ladakh, India. Journal of Vegetation Science, 13: 751-754.
[26] Klimes, L and Dickoré, B (2005). A contribution to the vascular plant flora of Lower Ladakh (Jammu & Kashmir, India). Willdenowia, 35.
[27] Sekar, KC (2012). Invasive Alien Plants of Indian Himalayan Region— Diversity and Implication. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 3: 177-184.
[28] Shah, AB., Reshi, ZA and Shah, MA (2014). Clonal trait diversity in aquatic angiosperms of Kashmir Valley, India. MPhil. Dissertation, University of Kashmir, Srinagar.
[29] Kour, R., Kaur, B., Bhatia, S and Sharma, KK (2014). Documentation of Aquatic Invasive Alien flora of Jammu region, Jammu and Kashmir. International Journal of Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Studies (IJIMS), Vol 1, 7: 90-96.
[30] Kak, AM (1981). Aquatic and wetland flora of the Northwestern Himalayas- XII.Aquatic Ranunculaceae. Biol. Bull. India, 3(3): 146-159.
[31] Kak, AM (1982). Aquatic and wetland flora of the Northwestern Himalayas-XVII. Family Botumaceae in the Kashmir Himalayas.Biol. Bull. India, 4(3): 197-198.
[32] Anand, VK and Sharma, S (1991). Studies on the macrophytic vegetation of lake Mansar( Jammu), J. Phytol. Res., 4(1): 67-72.
[33] Ozimek, T (1978). Effects of municipal sewage on the submerged macrophytes of a lake littoral. Ekol. Pol., 26: 3-39.
[34] Heino, J., Virkkala, R and Toivonen, H (2009). Climate change and freshwater biodiversity: detected patterns, future trends and adaptations in northern regions. Biological Reviews, 84: 39–54.
[35] Wetzel, PR and van der Valk, AG (1998). Effects of nutrient and soil moisture on competition between Carex stricta, Phalaris arundinacea and Typha latifolia. Plant Ecology, 138: 179-190.
[36] Makela, S., Haitu, E and Arvola, L (2004). Spatial patterns in aquatic vegetation composition and environmental covariates along chains of lakes in Kokemaenjoki watershed (S. Finland). Aquatic Botany, 80: 253-269.
[37] Galatowitsch, SM., Anderson, NO and Ascher, PD (1999). Invasiveness in wetland plants in temperate North America. Wetlands, 19: 733-755.
[38] Klosowski, S (1992). Ekologia I warstosc wskaznikowa zbiorowisk roslonnosci szuwarowej naturalnych zbiornikow wod stojacych [The ecology and indicative value of the swamp communities of the natural reservoirs of stagnated water]. Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica, 37: 563-595.
[39] Moss, B (1990). Engineering and biological approaches to the restoration from eutrophication of shallow lakes in which aquatic plant communities are important components. Hydrobiologia, 61: 367-378.
[40] James, WF and Barko, JW (1990). Macrophyte influences on the zonation of sediment accretion and composition in a north temperate reservoir. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 120: 129-142.
[41] Sand-Jensen, K and Borum, J (1991). Interactions among phytoplankton, periphyton and macrophytes in temperate freshwaters and estuaries. Aquatic Botany, 41: 137-175.
[42] Horppila, J and Nurminen, L (2001). The effect of emergent macrophyte (Typha angustifolia) on sediment resuspension in a shallow north temperate lake. Freshwater Biology, 46: 1447-1455.
[43] Roelofs, JGM (1983). Impact of acidification and eutrophication on macrophyte communities in soft waters in Netherlands I. Field Observations. Aquatic Botany, 17: 139-155.
[44] Lehman, A and Lachavanne, JB (1999). Changes in water quality of Lake Geneva indicated by submerged macrophytes. Freshwater Biology, 42: 457-466.
[45] Khan, MA and Shah, MA (2004). The environmental status of a Kashmir Himalayan wetland game reserve: Aquatic plant communities. Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management, 9: 125-132.
[46] Parray, S., Alam, A., Nigam, G and Shah, MA (2009). Land use pattern in the catchment and its impact on the ecology of suburban wetland (Chatlam) Kashmir Himalaya. Indian Journal of Applied & Pure Biology, 24: 521-527.