Assessment of anti-snake venom effects of Acalypha fruticosa leaves against Indian Saw-scaled viper by using envenomed Wistar albino rats

Malathi Ramaswamy¹ , Sivakumar Duraikannu² , Chandrasekar Solaimuthu³

Section:Research Paper, Product Type: Isroset-Journal
Vol.6 , Issue.3 , pp.31-40, Jun-2019

CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6i3.3140

Online published on Jun 30, 2019

Copyright © Malathi Ramaswamy, Sivakumar Duraikannu, Chandrasekar Solaimuthu . This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
 

View this paper at   Google Scholar | DPI Digital Library

XML View     PDF Download

How to Cite this Paper

641 Views    320 Downloads    172 Downloads

Abstract :
Indian saw-scaled viper are one of the highly venomous snake found in Indian subcontinent and its venom has a wide variety of toxic compounds and it can able to causing severe envenoming characterized by severe pharmacological effects. The traditional knowledge on the Acalypha fruticosa plant was clearly states that this plant was used against the venomous bites and stings. In best of our knowledge, there were no any scientific reports to justify the anti-snake venom potential of this plant. The main objective of the present research work was to evaluate the anti-snake venom activity of A. fruticosa against Indian saw-scaled viper venom using envenomed animal model. The effects of ethanolic leaves extract of A. fruticosa on hematological parameters of experimental rats, saw-scaled viper venom induced liver toxicity, renal toxicity and blood metabolites was analyzed in experimental rats. In the present study, the ethanolic leaves extract of A. fruticosa leaves was inhibited the venom induced changes in hematological parameters. The plant extract was effectively decreased the saw-scaled viper venom induced liver toxicity and renal toxicity in experimental rats. The observed results clearly states that the A. fruticosa leaves has potent snati-snake venom activity.

Key-Words / Index Term :
Anti-snake venom, saw-scaled viper, A. fruticosa, Wistar rats, liver function markers and hematological parameters

References :
[1]. Slagboom J, Kool J, Harrison RA, Casewell NR. Haemotoxic snake venoms: their functional activity, impact on snakebite victims and pharmaceutical promise. Br J Haematol, 2017; 177: 947–959.
[2]. Kini RM, Fox JW. Milestones and future prospects in snakevenom research. Toxicon, 2013; 62: 1–2.24.
[3]. Fatima LD, Fatah C. Pathophysiological and pharmacological effects of snake venom components: molecular targets. J Clin Toxicol, 2014; 4: 1-9.
[4]. Fahmi L, Makran B, Boussadda L, Lkhider M, Ghalim N. Haemostasis disorders caused by envenomation by Cerastes cerastes and Macrovipera mauritanica vipers. Toxicon, 2016; 116: 43-48.
[5]. Gomes A, Das R, Sarkhel S, Mishra R, Mukherjee S, Bhattacharya S. Herbs and Herbal constituent active against snake bite. Indian J Exp Biol, 2010; 48: 865-878.
[6]. Warrell DA, Gutierrez JM, Calvete JJ, Williams D. New approaches and technologies of venomics to meet the challenge of human envenoming by snakebites in India. Indian J Med Res, 2013; 138: 38-59.
[7]. Kanojia A, Chaudhari KS, Gothecha VK. Medicinal plants active against snake envenomation. Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm, 2012; 3(3); 363–6.
[8]. Bibi S, Sultana J, Sultana H, Malik RN. Ethnobotanical uses of medicinal plants in the highlands of Soan Valley, Salt Range, Pakistan. J Ethnopharmacol, 2014; 155: 352–61.
[9]. Sripathi SK, Uma S. Ethnobotanical documentation of a few medicinal plants in the Agasthiayamalai region of Tirunelveli district India. Ethnobot Leaflet, 2010; 14: 173–181.
[10]. Chakravarthy S, Jogen CK. Preliminary phytochemical screening and acute oral toxicity study of the flower of Phylgacanthus hyrsiflorus Nees in albino mice. Int Res J Pharm, 2012; 3: 293- 295.
[11]. Anaswara Krishnan S, Dileepkumar R, Achuthsankar SN, Oommen VO. Studies on neutralizing effect of Ophiorrhiza mungos root extract against Daboia russelii venom. J Ethnopharmacol, 2014; 151: 543–547.
[12]. Reitman S, Frankel S. A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminase. Am J Clin Pathol, 1957; 28(1): 56-63.
[13]. King E. Armstrong AR. Determination of serum and bile phosphatase activity. Can Med Assoc J, 1934; 31(4): 376-381.
[14]. Rosalki SB, Rai D. Serum gamaglutamyl transpeptidase activity in alcoholism. Clin Cem Acta, 1972; 39: 41-47.
[15]. Kind PRN, King EJ. Estimation of plasma phosphatase by determination of hydrolysed phenol with aminoantipyrine. J Clin Path, 1954; 7: 322-326.
[16]. Varley JM, Chapman P, McGown G, Thorncroft M, White GRM, Greaves MJ, Scott D. Genetic and functional studies of a germline TP53 splicing mutation in a Li-Fraumeni-like family. Oncogene, 1998; 16: 3291–3298.
[17]. Bhalla G, Mhaskar D, Agarwal A. A study of clinical profile of snake bite at a tertiary care centre. Toxicol Int, 2014; 21(2): 203-8.
[18]. Kshisagar VY, Ahmed M, Colaco SM. Clinical profile of snake bite in children in rural India Iran J Pediatr, 2013; 23(6): 632-6.
[19]. Maduwage K, Isbister GK. Current treatment for venom-Induced consumption coagulopathy resulting from snakebite. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2014; 8(10): 3220.
[20]. Dongmo OLM, Epoh J, Tadjoua HT, Yousuf S, Telefo PB, Tapondjou A, Coudhary MI. Acute and sub-acute toxicity of the aqueous extract from the stem bark of Tetrapleura tetrapteura Taub. (Fabaceae) in mice and rats. J Ethnopharmacol, 2019; 236: 42-49.
[21]. Boyer L, Alagon A, Fry BG, Jackson TNW, Sunagar K, Chippaux JP. Signs, symptoms and treatment of envenomation. In: Fry, B.G. (Ed.), Venomous Reptiles and Their Toxins: Evolutionary, Pathophysiological and Biodiscovery Implications. Oxford University Press, New York, 2015; 32–60.
[22]. Lakhotia M, Kothari D, Choudhary DR, Sharma S, Jain P. A case of saw-scale viper snakebite presenting as pleuro-pericardial haemorrhage. J Indian Acad Clin Med, 2002; 3: 392-4.
[23]. Maheshwari M, Mittal SR. Acute myocardial infarction complicating snakebite. J Assoc Physicians India, 2004; 52: 63-4.
[24]. Habib AG, Warrell DA. Antivenom therapy of carpet viper (Echis ocellatus) envenoming: effectiveness and strategies for delivery in West Africa. Toxicon, 2013; 69: 82–89.
[25]. Gutierrez JMR, David Theakston G, David Warrell A. Confronting the neglected problem of snake bite envenoming: the need for a global partnership. PloS Medicine, 2006; 3: 1—5.
[26]. Devi CM, Bai MV, Lal AV, Umashankar PR, Krishnan LK. An improved method for isolation of anti-viper venom antibodies from chicken egg yolk. J Biochem Biophys Methods, 2002; 51:129−38.
[27]. Jobin A, Neeta R. New Aspects for Treatment of Snake Bite: A Review. Int Res J Pharm, 2012; 3(11): 1-5.
[28]. Fattepur SR, Gawade SP. Preliminary screening of herbal plant extracts for anti-venom activity against common sea snake (Enhydrina schistosa) poisoning. Pharmacogn Mag, 2007; 3: 56–60.
[29]. Malathi R, Sivakumar D, Chandrasekar S. Studies on pharmacological and biochemical effects of Indian saw-scaled viper venom and its inhibition by Acalypha fruticosa leaves extract. J Pharmacog Phytochem, 2019; 8(1): 2335-2346.