The Green Tide of Macroalgae in The Water of Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia; Removal The Nitrogen Compounds By Ulva Intestinalis

Mostafa Abdel Mohsen El Gammal¹

Section:Research Paper, Product Type: Journal-Paper
Vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp.43-48, Feb-2020

Online published on Feb 28, 2020

Copyright © Mostafa Abdel Mohsen El Gammal . This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
 

View this paper at   Google Scholar | DPI Digital Library

XML View     PDF Download

How to Cite this Paper

Abstract :
The green tide of macroalgae was recognized as (Ulva fasciata, U. intestinalis, U.flexusa, U. lactuca, U. Chaetomorphalinum, and Enteromorpha intestinalis ) had been regarded in the wintry weather and spring of years, 2016, 2017, and 2018 within the water of Arabian Gulf, Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The objective of this study; consider the parameters impact at the blooms of macroalgal and the way can be used this macroalgal to removal the nitrogen compounds like ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate from water aquaculture. Through this period monitor analyses carried out in the coastal water Gulf and the density of macroalgae growth. Indoor carry-out experiments to grow the macroalgae at distinct salinity 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40g/l, and remove ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate. The results concluded that the excess of nitrogen compounds and the changed of temperature and salinity were the impact of the principal parameters on green tides seem; the macroalgae (U. intestinalis) may be used to remove ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate from water and the removal percentage decrease with increase and decrease the salinity, the best nitrate compounds removal was at range (10-30 g/l) salinity.

Key-Words / Index Term :
Green tides, macroalgal, Ulva intestinalis, removal, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate

References :
[1] T.A. Nelson, K. Haberlin, A.V. Nelson, H. Ribarich, R. Hotchkiss, K. VanAlstyne, L. Buckingham, D. Simunds, K. Fredrickson,” Ecological and physiological controls of species composition in green macroalgal blooms”. Ecology Vol.89, No.5, pp 1287–1298, 2008.
[2] D. Liu, J.K. Keesing, Q. Xing, P. Shi, “World’s largest macroalgal bloom caused by expansion of seaweed aquaculture in China” Marine Pollution Bulletin,Vol. 58,pp 888–895, 2009.
[3] M.A. Hemminga, C.M. Duarte “Seagrass Ecology”. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2000.
[4] J.C. Phillips, C.L. Hurd “ Kinetics of nitrate, ammonium, and urea uptake by four intertidal seaweeds from New Zealand” J. Phycol. Vol.40, pp 534–45, 2004.
[5] A. Ménesguen, P. Cugier, “A new numerical technique for tracking chemical species in a multisource, coastal ecosystem applied to nitrogen causing Ulva blooms in the Bay of Brest (France)”. Limnol. Oceanogr. Vol 51, pp. 591–601, 2006.
[6] J. M. Burkholder, D. A. Tomasko, B. W. “Touchette, Seagrasses and eutrophication” J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. Vol. 350 pp 46-72, 2007.
[7] I. R. Davison, , G. A. Pearson “Stress tolerance in intertidal seaweeds” J. Phycol. Vol. 32 pp.197-211, 1996.
[8] I. Martins, M. A. Pardal, A. I. Lillebø, M. R. Flindt, J. C. Marques, “Hydrodynamics as a major factor controlling the occurrence of green macroalgal blooms in a eutrophic estuary: a case study on the influence of precipitation and river management” Est. Coast. Shelf Sci. Vol.52 pp.165-177, 2001.
[9] M. Shpigel, L. Guttman, D. Ben-Ezra, J. Yu, S. Chen, “Is Ulva sp. able to be an efficient biofilter for mariculture effluents?” Journal of Applied Phycology 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-019-1748-7
[10] C.B. Porter, M.D. Krom, M.G. Robbins, L. Brickell, A. Davidson, “Ammonia excretion and total N budget for gilthead seabream (Sparusaurata) and its effect on water quality conditions” Aquaculture Vol.66, pp. 287–2971987.
[11] A.W. Mwandya, “Macroalgae as biofilters of effluents from integrated mariculture fishpond systems in Zanzibar, Tanzania” A thesis submitted in the fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Marine Biology) of the University of Dar es Salaam, pp 157 2001.
[12] A. Neori, T. Chopin, M. Troell, A.H. Buschmann, G.P. Kraemer, C. Halling, M. Shpigel, C.Yarish,”Integrated aquaculture: rationale, evolution, and state of the art emphasizing seaweed biofiltration in modern mariculture” Aquaculture Vol. 231, pp 361–391, 2004.
[13] M.Shpigel,” Land-based integrated multi-trophic Mariculture system” Encyclopedia of sustainability science and technology. Springer Science, New York. 2015.
[14] Y.H. Kang, J.A. Shin, M.S. Kim, I.K. Chung ”A preliminary study of the bioremediation potential of Codium fragile applied to seaweed integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) during the summer” J ApplPhycol Vol. 20 pp.183–190, 2007.
[15] APHA” Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater” 22nd ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, 1992.
[16] Ding Lanping, Luan Rixiao,”The taxonomy, habit, and distribution of a green alga Enteromorphaprolifera (Ulvales, Chlorophyta)” OceanolLimnol Sin (in Chinese), Vol.40 No.1, pp. 68–71, 2009.
[17] T. R. Parsons, J. D. Strickland, “Discussion of spectrophotometric determination of marine plant pigments with revised equations for ascertaining chlorophylls and carotenoids” J. Mar. Res., Vol. 21, pp.155–163. 1963
[18] S.W. Jeffrey, G.F. Humphrey “ New spectrophotometric equations for determining chlorophylls a, b, c1, and c2 in higher plants, algal, and natural phytoplankton” Biochem. Physiol. Planzen, pp.167, 191, 1975.
[19] R.Taylor, R. L. Fletcher, J. A. Raven, “Preliminary studies on the growth of selected ‘green-tide’ algae in laboratory culture: effects of irradiance, temperature, salinity, and nutrients on growth rate” Bot. Mar. Vol. 44 pp, 327-336, 2001.
[20] J. Wald “Evaluatiestudie naar mogelijkheden voor grootschalige zeewierteelt in het zuidwestelijke Deltagebied, in het bijzonder de Oosterschelde” Plant Research International, Wageningen UR, 2010.
[21] T. Handayani, “The Phenomenon of Green Tides (Ulvoid Alga Blooms)” Oseana.; Vol.39 No.4 pp. 35-42. 2014.
[22] J. H. Kim, E. J. Kang, M. G. Park, B. G. Lee, K. Y. Kim, “Effects of temperature and irradiance on photosynthesis and growth of a green-tide-forming species (Ulva linza) in the Yellow Sea” J. Appl. Phycol. Vol 23 pp.421-432. 2011.
[23] E. J. Kang, J. H. Kim, K. Kim, K. Y. Kim, “ Adaptations of a green tide forming Ulva linza (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta) to selected salinity and nutrients conditions mimicking representative environments in the Yellow Sea” Phycologia Vol. 55 pp. 210-218. 2016.
[24] M.D. Brotowidjoyo, T. Joko, and M. Eko, “Introduction to Aquatic Environment and Aquaculture” Liberty Publisher Yokyakarta. In Indonesian. 1995.
[25] V. Novonty, H. Olem, “Water Quality, Prevention, Identification and Management of Diffuse Pollution” Van Nostrans Reinhold, New York, 1994.
[26] D. Gravier “Monitoring of green tides on the Brittany coasts (France)” Primary Producers of the Sea, pp 19, 2012.
[27] A. Pallalo, “Distribution of Macroalgae in Seagrass Ecosystems and Coral Reefs on Bonebatang Island, Ujung tanah District, BarrangLompo Sub-District” Skripsi. Hasanuddin University. Makassar. In Indonesian. 2013.
[28] F. Djafar “Study of Retention of Nitrogen and Seaweed Phosphate (KappaphycusAlvarezii) at Various Velocities of Water Flow” Tesis. Postgraduate School of Bogor Agricultural University, In Indonesian, 2011.
[29] Nordby “The optimal condition for meiotic spore formation in Ulva metabilis” Foyn. Bot. Vol. 20 pp.19-28, 1977.
[30] T. Han, S.H Kang, J.S. Park, H.K. Lee, M.T. Brown “Physiological responses of Ulva pertusa and Ulva armoricana to copper exposure” Aquatic Toxicology; Vol. 86 No. 2 pp.176-184, 2008.
[31] A. Sousa, I. Martins, A.I. Lilebo, M.R. Flindt, M. A. Fardal, “Influence of Salinity, nutrients, and light on the germination and growth of Enteromorpha sp. Spores” Journal Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol.; Vol.341 pp.142-150, 2007.
[32] A. Neori, N.L.C. Ragg, M. Shpigel, “The integrated culture of seaweed, abalone, fish and clams in modular intensive land-based systems: II. Performance and nitrogen partitioning within an abalone (Haliotistuberculata) and macroalgae culture system” Aquacult Eng.; Vol.17 No.4 , pp. 215–239, 1998.
[33] M.S. Copertino, T. Tormena, U. Seeliger “Biofiltering efficiency, uptake and assimilation rates of Ulva clathrata (Roth) J. Agardh (Clorophyceae) cultivated in shrimp aquaculture wastewater” J ApplPhycol, Vol. 21 pp.31–45, 2009.
[34] I.K. Chung,Y.H. Kang, C. Yarish, G.P. Kreamer, J.A. Lee, “Application of seaweed cultivation to the bioremediation of nutrient-rich effluent” Algae, Vol. 17 pp.1–10, 2002.
[35] A. Neori, F.E. Msuya, L. Shauli, A.Schuenhoff, F. Kopel, M.Shpigel, “A novel three-stage seaweed (Ulvalactuca) biofilter design for integrated mariculture” Journal of Applied Phycology, Vol.15 pp. 543–553, 2003.
[36] C. Seema, R. Jayashankar, “Removal of nitrogen load in the experimental culture system of seaweed and shrimp” Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, Vol. 47No. 2 pp.150–153,2005.
[37] Y.H. Kang, S.R. Park, I.K. Chung, “Biofiltration efficiency and biochemical composition of three seaweed species cultivated in a fish seaweed integrated culture” Algae, Vol. 26 No.1 pp. 97–108, 2011.
[38] A.H. Buschmann, D.A. Varela,”Opportunities and challenges for the development of an integrated seaweed-based aquaculture activity in Chile: determining the physiological capabilities of Macrocystis and Gracilaria as biofilters” Journal of Applied Phycology,Vol. 20 pp. 571–577, 2008.
[39] M. Shpigel, A. Neori, “Microalgae, macroalgae, and bivalves as biofilters in land-based mariculture in Israel. Chapter 24 In Ecological and Genetic Implications of Aquaculture Activities (ed. by Bert, T. M.)” Dordrecht, Springer. pp. 433–446, 2007.
[40] [40] R. Wahyudi, M. Wijaya, A. Sukainah, “The Effect of Using Fertilizer from Seaweed Waste on Spinach Plant Growth” Journal of Agricultural Technology Education Vol. 4 , No.10 , pp.160- 169, 2018.
[41] F.L. Figueroa, A. Israel, A. Neori, B. Martínez, E.J. Malta, P.O. Ang, S. Inken, R. Marquardt, N. Korbee, “Effects of nutrient supply on photosynthesis and pigmentation in Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta): responses to short-term stress” Aquatic Biology, Vol. 7 pp.173–183, 2009.
[42] M.M. Nielsen, A. Bruhn, M.B. Rasmussen, “Cultivation of Ulva lactuca with manure for simultaneous bioremediation and biomass production” J Phycol; Vol. 24 No. 3 pp. 261–266, 2012.
[43] T.S. Choi, E.J. Kang, J. Kim “Effect of salinity on growth and nutrient uptake of Ulva pertusa (Chlorophyta) from an eelgrass bed “ Algae. Vol. 25 No. 1 pp. 17–26, 2010.