Analysis of Some Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) (Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Nickel, Lead and Zinc) in Different Smoked Fishes Sold in Gamawa and Hardawa Markets in Bauchi State, Nigeria

A.M. Bappayo¹ , B.S. Sagagi²

Section:Research Paper, Product Type: Journal-Paper
Vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp.91-97, Aug-2021

Online published on Aug 31, 2021

Copyright © A.M. Bappayo, B.S. Sagagi . This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
 

View this paper at   Google Scholar | DPI Digital Library

XML View     PDF Download

How to Cite this Paper

Abstract :
The heavy metal contamination of smoked fish species in Bauchi state, Nigeria`s northeastern region, was investigated. Zn, Cd, Cu, As, Ni, Pb, and Cr were detected in smoked fish species collected at random from different parts of the Gamawa and Hardawa markets. The concentrations of potentially toxic elements in samples collected after digestion using a conventional procedure in triplicate were analysed using Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (MPAES).The ranges of the measured concentrations in the samples were as follows; Zn (63.17 to 117.51 mg/kg), Cd (0.12 to 0.26 mg/kg), Cu (4.19 to 6.39 mg/kg), As (19.60 to 34.98 mg/kg), Ni (3.45 to 7.88 mg/kg), Pb (0.13 to 9.89 mg/kg) and Cr (3.04 to 8.98). The toxic elements Cd and Zn were the least abundant and most abundant in all nine (9) species, respectively. Cu and Cd levels were within the World Health Organization`s maximum guidelines in this investigation (WHO), except for samples from Gamawa (Catfish (117.50 mg/kg) and Clarias (112.60 mg/kg)) and Hardawa (Tilapia 116.50 mg/kg), the concentrations of Zn were found to be below the acceptable limits. In every smoked fish sample tested, the amounts of As, Ni, Pb, and Cr were greater than the WHO`s maximum tolerable limit. The findings of this study revealed that the fish sold in these markets were substantially contaminated with the PTE (Ni, Pb, As, and Cr), posing a serious health risk to the populace.

Key-Words / Index Term :
Clarias, Gamawa, Hardawa, Synodontis, Toxic elements, Tilapia

References :
[1] J.C. Akan, M. Salwa, B.S. Yikala, Z.M. Chellube, “Study on the Distribution of Heavy Metals in Different Tissues of Fishes from River Benue in Vinikilang, Adamawa State, Nigeria”. British Journal of Applied Science and Technology, Vol. 2, Issue 4, pp. 311-333, 2012.
[2] I.J. Ibanga, E.A. Moses, E.J. Edet, A.E. Moses, “Microbial and some heavy metals analysis of smoked fishes sold in urban and rural markets in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria”. Calabar Journal of Health Science, Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 73-79, 2019.
[3] Abdullahi 2001 Abdullahi SA, Abolude DS, Ega RA. Nutrient quality of four oven-dried freshwater catfish in Northern Nigeria”. Journal of Tropical Bioscience, Vol. 3, pp. 70-75, 2001.
[4] L.U. Onyia, E.F. Adebayo, K.O. Adewuyi, E.G. Ekwunife, I.J. Ochokwu, “Comparative Economics of Fresh and Smoked Fish Marketing in Some Local Government Areas in Adamawa State, Nigeria”, Australia Conference Proceedings. IIFET; 2014.
[5] B.U. Ibrahim, M.M. Abubakar. “Bacteriological Quality and Heavy Metal Concentration of Smoked Cat Fish (Clarias gariepinus) in Minna Niger State, Nigeria”. Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol. 3, Issue 1, pp.149-160, 2017.
[6] A.A. Okonta, and J.K.S. Ekelemu, “A preliminary study of micro-organisms associated with fish spoilage in Asaba, Nigeria”. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference ofFISON Port Harcourt. 14-18th Nov., 2005. pp. 557 – 559, 2005.
[7] O.J. Abolagba, E.C. Uwagbai, “A comparative analysis of the microbial load of smoke- dried fishes (Ethmalosa fimbriata and Pseudotolithus elongates) sold in Oba and Koko markets in Edo and Delta State, Nigeria at different season”. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, Vol. 5, pp. 544-550, 2011.
[8] A.O. Igwegbe, C.A. Negbenebor, E.C. Chibuzo, M.H. Badau, G.I. Agbara, “Effects of season and fish smoking on heavy metal contents of selected fish species from three locations in Borno state of Nigeria”. Asian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 6, Issue 02, pp. 1010-1019, 2013.
[9] M. S. Musa, “Determination of Selected Heavy Metals in Gills and Livers of some Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) from Two Dam Reservoirs in Katsina State”, Nigeria. Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol. 7, Issue 1, pp. 339-346, 2021.
[10] K. Ukachukwu, “Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water, clarias gariepinus and tilapia guineensis from Agodi Lake in Ibadan” A Dissertation report submitted to the Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2012.
[11] O.M. Wangboje, J.A.O. Oronsaye, “An Assessment of Heavy Metals in Synodontis clarias (Linnaeus, 1766) from Ikpoba Reservoir, Benin City, Nigeria”. Journal Applied Science and Environmental Management, Vol. 17, Issue 1, pp. 29-35, 2013.
[12] M.K. Ahmad, S. Islam, M.S. Rahman, M.R. Haque, M.M. Islam, “Heavy Metals in Water, Sediment and Some Fishes of Buriganga River, Bangladesh” International Journal of Environmental Research, Vol. 4, Issue 2, pp. 321-322, 2010.
[13] F. Bu?ka, P. Budinský, B. Zimáková, M. Merhaut, R. Flasarová, V. Pachlová, V. Kubán, L. Bu?ková, “Biogenic amines occurrence in fish meat sampled from restaurants in region of the Czech Republic”. Food Control, Vol. 31, pp. 49-52, 2013.
[14] I. Cie?lik, W. Migda?, K. Topolska, F. Gambu?, K. Szczurowska, E. Cie?lik, “Changes in the content of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Ni, Cr) in freshwater fish after processing–the consumer’s exposure” Journal of Elementology, Vol 23, Issue 1, pp. 247-259, 2017.
[15] B. Mao, Z. Huang, F. Zeng, H. Du, H. Fang, S. Lin, Y. Zhang, L. Shi, “Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Water, Sediment and Fish during a Complete Breeding Cycle in the Pond of the Pearl River Delta, China”. Journal of Environmental Protection, Vol 11, pp. 509-530, 2020.
[16] E. Has-Schon, I. Bogut, G. Kralik, S. Bogut, J. Horvatic, I. Cacic, “Heavy metal concentration in fish tissues inhabiting waters of "Busko Blato" reservoir (Bosnia and Herzegovina)”. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 54, Issue 1, pp. 75-83, 2007.
[17] R.S. Kirk, R. Sawyer, “Pearson’s Composition and Chemical Analysis of Foods”. 9th Edition, Longman Scientific & Technical, Essex, 1991.
[18] E.U. Edosomwan, M.O. Ainerua, D.O. Izevbizua, “Heavy Metals Levels in Dried Fish Consumed in Benin and Warri Metropolis; Levels and Health Risk Assessment” African Scientist, Vol.17, Issue 2, pp. 93-96, 2016.
[19] E.S. Eneji, R. Sha’ato, P.A. Annune, “Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Fish (Tilapia Zilli and Clarias gariepinus) Organs from River Benue, North. Central Nigeria” Pakistan Journal of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Vol 12, Issue 1&2, pp. 25-31, 2011.
[20] World Health Organization (WHO, 1995) “Heavy metals environmental aspects,” Tech. Rep., Environmental Health criteria No. 85, Geneva, Switzerland.
[21] M. Javed, N. Usmani, “Accumulation of heavy metals and human health risk assessment via the consumption of freshwater fish Mastacembelus armatus inhabiting, thermal power plant effluent loaded canal” SpringerPlus, Vol. 5:776, 2016.
[22] J.C. King, R.J. Cousins, “Zinc. In: ME Shils , M Shike ,AC Ross , B Caballero , RJ Cousins (eds) Modern nutrition in health and disease”, 10th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp. 271–285, 2006.
[23] J. Usero, C. Izquierdo, J. Morillo, I. Gracia, “Heavy metals in fish (Solea vulgaris Anguilla and Liza aurata) from salt marshes on the southern Atlantic Coast of Spain”. Environment International, Vol. 29, pp. 949-956, 2003.
[24] M. Dural, M.Z.L. Goksu, A.A. Ozak, “Investigation of heavy metal levels in economically important fish species captured from Tuzla lagoon. Food Chemistry, Vol. 102, pp. 415-421, 2007.
[25] K. Chandrasekhar, N.S. Chary, C.T. Kamal, D.S. Suman Raj, R.A. Sreenivasa, “Fractionation studies and bioaccumulation of sediment-bound heavy metals in Kolleru Lake by edible fish”. Environment International, Vol. 29, pp. 1001-1008, 2003.
[26] M. Canli, G. Atli, “The relationships between heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn) levels and the size of six Mediterranean fish species”. Environmental Pollution, Vol. 121, pp. 129-136, 2003.
[27] C.F. Ikeogu, H.F. Ogbonnaya, K.P. Okpala-Ezennia and C.G. Nwankwo. “Heavy metal analysis of consumer fish sold in three selected markets in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria”. Singapore Journal of Scientific Research, Vol. 10, pp.17-22, 2021.
[28] J. Kojadinovic, M. Potier, M. Le Corre, R.P. Cosson, P. Bustamante, “Bioaccumulation of trace elements in pelagic fish from the Western Indian Ocean” Environmental Pollution, Vol. 146, Issue 2, pp. 548–566, 2007.
[29] S. Dobaradaran, K. Naddafi, S. Nazmara, H. Ghaedi, “Heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb) content in two fish species of Persian Gulf in Bushehr Port, Iran”. African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 9, Issue 37, pp. 6191-6193, 2010.
[30] A.A. Bawuro, R.B. Voegborlo, A.A. Adimado, “Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Some Tissues of Fish in Lake Geriyo, Adamawa State, Nigeria”. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, pp. 1-8, 2018.
[31] A.M. Akinsorotan, J.O. Jimoh, B.P. Omobepade, I.C. Adene, “Status of trace metals in smoked Clarias gariepinus cultured in earthen pond in Lagos state, Nigeria”. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, pp.1-11, 2019.
[32] B.A. Fonge, A.S. Tening, A.E. Egbe, E.M. Awo, R.M Zoneziwoh, “Fish (Arius heudelotiivalencienes, 1840) as bio-indicator of heavy metals in Douala Estuary of Cameroon”. African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 10, Issue 73, pp. 16581-16588, 2011.
[33] WHO/FAO, “Environmental Health Criteria No. 165, Lead, Inorganic. IPCS World Health Organization, Geneva, 1993.
[34] P. Sivaperumal, TV Sankar, NPG Viswanathan, “Heavy metal concentrations in fish, shellfish and fish products from internal markets of India vis-a-vis international standards”. Food Chemistry, Vol. 102, pp. 612–620, 2007.
[35] A. Meche, C.M. Manoela, B.E.S.N. Lofrano, C.J. Hardaway, M. Merchant, L. Verdade, “Determination of heavy metals by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry in fish from the Piracicaba River in Southern Brazil”. Microchemical Journal, Vol. 94, pp. 171–174, 2010.
[36] D.K. Gupta, S. Tiwari, B. Razafindrabe, and S. Chatterjee. “Arsenic contamination from historical aspects to the present in Arsenic Contamination in the Environment”. Berlin, Germany: Springer, pp.1–12, 2017.
[37] A. Stoica, B.S. Katzenellenbogen, M.B. Martin,“Activation of estrogen receptor-? by the heavy metal cadmium. Mol. Endocrinol. Vol. 14, pp. 545–553, 2000.
[38] Z. Zhang, L. He, J. Li, Z. Wu. “Analysis of Heavy Metals of Muscle and Intestine Tissue in Fish – in Banan Section of Chongqing from Three Gorges Reservoir, China”. Polish Journal of Environmental Study Vol. 16, No. 6. 2007.
[39] WHO, “Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality Third Edition Incorporating the First and Second Addenda”, Volume 1 Recommendations, Geneva, 2008.
[40] N.M.N. Azmi, N.M.Y. Nadia, A.H.S. Mohamad, S.N. Jaafar, “Metals accumulation in cultured tiger grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus with estimated weekly in take levels from east coast of peninsular Malaysia”. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, Vol. 13, Issue 5, 2018.
[41] E. Forti, S. Salovara, Y. Cetin, A. Bulgheroni, RW. Pfaller, P. Prieto, “In vitro evaluation of the toxicity induced by nickel soluble and particulate forms in human airway epithelial cells. Toxically in Vitro, Vol. 25, pp. 454–461, 2011.
[42] P.L.R.M. Palaniappan, S. Karthikeyan, “Bioaccumulation and depuration of chromium in the selected organs and whole body tissues of freshwater fish Cirrhinusmrigala individually and in binary solutions with nickel”. Journal Environmental Sciences, Vol. 21: pp. 229-236, 2009.
[43] H. Guo, L. Chen, H. Cui, X. Peng, J. Fang, Z. Zuo, J. Deng, X. Wang, B. Wu, “Research advances on pathways of nickel-induced apoptosis”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol.17, Issue 1, pp. 10, 2015.
[44] I.M. Adekunle, M.F. Akinyemi, “Lead levels of certain consumer products in Nigeria: a case study of smoked fish foods from Abeokuta”. Food and Chemical Toxicology Vol. 42, pp. 1463–1468, 2004.
[45] P.A. Ako, S.O. Salihu, “Studies on Some Major and Trace Metals in Smoked and Oven-Dried Fish”. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, Vol. 8, Issue 2, pp. 5-9, 2004.
[46] E.K. Ajani, K.J. Balogun. “Variability in Levels of Heavy Metals in Water and Fish (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) tissues from Badagry Creek, Nigeria”. Journal of Biology and Life Science, Vol. 6, Issue 2, pp. 193-207, 2015.
[47] K.J. Alagoa, “An Appraisal of heavy metals content in two fish species (Bagrus bayad and Synodontis batensoda) in river-nun, Amassoma, Bayelsa state, Nigeria”. Asian Journal of Advances in Research, Vol. 6, Issue 1, pp. 21-28, 2021.
[48] J.O. Duruibe, M.O.C. Ogwuegbu, J.N. Egwurugwu, “Heavy metal pollution and human biotoxic effects”. International Journal of Physical Sciences, Vol.2 Issue 5, 112-118, 2007.
[49] D. Zhang, X. Zhang, L. Tian, F. Ye, X. Huang, Y. Zeng, M. Fan, “Seasonal and spatial dynamics of trace elements in water and sediment from Pearl River Estuary, South China” Environmental Earth Sciences, Vol. 68, pp. 1053–1063, 2013.
[50] M. Varol, G. Kaya, S. Alp, M. Bünbül, “Trace Metal Levels in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Cultured in Net Cages in a Reservoir and Evaluation of Human Health Risks from Consumption”. Biological Trace Element Research, Vol. 184, Issue 1, 268-278, 2017.
[51] WHO, Recommendation WHO; Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Geneva, pp. 13, 1985.
[52] Federal Environmental Protection Agency. Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria, pp. 238, 2003.
[53] S.C. Izah, S.E. Bassey, E.I Ohimain, “Geo-accumulation index, enrichment factor and quantification of contamination of heavy metals in soil receiving cassava mill effluents in a rural community in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria”. Molecular Soil Biology, Vol. 8, Issue 2, pp. 7-20, 2017.
[54] A.O. Majolagbe, O. Osibanjo, K.A Yussuf, R.A Olowu.“Trace Metals Distribution and Contamination in the Surface Marine Sediments of Roro Bay in Lagos, Nigeria”. Chemistry Journal, Vol 2, Issue 2, pp. 69-78, 2012.
[56] K. Ahmed, M. AbdulBaki, G.K. Kumar, S. Islam,M. Islam, M. Hossain, “Human health risks from heavy metals in fish of Buriganga River, Bangladesh”. SpringerPlus, 5:1697, 2016.
[57] S. Aslam and A.M. Yousafzai. “Chromium toxicity in fish: A review article”. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, Vol .5, Issue 3, pp.1483-1488, 2017.