Antimicrobial Activities and Phytochemical Screening of Five Nigerian Chewing Sticks

Stephanie Ogechi Nwaiwu¹ , Helen Adekanmbi² , Dolapo Igbari³ , Stephen Oluwanifise Oyejide⁴ , Obiyo Nwaiwu⁵ , Omowunmi Amao⁶

Section:Research Paper, Product Type: Journal-Paper
Vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp.10-13, Aug-2022

Online published on Aug 31, 2022

Copyright © Stephanie Ogechi Nwaiwu, Helen Adekanmbi, Dolapo Igbari, Stephen Oluwanifise Oyejide, Obiyo Nwaiwu, Omowunmi Amao . This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
 

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Abstract :
Chewing sticks are important non-timber forest products widely used for dental cleaning in Nigeria. This work was intended to study the antimicrobial activities and phytochemical screening of some indigenous Nigerian chewing sticks which will serve as scientific support for the use of chewing sticks for oral hygiene in rural areas. Ethanol and aqueous extracts of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides, Massularia acuminata, Khaya ivorensis, Terminalia glaucescens and Azadirachta indica were obtained through soxhlet and maceration respectively. Qualitative and quantitative testing of bioactive compounds using standard procedures revealed the presence of tannins, reducing compounds, alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins and cardiac glycosides. Antimicrobial screening of the extracts was carried out on Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans which were isolated from mouth swabs. The ethanolic extract of K. ivorensis and A. indica had the highest antibacterial activity against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus respectively. The aqueous extract of Massularia acuminata exerted an antimicrobial effect only on Candida albicans. The variation in the antimicrobial activities of the extracts could be attributed to the concentration of the various bioactive compounds present in the chewing sticks. This study has confirmed the effectiveness of these chewing sticks and toothbrushes against certain microorganisms.

Key-Words / Index Term :
Phytochemical screening, Chewing sticks, antimicrobial screening, Oral microbes

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