The Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activities of Euphorbia Species

Ruba Joujeh¹ , Dima Joujeh²

Section:Research Paper, Product Type: Journal-Paper
Vol.10 , Issue.5 , pp.6-12, Oct-2023

Online published on Oct 31, 2023

Copyright © Ruba Joujeh, Dima Joujeh . This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
 

View this paper at   Google Scholar | DPI Digital Library

XML View     PDF Download

How to Cite this Paper

Abstract :
Liver diseases have become a major problem in the world. They generally cause about 2 million deaths per year worldwide. Euphorbia is the sixth largest genus among flowering plants, and the largest genus in Euphorbiaceae, with about 2160 species. Some Euphorbia species have been documented for many health problems such as intestinal parasites, migraines, gonorrhea, skin disease, warts, wound healing, respiratory diseases, inflammation, indigestion, and liver diseases. With reports on the rise of liver diseases and several published reports on plant extracts with hepatoprotective effect, this review presents data on Euphorbia species that have been scientifically evaluated as hepatoprotective using known experimental models. Since the hepatoprotective effect of these species is mostly through their antioxidant activity, the total contents of Euphorbia species of phenolics and flavonoids- the main compounds responsible for antioxidant activity- were also reviewed in this review.

Key-Words / Index Term :
Euphorbiaceae, Euphorbia, hepatoprotective, phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant

References :
[1].M A?imovi?, N Mili?. “Perspectives of the Apiaceae Hepatoprotective Effects–A Review”, Nat Prod Commun, Vol.12, Issue.2, pp.309-317, 2017.
[2].A Singh, P Verma, MK Shukla. “A Comprehensive Review on Hepatoprotective Activity of Some Medicinal Plants”. Int J Pharm Res Appl. Vol.8, Issue.2, pp.664–672, 2023. DOI: 10.35629/7781-0802664672.
[3].K Okaiyeto, UU Nwodo, LV Mabinya, AI Okoh. “A review on some medicinal plants with hepatoprotective effects”. Phcog Rev, Vol.12, Issue.24, pp.186-199, 2018. Doi: 10.4103/phrev.phrev_52_17.
[4].SK Asrani, H Devarbhavi, J Eaton, PS Kamath, “Burden of liver diseases in the world”, Journal of Hepatology, Vol.70, pp.151–171, 2019.
[5]. H Towseef, D Veerakumar, N Insha, N Anandhi. “Hepatoprotective activity of some medicinal plants: A Review”. Int. Res. J. Pharm. Vol.10, Issue.5, pp.9-16, 2019. Doi: 10.7897/2230-8407.1005154.
[6]. TA Ghareeb, SA El-toumy, H El Gendy, EG Haggag. “Secondary Metabolites and Hepatoprotective Activity of Euphorbia retusa”. J Adv Pharm Res. Vol.2, Issue.4, pp.283–291, 2018.
[7]. I Ul-Haqa, N Ullaha, G Bibia, S Kanwala, M Ahmad and B Mirza. “Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities and Phytochemical Analysis of Euphorbia wallichii Root Extract and its Fractions”. Iran J Pharm Res., Vol.11, Issue.1, pp.241–249, 2012.
[8]. DK Magozwi, M Dinala, N Mokwana, X Siwe-noundou, RWM Krause, M Sonopo, et al. “Flavonoids from the Genus Euphorbia: Isolation, Structure, Pharmacological Activities and Structure–Activity Relationships”. Pharmaceuticals, Vol.14, Issue.428, pp.1–34, 2021. Doi: 10.3390/ph14050428.
[9]. A Al-Snafi. “Pharmacology and therapeutic potential of Euphorbia hirta (Syn: Euphorbia pilulifera)- A review”, IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy, Vol.7, Issue.3, pp.7-20, 2017.
[10]. BP Megana, T Balasubramanian, BS Suresha, S Rakshitha, N Soujanya, “Euphorbia prostrata: A plant review”, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Vol.12, Issue.3, pp.2713-2717, 2022.
[11]. H Saleem, Q Farooq. “Review on Medicinal Plants with Reference to Anti-Hepatotoxicity Activity”. Gastroenterol Hepatol Int J. Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.1–4, 2022. DOI: 10.23880/ghij-16000192.
[12]. M Asadi-Samani, N Kafash-Farkhad, N Azimi, A Fasihi, E Alinia-Ahandani, M Rafieian-Kopaei. “Medicinal plants with hepatoprotective activity in Iranian folk medicine”, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, Vol.5, Issue.2, pp.146-157, 2015. Doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(15)30159-3.
[13]. M Shah, F Khan, S Ullah, TK Mohanta, A Khan, R Zainab, N Rafiq, H Ara, T Alam, NU Rehman, et al. “GC-MS Profiling and Biomedical Applications of Essential Oil of Euphorbia larica Boiss.: A New Report”. Antioxidants, Vol.12, Issue.662, 2023. Doi: doi.org/10.3390/ antiox12030662.
[14]. HB Sharif, MD Mukhtar, Y Mustapha, G Baba, AO Lawal. “Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Profile of Euphorbia pulcherrima Methanol Extract on Wistar Albino Rats”. Adv Pharm. ID 539646, pp.1-9, 2015. Doi: 10.1155/2015/539646.
[15].Dubey S, Mehta SC. “Hepatoprotective Activity of Euphorbia Hirta Linn. Plant against Carbon Tetrachloride -Induced Hepatic Injury in Rats”. Int Conf Food, Biol Med Sci. pp.108-111, 2014. Doi: 10.15242/IICBE.C0114539.
[16].P Tiwari, K Kumar, AK Pandey, A Pandey, PK Sahu. “Antihepatotoxic Activity of Euphorbia hirta and by using the combination of Euphorbia hirta and Boerhaavia diffusa Extracts on Some Experimental Models of Liver Injury in Rats”. Int J Innov Pharm Res. Vol.2, Issue.2, pp.126–130, 2011.
[17].Y Madhusha, U Praveen. “A Study of Phytochemical and Pharmacological Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Activity of Euphorbia Hirta Linn Whole Plant In Rats & Mice”. World J Pharm Res. Vol.3, Issue.1, pp.1184–209, 2013.
[18]. A Shams, K Landry, F Shams, S Tariq, A Azeem, H Anjum, et al., “Hepatoprotective and Anti-inflammatory Potential of Crude methanolic extract of Euphorbia Pilulifera via NF-KB/Nrf2/Akt/TGF-?1 pathway”. Pakistan Biomed J. Vol. 5, issue. 5, pp. 162–167, 2022. DOI: 10.54393/pbmj.v5i5.487.
[19].TM Jyothi, K Prabhu, E Jayachandran, S Lakshminarasu, S Ramachandra. “Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of Euphorbia antiquorum”, Pharmacogn Mag. Vol. 4, issue. 13, pp. 127–134, 2008.
[20]. M Gait. “In Vitro and in Vivo Efficiency of Euphorbia Antiquorum as Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Against CCL4 – Hepatic Hazards in Rats”. Az. J. Pharm Sci. Vol. 45, pp. 137–154, 2012.
[21].Alamgeer, Khadija, Z Nasir, M Qaisar, A Uttra, K Khan, et al., “Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Potential of Euphorbia prostrata Ait Extract Against Chemically Induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Mice”. Acta Pol Pharm Drug Res. Vol. 74, issue. 5, pp. 1477–1483, 2017.
[22]. SK Singh, T Prabha, B Kavitha, HS Chouhan, SK Bharti. “Anti-Inflammatory and Hepatoprotective Activities of Ethanolic Extract of Euphorbia Thymifolia Linn”. Pharmacologyonline. Vol. 1, pp. 986–994, 2009.
[23].F Mohamed, “Serum Glutamate Transaminases Decrease in Chronic Hepatitis C Patients by Propolis from Euphorbia Resinifera”. pp. 1–15, 2007.
[24].S Kushwaha, B Semwal, PK Upadhayay, HN Yadav, V Vishwakarma. “Hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of Euphorbia royleana linn in carbon tetrachloride treated guinea pig”. Innov Pharm Pharmacother. Vol. 4, issue. 1, pp. 22–32, 2017.
[25].AM Soliman, SS Soliman. “Protective Activities of some Extracts from Euphorbia retusa Leaves towards CCl4-Induced liver injuries in Rats”. Chem Res Journal, Vol. 5, issue. 4, pp. 88–103, 2020.
[26]. M Younus, MM Hasan, K Ahmad, I Haq, R Ahmad, B Nasir, et al. “Evaluation of Hepato-protective and Nephron- Protective Potential of Euphorbia nivulia Buch.-Ham. Against Carbon Tetrachloride-induced Toxicity in Sprague Dawley Rats”. J Pharm Res Int. Vol. 33, issue. 21A, pp. 83–100, 2021. Doi: 10.9734/JPRI/2021/v33i21A31370.
[27].P Bigoniya, AC Rana. “Protective effect of Euphorbia neriifolia saponin fraction on CCl4 -induced acute hepatotoxicity”. African J Biotechnol. Vol. 9, issue. 42, pp. 7148–7156, 2010. Doi: 10.5897/AJB09.1440.
[28].V Sharma, P Janmeda. “Protective Assessment of Euphorbia neriifolia and its Isolated Flavonoid Against N nitrosodiethylamine induced Hepatic Carcinogenesis in Male Mice: A Histopathological Analysis”. Toxicol Int. Vol. 21, issue. 1, pp. 37–43, 2014. Doi: 10.4103/0971-6580.128790.
[29].R Batool, MR Khan, M Majid. “Euphorbia dracunculoides L. abrogates carbon tetrachloride induced liver and DNA damage in rats”. BMC Complement Altern Med. Vol. 17, issue. 223, pp. 1–11, 2017. Doi: 10.1186/s12906-017-1744-x.
[30]. KP Babu, P Shanmugasundaram. “Effect of Euphorbia milii extract on Cytotoxicity and Hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol induced hepatic damage in wistar rats”. Eur Chem Bull. Vol. 12, issue. 4, pp. 7833–7846, 2023. Doi: 10.48047/ecb/2023.12.si4.702.
[31].S Ahmed, M El-Shereib, R El-Dineb, S El-Toumy, “Phytoconstituents, Hepatoprotective, and Antioxidant Activities of Euphorbia Cooperi N”. E. Br. Egypt J Chem. Vol. 62(Part 2), pp. 831–840, 2019. Doi: 10.21608/ejchem.2019.20992.2252.
[32]. A Ghani, SA El-toumy, W El-dougdoug, AM Mansour, W Hassan, M Hassan. “Chemical Profile and Hepatoprotective Activity of Ethyl Acetate Extracts of Euphorbia paralias and Euphorbia geniculata (Euphorbiaceae) from Egypt”. Pharmacogn J. Vol. 12, issue. 4, pp. 762–770, 2020. Doi: 10.5530/pj.2020.12.109.
[33].TM Jyothi, MM Shankariah, K Prabhu, S Lakshminarasu, GM Srinivasa, S Ramachandra. “Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity of Euphorbia tirucalli”. Iranian Journal of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Vol. 7, issue. 1, pp. 25–30, 2008.
[34]. F Gao, Z Fu, H Tian, Z He. “The Euphorbia lunulata bge extract inhibits proliferation of human hepatoma HepG2 cells and induces apoptosis”. JBUON. Vol. 18, issue. 2, pp. 491–495, 2013.
[35].K Gulati, MR Reshi, N Rai, A Ray, “Hepatotoxicity: Its Mechanisms, Experimental Evaluation and Protective Strategies”, Am J Pharmacol., Vol. 1, issue. 1, pp. 1-9, 2018.
[36]. M Minnady, G Jayapal, S Poochi, P Nethaji, B Mathalaimuthu. “Hepatoprotective Effect of Indigenous Medicinal Plants: A Review”. Indian J Pharm Sci. Vol. 84, issue. 5, pp. 1116–1132, 2022.
[37]. SA Ali, NH Sharief, YS Mohamed. “Hepatoprotective Activity of Some Medicinal Plants in Sudan”. Evidence-Based Complement Altern Med. ID 2196315, pp. 1–16, 2019. Doi: 10.1155/2019/2196315.
[38]. I Türe, H Özbek, R Erten, A Öner, N Cengiz, O Yilmaz. “Hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities of Plantago major L”, Indian J Pharmacol. Vol. 41, issue. 3, pp. 120–124, 2009. Doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.55211.
[39].R Tittarelli, M Pellegrini, MG Scarpellini, E Marinelli. “Hepatotoxicity of paracetamol and related fatalities”. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. Vol. 21, issue. 1, pp. 95–101, 2017.
[40]. Pracheta, V Sharma, R Paliwal, S Sharma, L Singh, J Bs, S Yadav. “Chemoprotective activity of hydro-ethanolic extract of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn leaves against DENA-induced liver carcinogenesis in mice”. Biol Med. Vol. 3, issue. 2, pp. 36–44, 2011.
[41].NE Daoudi, M Bnouham. “Hepatoprotective Essential Oils: A Review”. J Pharmacopuncture. Vol. 23, issue. 3, pp. 124–141, 2020. Doi:10.3831/KPI.2020.23.3.124.
[42]. S Mahabeer. “Interpretation of Liver Function Tests Part 1”. pathologists. Vol. 3, pp. 1–2, 2016.
[43]. W R Kim, S L Flamm, A M Di Bisceglie, HC Bodenheimer, “Serum Activity of Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) as an Indicator of Health and Disease”, Hepatology, Vol. 47, issue. 4, pp. 1363-1370, 2007.
[44]. D Dufour, J Lott, F Nolte, D Gretch, R Koff, L Seeff, “Diagnosis and Monitoring of Hepatic Injury. II. Recommendations for Use of Laboratory Tests in Screening, Diagnosis, and Monitoring”, Clinical Chemistry, Vol. 46, issue. 12, pp. 2050–2068, 2000.
[45].A Boyd, O Cain, A Chauhan, G Webb. “Frontline Gastroenterology”, Vol. 11, pp. 40–47,2020. Doi: 10.1136/flgastro-2018-101139.
[46]. A Favier, “Le stress oxydant, Mécanismes biochimiques”, Vol. 12, pp. 108-115, 2003.
[47].CE Ugwu, SM Suru. “Medicinal plants with hepatoprotective potentials against carbon tetrachloride-induced toxicity: a review”. Egypt Liver J. Vol. 11, issue. 88, pp. 1–26, 2021. Doi: 10.1186/s43066-021-00161-0.
[48]. P Chaudhary, P Janmeda. “Quantification of phytochemicals and in vitro antioxidant activities from various parts of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn”. J Appl Biol Biotechnol. Vol. 10, issue. 02, pp. 133–145, 2022. Doi: 10.7324/JABB.2022.100217
[49]. S Mu, W Yang, Huang G. “Antioxidant activities and mechanisms of polysaccharides”, Chem Biol drug Des., Vol. 97, issue. 3, pp. 628-632,2020. Doi: 10.1111/cbdd.13798.
[50].K Athmouni, D Belhaj, A El Feki, H Ayadi. “Optimization, antioxidant potential, modulatory effect and anti-apoptotic action in of Euphorbia bivonae polysaccharides on hydrogen peroxide-induced toxicity in human embryonic kidney cells HEK293”, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Vol. 116, pp. 482-491,2018. Doi: 10.1016lj.ijbiomac.2018.04.172.
[51].J Qu, P Huang, L Zhang, Y Qiu, H Qi, A Leng, D Shang. “Hepatoprotective effect of plant polysaccharides from natural resources: A review of the mechanisms and structure-activity relationship”, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Vol. 161, pp. 24-34,2020. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.196.
[52]. S Li, L Gan, Y Tian, Y Tian, R Fan, D Huang, et al., “Presegetane diterpenoids from Euphorbia sieboldiana as a new type of anti-liver fibrosis agents that inhibit TGF-?/Smad signaling pathway”, Vol. 114,2021. Doi: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105222.
[53].P Bigoniya, AC Rana. “Hemolytic and In-vitro Antioxidant Activity of Saponin Isolated from Euphorbia neriifolia Leaf”, Recent Progress in Medicinal Plants: Natural Products – II, Edition: 1st Chapter: 20, pp. 359 – 376,2006.
[54].P Bigoniya, AC Rana. “Radioprotective and In-Vitro Cytotoxic Sapogenin from Euphorbia neriifolia (Euphorbiaceae) Leaf”, Trop J Pharm Res. Vol. 8, issue.6, pp.521–530, 2009.
[55]. AA Basma, Z Zakaria, L Latha, S Sasidharan. “Antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of the methanol extracts of Euphorbia hirta L”. Asian Pac J Trop Med. Vol. 4, issue.5, pp.386–390, 2011. Doi: 10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60109-0.
[56]. R Parimi, KE Pravallika. “Studies on Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenolic Content and In vitro Antioxidant activity of Different Extracts of Euphorbia thymifolia Roots”. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, Vol. 10, issue.2, pp.551-556,2017. Doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2017.00110.X.
[57]. MCD Gapuz, RL Besagas. “Phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activities of leaf extracts of Euphorbia species”. J Biodivers Environ Sci. Vol.12, issue.4, pp.59–65,2018.
[58]. M Ahmad, A shah, R Khan, F Khan, N Khan, MS Shah, M Khan. “Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of crude methanolic extract of Euphorbia prostrata collected from District Bannu (Pakistan)”. African J Pharm Pharmacol. Vol.5, issue.8, pp.1175–1178,2011. Doi: 10.5897/AJPP11.359.
[59]. C Elagdi, K Bouaouda, R Rahhal, M Hsaine, W Badri, et al., “Phenolic compounds, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the methanolic extracts of Euphorbia resinifera and Euphorbia echinus”, Scientific African, Vol. 21, 2023. Doi: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01779.
[60].A Ashraf, R Sarfraz, M Rashid, M Shahid. “Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor, and cytotoxic activities of an important medicinal plant (Euphorbia royleana) from Pakistan”, Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, Vol. 23, issue.1, pp.109-115, 2015. Doi: 10.1016/j.jfda.2014.05.007.
[61]. Lahmadi S, Kechebar M, Karoune S, Bensouici C, Gali L, et al., “Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and photoprotective activities of aqueous extract of Euphorbia retusa Forssk. different parts from Algeria”, Acta agriculturae Slovenica, Vol. 118, issue.3, pp.1–10, 2022. doi:10.14720/aas.2022.118.3.2437.
[62]. Younus M, Mohtasheem-ul-Hasan M, Ijaz S, Kamran M, Maqsood A, Saddique B, Nisar U, Ashraf M, Mahmoud EA, El-Sabrout AM, et al. “Investigation of Euphorbia nivulia-HAM for Enzyme Inhibition Potential in Relation to the Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents and Radical Scavenging Activity”. Life 2022; Vol.12, issue.321, pp.1-11. Doi: 10.3390/ life12020321.
[63]. Pracheta, V Sharma, R Paliwal, S Sharma. “In Vitro Free Radical Scavenging and Antioxidant Potential of Ethanolic Extract of Euphorbia Neriifolia Linn”. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. Vol. 3, issue. 1, pp. 238–242,2011.
[64]. M Majid, MR Khan, NA Shah, IU Haq, MA Farooq, S Ullah, et al. “Studies on phytochemical, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Euphorbia dracunculoides”. BMC Complement Altern Med, Vol.15, issue.349, pp.1–15, 2015. Doi: 10.1186/s12906-015-0868-0
[65]. K Ashfaq, MAU Rehman, AM Ghaffari, N Ali, N Sohail. “Euphorbia milii: Phenolic contents, Cytotoxic, and Antioxidant Prospect”. Trop J Nat Prod Res. Vol.6, issue.8, pp.1219-1222, 2022. doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v6i8.10
[66].MB Hlila, K Majouli, FH Skhiri, HB Jannet, M Aouni, M Mastouri, et al. “Total phenolic compounds, antioxidant potential and ?-glucosidase inhibition by Tunisian Euphorbia paralias L”. J Coast Life Med. Vol. 4, issue.8, pp.628–633,2016. Doi: 10.12980/jclm.4.2016J6-118.
[67]. K Araújo, A Lima, J Silva, L Rodrigues, A Amorim, P Quelemes, et al. “Quelemes. Identification of Phenolic Compounds and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Euphorbia Tirucalli L.”. Antioxidants, Vol. 3, pp.159-175, 2014. Doi: 10.3390/antiox3010159.
[68]. M Abbasi, H Saleem, R Aziz, T Riaz, M Ajaib, A Muhammad. “Determination of Antioxidant Activity and Phytoconstituent Screening of Ephorbia heterophylla Linn.”. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol. 3, issue.2, pp.202-216, 2013. Doi: 10.9734/BJPR/2014/1925.
[69]. RK Salar, P Sharma, SS Purewal. “In vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of stem extract of Euphorbia trigona Miller”. Assoc Humanit Med. Vol. 5, issue.2, pp.1–6, 2015. Doi: 10.5667/tang.2015.0004.
[70]. L Zhang, C Wang, Q Meng, Q Tian, Y Niu, W Niu. “Phytochemicals of Euphorbia lathyris L. and Their Antioxidant Activities”. molecules. Vol. 22, issue.1335, pp.1-12, 2017. Doi: 10.3390/molecules22081335.
[71]. Z Kefayati, SM Motamed, A Shojaii, M Noori, R Ghods. “Antioxidant activity and phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extract and subfractions of Euphorbia splendida Mobayen”. Phcog Res, Vol 9, pp.362-365, 2017.
[72]. A Karimi, M Mohammadi-kamalabadi, M Rafieian-kopaei, L Amjad, L Salimzadeh. “Determination of antioxidant activity, phenolic contents and antiviral potential of methanol extract of Euphorbia spinidens Bornm (Euphorbiaceae)”. Trop J Pharm Res. Vol.15, issue.4, pp.759-764, 2016. Doi: 10.4314/tjpr.v15i4.13.