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• Open Access   Article

  Characterization of Village Chicken Production and Marketing Systems in Meket District, North Wollo Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia

  T.D. Assefa, M.A. Ewunetu

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRCS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp.1-6, Feb-2020

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  The study was conducted to generate comprehensive information on village chicken production and marketing systems in Meket district of North Wolo Zone, Ethiopia. The study was performed based on household survey and group discussion. For household survey, twelve kebeles were purposively selected and a total of 120 households were involved. Majority of households (80.3%) were kept indigenous chicken ecotype. The flock size of chicken per household was 8.79±1.4 (range 0 to 12). Most of the households (73.3%) were practiced backyard chicken production systems. The purpose of chickens, in order of importance were income generation (36.7%), egg production (20.0 %%), egg hatching (16.7%), home consumption (10.0%) and for religious ceremonies (8.3%). The majority of the households (60%) practiced extensive management systems. Most of households were not prepare a separate house for their chicken (85%). The entire households were hatching the egg by using natural incubation. Most of the households were sold their chicken through formal market (63.3%) for the consumers (83.3%). The average age at first mating of cockerels and age at first egg of pullets were 24.8 weeks and 7.1 months, respectively. The average number of egg laid /clutch and annual productivity of local hens in the study district was 13.1±0.8 and 52.3±0.9) eggs, respectively. Religious/culture/holidays and seasonal diseases outbreak were highly associated with marketing and consumption of chicken products. New castle disease was the major infectious diseases affecting productivity and survival of village chicken. 79.7% of chicken owners reared birds mainly during dry season, when the risk of disease outbreak and predation is low.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Backyard, chicken ecotype, Marketing practice, production systems

  References
  [1] T. Dessie. “Phenotypic and genetic characterization of local chicken ecotypes in Ethiopia”, PhD Thesis, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany, pp: 209, 2003.
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  Citation
  T.D. Assefa, M.A. Ewunetu, "Characterization of Village Chicken Production and Marketing Systems in Meket District, North Wollo Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia," International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.1-6, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Effects of Contaminants on the Rheological Properties of Oil Based Muds

  T.N. Chikwe, E.C. Nwakanma

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRCS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp.7-12, Feb-2020

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  Oil based muds obtained from the Niger Delta area of Nigeria were contaminated with various concentrations of salt and cement contaminants. Molar concentrations of 1.0 M, 3.0 M, 5.0 M, 7.0 M and 10.0 M of salt as well as those of cement were introduced into 10.0 Liters of the Oil based mud respectively with the molar concentrations corresponding to 10.0%, 30.0%, 50.0 %, 70.0% and 100.0 % of the contaminated mud system. The Rheological properties of the contaminated Oil base muds were determined with the use of a Fann Model 35 Viscometer. Results obtained showed that the Plastic viscosity and the Gel strengths of the Oil based mud contaminated with 30.0 % salt solution were within American Association of Drilling Engineers (AADE) specification while only 10.0 % of the cement contaminated Oil based mud fell within AADE specification in terms of Plastic viscosity and Gel strengths, also 50.0 % of both salt and cement contaminated Oil based mud were within AADE specification in terms of Yield point. The salt used as contaminant was sodium chloride (NaCl) while the cement used was portland cement with chemical composition 3CaO.SiO2, 2CaO.SiO2, 3CaO.Al2O3 and 4CaO.Al2O3FeO3 and the rheological properties (Plastic Viscosity, Yield point and Gel strengths) generally increased with increase in concentration of the contaminants however results obtained from Pearson’s correlation coefficient analyses showed that the rate of increase was higher with the cement contaminant indicating that cement has a more devastating effect on the mud properties compared to salt.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Plastic viscosity; yield point; gel strength; drilling; salt; cement

  References
  [1] A. R. Ismail, A. Aftab, Z. H. Ibupoto, “The Novel Approach for the
  Enhancement of Rheological Properties of Water-Based Drilling Fluids by Using Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube, Nanosilica and Glass Beads,” Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, pp 264–275, 2016.
  [2] P. Cousin, F. Bertrand, B. Herzhaft, “Rheological Behavior of Drilling Muds, Characterization Using MRI Visualization,” Oil & Gas Science and Technology. Rev IFP, Vol. 59. 23-29, 2004.
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  [10] O. F. Joel, E. C. Ndubuisi, L. Ikeh, “Effect of cement contamination on some properties of drilling mud. In: Nigeria Annual International Conference and, Exhibition Lagos, Nigeria,” DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.2118/163023-MS, 2012.
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  Citation
  T.N. Chikwe, E.C. Nwakanma, "Effects of Contaminants on the Rheological Properties of Oil Based Muds," International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.7-12, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Determination Of Portability Potential Of Some Borehole And Wells Water Withing Industrial And Sewage Disposal Sites Using Physicochemical Parameters In Kano Metropolis, Kano State Nigeria

  Sabo, A.A., Obiekezie, S.O., Makut, M.D., Mudasir, N.

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRCS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp.13-19, Feb-2020

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  Abstract
  This research work investigated borehole and Well waters located within the industrial areas of Bompai, Sharada (Sabuwar gandu), Chalawa (Tsamawa) and Gyadigyadi, Wailari sewage disposal areas with a view to determine their physicochemical qualities. A total of fifty (50) samples from boreholes and wells (two from each location) were sampled and analyzed, the physicochemical parameters monitored included pH, electrical conductivity, TDS, DO, BOD, Turbidity, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, Zinc, iron, lead, manganese and chromium. The wells water samples showed elevated mean value of lead (0.14mg/I), EC (590.9 us/cm), TDS (l l9.l3mg/l), DO (4.67mg/I), BOD (1.25mg/1), Zinc (l.76mg/I), iron (0.6mg/l), Manganese (0.44mg/I) and Chromium (0.57mg/1) when compared to the borehole samples with mean average value of lead(0.01mg/I), EC (483.75), TDS (54.0lmg/I), DO (4.l2mg/l), BOD(l .2mg/I), Zinc (0.91mg/l), Iron (0.l6mg/I), Manganese (0.29mg/l) and Chromium (0.05mg/l). The result shows that some of the borehole and well samples are not within the recommended limit of WHO (2006) and NSDWQ (2007) standard for drinking water. The borehole and well water should therefore be protected and treated before consumption.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Portability, Potential, Sewage, Industrial, Disposing, Physicochemical parameter

  References
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  [2] D., Salisu, H. B. Mustapha, “Industrial Pollution and Implication on Source of Water Supply in Kano, Nigeria” International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 10, Issue 1, pp. 76-81, 2010.
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  [5] A. U., Egbu, “Constraints to Effective Pollution Control and Management in Nigeria”. Vol. 20, pp. 13-20, 2010.
  [6] I. S., NaAbba, “Transformation of the Kabuga Housing Estate”. Unpublished Phd Dissertation, Bayero University Kano, 2002.
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  [8] R. R., Dinrifo, S. O., Babatunde, Y. O., Bankole, Q. A., Demu, “Physicochemical Properties of Rain Water Collected From some industrial Areas of Lagos State, Nigeria”. European Journal of Scientific Research Vol. 41, Issue 3, pp. 383-390, 2010.
  [9] R. S., Abdulkadir, A. M., Muhamoud, A., Adnan, U., Shamsuddeen, R. T., Adamu, I., Yunusa, “Effect of Pit Latrin Leaks on Shallow Well Water”. International Journal of Microbiology and Application. Vol. 1, Issue 5, pp. 46-51, 2014.
  [10] S. O., Obiekezie, G. E., Owuna, F. Nwagbara, H. Nhunnaro, “Microbiological Qualities of Some Local Fermented Food (Ogiri, Ogi and Ugba) in Orlu, Imo State Nigeria”. International Journal of Biotechnology and Allied Science. Vol. 7, Issue 2, pp. 956-962, 2012.
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  Citation
  Sabo, A.A., Obiekezie, S.O., Makut, M.D., Mudasir, N., "Determination Of Portability Potential Of Some Borehole And Wells Water Withing Industrial And Sewage Disposal Sites Using Physicochemical Parameters In Kano Metropolis, Kano State Nigeria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.13-19, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Assessment of Passive Augmentation Technique in Circular Tube side CMC/Water Process Fluid using Twisted Tape

  P.B. Dehankar, Keshava Joshi, S.A. Desai, V.A. Bhosale

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRCS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp.20-22, Feb-2020

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  Abstract
  Heat exchangers are used in processes to recover the heat between two process fluids in industries like chemical, petrochemical, food, beverages, thermal, etc. Influence of Heat transfer augmentation technique (passive) on heat transfer; pressure drop and thermal performance characteristics under laminar flow condition is reported. In the present paper; Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) having a concentration of 0.02 % with tap water as a process fluid has been studied. The experimental values for parameters as friction factor, Reynolds number along with mass flow rate ranges between 0.02 kg/sec to 0.033 kg/sec tube side fluid. The study of heat transfer augmentation technique; passive technique using twisted tape having twist ratio Y = 4.3. This passive technique affects the heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop, friction factor, and Reynolds number. From experimental work, it was observed that for twisted tape; a higher heat transfer coefficient and higher pressure drop and hence higher friction factor has been obtained when compared with a smooth tube.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Carboxymethyl Cellulose, Coefficient of Heat Transfer, Friction factor, Passive augmentation, Twist tape

  References
  [1] M.M.K. Bhuiya, M.S.U. Chowdhury, M. Saha, M.T. Islam, ‘Heat Transfer And Friction Factor Characteristics In Turbulent Flow Through A Tube Fitted With Perforated Twisted-Tape Inserts’, International Communications In Heat And Mass Transfer, Vol. 46, pp. 49–57, 2013.
  [2] Yasser Aldali, Ibrahim Elbaba, K. Morad, ‘Heat Transfer Enhancement For Laminar Flow In Circular Tubes With Twisted Tape Insert’, Journal Of Thermophysics And Heat Transfer, Vol. 29, pp. 805-810, 2015.
  [3] S. Liu, M.Sakr, ‘A Comprehensive Review On Passive Heat Transfer Enhancements In Pipe Exchangers’, Renewable And Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 19, pp. 64-81, 2013.
  [4] S. Eiamsa-Ard, K. Nanan,C. Thianpong, P. Eiamsa-Ard, ‘Thermal performance evaluation of heat exchanger tubes equipped with coupling twisted tapes’, Experimental Heat Transfer, Vol. 26, pp. 413-430, 2013.
  [5] Bodius Salam, Sumana Biswas, Shurva Saha, Muhammad Mostafa K Bhuiya, ‘Heat Transfer Enhancement In A Tube Using Rectangular-Cut Twisted Tape Insert’, Process Engineering, Vol. 56, pp. 96-103, 2013.
  [6] Sombat Tamna, Yingyong Kaewkohkiat, Sompolskullong, Pongjet Promvonge, ‘Heat Transfer Enhancement In Tubular Heat Exchanger With Double V-Ribbed Twisted-Tapes’, Case Studies in thermal engineering, Vol. 7, pp. 14-24, 2016.
  [7] Teguh Hady Ariwibowo, Prima Dewi Permatasari, Aulia Arif Shalihuddin, ‘The Experimental Study Of Twisted Tape Effect On Heat Transfer Performance Of Hairpin Heat Exchanger’, International Electronics Symposium (IES), pp. 128-131, 2016.
  [8] P.V. Durga Prasad, A.V. S. S. K. S. Gupta, K. Deepak, ‘Investigation Of Trapezoidal-Cut Twisted Tape Insert In A Double Pipe U-Tube Heat Exchanger Using Al2O3/Water Nanofluid’, Procedia Materials Science, Vol. 10, pp. 50-63, 2015.
  [9] K. Nanan, C. Thianpong, P. Promvonge, S. Eiamsa-Ard, ‘Investigation Of Heat Transfer Enhancement By Perforated Helical Twisted-Tapes’, International Communications In Heat And Mass Transfer, Vol. 52, pp. 106–112, 2014.
  [10] J. P. Meyer, S.M. Abolarin, ‘Heat Transfer And Pressure Drop In The Transitional Flow Regime For A Smooth Circular Tube With Twisted Tape Insert And A Square-Edged Inlet’, International Journal Of Heat And Mass Transfer, Vol. 117, pp. 11-29, 2018.
  [11] S. Bhattacharyya, H. Chattopadhyay, Ali Cemal Benim, ‘Heat Transfer Enhancement Of Laminar Flow Of Ethylene Glycol Through A Square Channel Fitted With Angular Cut Wavy Strip’, Procedia Engineering, Vol. 157, pp. 19-28, 2016.
  [12] Marco Genovese, Giacomo Viccione, Fabio Rossi, Using The Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) as viscosity Modifier To Model The Interstitial Fluid In Laboratory Debris Flows, Latest Trends In Engineering Mechanics, Structures, Engineering Geology, ISBN: 978-960-474-376-6, pp. 179-186.
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  Citation
  P.B. Dehankar, Keshava Joshi, S.A. Desai, V.A. Bhosale, "Assessment of Passive Augmentation Technique in Circular Tube side CMC/Water Process Fluid using Twisted Tape," International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.20-22, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Removal of Cadmium from Polluted Water Using Layered Double Hydroxides as Effective Adsorbents

  Dinamani Muthaiah

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRCS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp.23-26, Feb-2020

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  Abstract
  Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are layered materials containing a positively charged layer and exchangeable anions in the interlayer. In this study, LDHs intercalated with chelating agents were synthesized by anion exchange reaction. The materials synthesized in this work were characterized by chemical analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). Adsorption experiments from aqueous solutions containing known amounts of some heavy metallic ions onto the adsorbent were explored in a batch system. The amount of metallic ions adsorbed by LDHs intercalated with EDTA and LDHs without EDTA were determined by and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). In order to examine the adsorption capacity of LDHs intercalated with chelating agents, the adsorption experiment was investigated under the optimum condition.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Layered double hydroxides, Ion exchange, Chelating agents, Sorbents, Cadmium contamination

  References
  [1] D.G. Evans and R.C.T. Slade, “Structural aspects of Layered double hydroxides” Springer-Verlag Berlin, printed in German, 2006
  [2] Vicente Rives, “Layered Double Hydroxides: Present and Future” By Nova Science Publishers Ind. New Yark. 2001.
  [3] P. Steven, Newman and William Jones “Synthesis, characterization and applications of layered double hydroxides containing organic guests” New J. Chem., Vol.22, pp.105-115, 1998.
  [4] V.R.L. Constantino and T. J. Pinnavia, “ Basic properties of Mg-Al-LDHs intercalated by Carbonate, hydroxide, Chloride and sulfate anions” Inorg. Chem., 34, 883-892, 1995. K.S. Low, C.K. Lee, Cadmium uptake by the moss Calympers delesertii, besch’, Bioresour. Technol 38 (1991) 1–6.
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  [10] K.A. Brantner, E.J. C K.S. Low, C.K. Lee, Cadmium uptake by the moss Calympers delesertii, besch’, Bioresour. Technol 38 (1991) 1–6.
  [8] R. Salim, M.M. Al-Subu, E. Sahrhage, Uptake of cadmium from water by beech leaves, J. Environ. Sci. Health A27 (3) (1992) 603–627.
  [9] E.R. Christensen, J.T. Delwiche, Removal of heavy metals from electro- plating rinse waters by precipitation, flocculation and ultrafiltration, Water Res. 16 (1982) 729.
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  Citation
  Dinamani Muthaiah, "Removal of Cadmium from Polluted Water Using Layered Double Hydroxides as Effective Adsorbents," International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.23-26, 2020