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• Open Access   Article

  Determination of Tannin Content in Banana (Musa spp) Midribs: a Comparative Study

  James Kihara Wangui, Douglas Onyancha, Benson Ongarora

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRCS)

  Vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp.1-7, Feb-2023

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  Abstract
  Ecological concerns emanating from the use of inorganic tanning agents in leather processing have been on the rise, leading to increased research on alternative tanning agents. This study aimed at determining the tannin content in selected banana leaf midrib samples and their tanning strengths. Soxhlet method was used to extract the tannins from the banana leaf midrib samples. Different solvents were investigated in order to determine the best candidate for the extraction of tannins. Chemical tests were used to determine the nature of tannins present in the selected banana species. Hide powder method made it possible to quantify the tannins present and their tanning strength. The extracted samples were further analyzed using FTIR to establish the functional groups present. Highest yields were obtained using distilled water as solvent at 14.51 ± 0.17% and 7.14 ± 0.15% for sweet banana species (Musa sapentium Linn.) and ‘Muraru’ (AA genome) midribs respectively. Musa sapentium Linn. and ‘Muraru’ (AA genome) midrib tannins had tannin content of 11.71 ± 0.33% and 6.36 ± 0.19% respectively from the hide powder method. Both species had a tanning strength greater than the recommended minimum value of 1.5. However, the data from the study showed that only sweet banana leaf midrib tannins can be commercially viable in leather tanning since they have a tannin content above the required minimum value (>10%).

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Banana, Banana leaf midribs, Mimosa, Musa sapentium Linn, ‘Muraru’, Tannins

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  Citation
  James Kihara Wangui, Douglas Onyancha, Benson Ongarora, "Determination of Tannin Content in Banana (Musa spp) Midribs: a Comparative Study," International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.10, Issue.1, pp.1-7, 2023

• Open Access   Article

  Pre-Treatment and Characterization of Cathode Active Material from Spent Lithium-IoN Batteries

  Alfred Obaje, Douglas Onyancha, Samuel Mirie

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRCS)

  Vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp.8-15, Feb-2023

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  The development of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for use in electric vehicles, portable electronic devices, and energy-storage devices has resulted in an increase in the quantity of used LIBs. The environment and public health are seriously endangered by the hazardous metals found in spent LIBs, for example Cobalt and Manganese metals, with a poisonous caustic electrolyte, and binders of organic origin. Based on these factors, procedures for recycling LIBs that are efficient, affordable, also benign to the environment are being developed in order to ensure a long-term sustainable future solution. In this research, used lithium batteries, were released into a sodium chloride solution with a lower concentration, manual dismantling of LIBs components, separations of components as cathode, anode, plastic casing, separators, electrolyte. Also dissolution of cathode material in sodium hydroxide solutions and finally characterized the cathode electrode, using X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) particles in raw cathode material, detected by Fourier Transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis, were effectively thermally decomposed at 464.98 °C and 150 °C respectively. The XRF analysis of thermally treated cathode material powder showed presence of: 61.72 % of Co, 12.11 % of Ni, 9.64 % of Mn, and 16.53 % others component.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs); Cathode active material (CAM); Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF); Diethyl carbonate (DEC); Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)

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  Citation
  Alfred Obaje, Douglas Onyancha, Samuel Mirie, "Pre-Treatment and Characterization of Cathode Active Material from Spent Lithium-IoN Batteries," International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.10, Issue.1, pp.8-15, 2023