Life Cycle Analysis of Yellow Oleander Biodiesel Production in Kenya

J.O. Masime¹ , B.N. Mbatia² , E.O. Ogur³ , A.O. Aluoch⁴ , J.O. Lalah⁵ , G. Otieno⁶

1. School of Chemistry and Material Science, Kenya.
2. School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Nairobi, Kenya & United States International University, Africa.
3. Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.
4. Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.
5. Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.
6. School of Chemistry and Material Science, Kenya.

Section:Research Paper, Product Type: Journal-Paper
Vol.9 , Issue.6 , pp.1-15, Dec-2022

Online published on Dec 31, 2022

Copyright © J.O. Masime, B.N. Mbatia, E.O. Ogur, A.O. Aluoch, J.O. Lalah, G. Otieno . This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
 

View this paper at   Google Scholar | DPI Digital Library

XML View     PDF Download

How to Cite this Paper

181 Views    318 Downloads    55 Downloads

Abstract :
This research focused on Kenya`s life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) of yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana) for biodiesel. It also evaluated the feasibility of biodiesel production from yellow oleander at a 100,000 t/year plant in Kenya using synthesized eggshell-derived waste nanocatalysts. The production costs considered included Estimated Fixed Capital Investment (FCI), Total Capital Investment (TCI), and Total Manufacturing Cost (TPC). The annual production cost was 9,487,834,956.00 (80,809,428.13- dollars/year). The estimated production cost of biodiesel from yellow oleander is 241.65 KES (1.96 dollars/L). In contrast, the estimated cost of the B20 biodiesel blend was KES 163.34 or (US 1.32 - dollars/L), which was 0.53 % cheaper than petrodiesel at 164.21 KES/L or (US 1.33 -dollars/L). Based on the annual production cost, the total raw material cost and labor cost were 74.38% and 0.008%, respectively. In addition, revenue from glycerin sales reduced biodiesel production costs by 13.67%. Labor costs accounted for 0.008% of production costs, making the production of biodiesel from yellow oleander less labor-intensive. The return on investment (ROI) of 810.32% exceeded the acceptable minimum return (MARR), indicating that biodiesel production from yellow oleander is feasible. This study also calculated the energy balance based on the different soil types used when planting yellow oleander plants. In normal soil, the total energy input was 120,729,624.96 MJ. In normal soil, the energy output was 840,000,000.00 MJ and the energy output/input ratio was 7.16. Accordingly, the estimated net energy number was positive, showing high values for the soil used.

Key-Words / Index Term :
life cycle analysis, energy life cycle analysis, yellow oleander biodiesel

References :
[1] Y. Gonfa Keneni and J. Mario Marchetti, “Oil extraction from plant seeds for biodiesel production,” AIMS Energy, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 316–340, 2017.
[2] S. K. and A. Shukl, “Environmental Impacts of Production of Biodiesel and Its Use in Transportation Sector,” Environ. Impact Biofuels, no. April 2014, 2011,
[3] A. Khapre, A. Jaiswal, Rena, and S. Kumar, Utilizing the Greenhouse Effect as a Source to Produce Renewable Energy, no. March. Elsevier Ltd., 2019.
[4] F. Perera, “Pollution from fossil-fuel combustion is the leading environmental threat to global pediatric health and equity: Solutions exist,” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol. 15, no. 1, 2018.
[5] Y. Ma and Y. Liu, Biodiesel production: Status and perspectives, 2nd ed. Elsevier Inc., 2019.
[6] G. Energy, A. Singh, D. Pant, and S. I. Olsen, “Importance of Life Cycle Assessment of Renewable Energy Sources,” no. October, 2013.
[7] P. Sekoai and K. Yoro, “Biofuel Development Initiatives in Sub-Saharan Africa: Opportunities and Challenges,” Climate, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 33, 2016.
[8] K. Pikula, A. Zakharenko, A. Stratidakis, M. Razgonova, A. Nosyrev, Y. Mezhuev, A. Tsatsakis & K. Golokhvast, “The advances and limitations in biodiesel production: feedstocks, oil extraction methods, production, and environmental life cycle assessment,” Green Chem. Lett. Rev., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 11–30, 2020.
[9] F. Ishola, D. Adelekan, A. Mamudu, T. Abodunrin, A. Aworinde, O. Olatunji, and S. Akinlabi, “Biodiesel production from palm olein: A sustainable bioresource for Nigeria,” Heliyon, vol. 6, no. 4, p. e03725, 2020.
[10] C. S. Osorio-González, N. Gómez-Falcon, F. Sandoval-Salas, R. Saini, S. K. Brar, and A. A. Ramírez, “Production of biodiesel from castor oil: A review,” Energies, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 1–22, 2020.
[11] M. Habibullah, H.H. Masjuki, M.A. Kalam, S.M. Ashrafur Rahman, M. Mofijur, H.M. Mobarak, & A.M. Ashraful, “Potential of biodiesel as a renewable energy source in Bangladesh,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 50, pp. 819–834, 2015.
[12] M. Momin and D. C. Deka, “Fuel property of biodiesel and petrodiesel mix?: experiment with biodiesel from yellow oleander seed oil,” Biofuels, vol. 6, no. 5–6, pp. 269–272, 2015.
[13] O. Ogunkunle and N. A. Ahmed, “A review of global current scenario of biodiesel adoption and combustion in vehicular diesel engines,” Energy Reports, vol. 5, pp. 1560–1579, 2019.
[14] GoK, “Republic of Kenya Kenya Gazette Supplement The Energy Act, 2019,” vol. 71, no. 71, 2019.
[15] G. Ndegwa, V. Moraa, and M. Iiyama, “Potential for biofuel feedstock in Kenya,” no. March, 2011.
[16] J. K. Kiplagat, R. Z. Wang, and T. X. Li, “Renewable energy in Kenya: Resource potential and status of exploitation,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 2960–2973, 2011.
[17] O. Bishoge, L. Zhang, and W. Mushi, “The Potential Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development in Tanzania: A Review,” Clean Technol., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 70–88, 2018, doi: 10.3390/cleantechnol1010006.
[18] P.O. Odhiambo, Makobe, M. H. Boga, A. Muigai, M. Schumacher & H. Kiesecker, “Phyto-Chemical Screening of Wild Types and Tissue Cultured Yellow Oleander Thevetia Peruviana Pers.K.Schum in Kenya,” Adv. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf., vol. 01, no. 05, pp. 1–3, 2012.
[19] A. Buši?, S. Kundas, G. Morzak, H. Belskaya, N. Mar?etko, M. I. Šantek, D. Komes, S. Novak and B. Šantek, “Recent trends in biodiesel and biogas production,” Food Technol. Biotechnol., vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 152–173, 2018.
[20] B. Volume and D. Dallatu, “the Influence of Physicochemical Characteristics of a Non-Edible Non,” vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 283–291, 2017.
[21] C. I. Yarkasuwa, D. Wilson, and E. Michael, “Production of biodiesel from yellow oleander (thevetia peruvian) oil and its biodegradability,” J. Korean Chem. Soc., vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 377–381, 2013.
[22] A.E. Atabani, A.S. Silitonga, H.C. Ong, T.M.I. Mahlia, H.H. Masjuki, I. A. Badruddin, and H. Fayaz, “Non-edible vegetable oils: A critical evaluation of oil extraction, fatty acid compositions, biodiesel production, characteristics, engine performance and emissions production,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 18, pp. 211–245, Feb. 2013.
[23] B. Volume and D. Dallatu, “The influence of physicochemical characteristics of a non oil of yellow oleander seed on its fuel properties,” vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 283–291, 2017.
[24] A. K. Yadav, A. Pal, U. Ghosh, and S. K. Gupta, “Comparative Study of Biodiesel Production Methods from Yellow Oleander Oil and its Performance Analysis on an Agricultural Diesel Engine,” Int. J. Ambient Energy, vol. 0, no. 0, pp. 1–18, 2017.
[25] S. Basumatary, “Yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana) seed oil biodiesel as an alternative and renewable fuel for diesel engines: A review,” Int. J. ChemTech Res., vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 2823–2840, 2014.
[26] D. C. Deka and S. Basumatary, “High quality biodiesel from yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana) seed oil,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 1797–1803, 2011.
[27] J. W. Jones, John M. Antle, B. Basso, K. J. Boote, R. T. Conant, I. Foster, H. C. J. Godfray, M. Herrero, R. E. Howitt, S. Janssen, B. A. Keating, R. Munoz-Carpena, C. H. Porter, C. Rosenzweig, & T. R. Wheeler, “Toward a new generation of agricultural system data, models, and knowledge products: State of agricultural systems science,” Agric. Syst., vol. 155, pp. 269–288, 2017.
[28] S. K. Sek, X. Q. Teo, and Y. N. Wong, “A Comparative Study on the Effects of Oil Price Changes on Inflation,” Procedia Econ. Financ., vol. 26, no. 15, pp. 630–636, 2015.
[29] V. Zambare, R. Patankar, B. Bhusare, and L. Christopher, “Recent advances in feedstock and lipase research and development towards commercialization of enzymatic biodiesel,” Processes, vol. 9, no. 10, 2021.
[30] B. Wright, “Global Biofuels: Key to the Puzzle of Grain Market Behavior,” J. Econ. Perspect., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 73–98, 2014.
[31] T. Oyegoke and T. T. Geoffrey, “Sensitivity Analysis of Selected Project Parameter on the Feasibility of Converting Maize Cob to Bioethanol as a Means of Promoting Biorefinery Establishment in Nigeria,” vol. 12, no. 1, 2022.
[32] O. Rosales-Calderon and V. Arantes, A review on commercial-scale high-value products that can be produced alongside cellulosic ethanol, vol. 12, no. 1. BioMed Central, 2019.
[33] M. Takase, R. Kipkoech, P. K. Essandoh, E. A. Afrifa, J. A. Frimpong, and H. K. Agama-Agbanu, “Status of biodiesel research and development in Kenya,” Int. J. Green Energy, vol. 00, no. 00, pp. 1–10, 2021.
[34] G. G. Zaimes, N. Vora, S. S. Chopra, A. E. Landis, and V. Khanna, “Design of sustainable biofuel processes and supply chains: Challenges and opportunities,” Processes, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 634–663, 2015.
[35] E. Eduardo, S. Lora, E. E. Ya, and E. Andrade, “The energy balance in the Palm Oil-Derived Methyl Ester ( PME ) life cycle for the cases in Brazil and Colombia ´ n,” vol. 34, pp. 2905–2913, 2009.
[36] L. F. L. e Silva, W. M. Gonçalves, W. R. Maluf, L. V. Resende, C. M. Sarmiento, V. Licursi, P. Moretto, “Energy balance of biodiesel production from canola,” Ciência Rural, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 1–5, 2016.
[37] D. M. Yazan, I. van Duren, M. Mes, S. Kersten, J. Clancy, and H. Zijm, “Design of sustainable second-generation biomass supply chains,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 94. pp. 173–186, 2016.
[38] L. F. L. e Silva, W. M. Gonçalves, W. R. Maluf, L. V. Resende, C. M. Sarmiento, V. Licursi, P. Moretto, “Energy balance of biodiesel production from canola,” pp. 1–5, 2017.
[39] H. C. Ong, T. M. I. Mahlia, H. H. Masjuki, and D. Honnery, “Life cycle cost and sensitivity analysis of palm biodiesel production,” Fuel, vol. 98, pp. 131–139, 2012.
[40] A. C. Lokesh, N. S. Mahesh, B. Gowda, R. Kumar K, and P. White, “Neem Biodiesel -A Sustainability Study,” Avestia Publ. J. Biomass to Biofuel J., vol. 1, no. February, pp. 2368–5964, 2015.
[41] S. K. Karmee, R. D. Patria, C. Sze, and K. Lin, “Techno-Economic Evaluation of Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil — A Case Study of Hong Kong,” pp. 4362–4371, 2015.
[42] A. Zuorro, K. Moreno-Sader, and A. González-Delgado, “Economic Evaluation and Techno-Economic Sensitivity Analysis of a Mass Integrated Shrimp,” Polymers (Basel)., vol. 12, p. 2397, 2020.
[43] A. Yadav and O. Singh, “Energy estimations for life-cycle analysis of jatropha, neem, and karanja biodiesels - A parametric study,” in Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 2010, vol. 224, no. 8, pp. 1049–1057.
[44] C. Strategy, “Note on Life Cycle Analysis,” 1975.
[45] O. Singh, “Evaluation of Energy Ratios for Karanja and Neem Biodiesel Life Cycles,” no. July, 2018.
[46] O. S. Stamenkovi, V. B. Veljkovi, and I. B. Bankovi, “Biodiesel production from non-edible plant oils,” vol. 16, pp. 3621–3647, 2012.
[47] M. Singh, S. K. Gandhi, S. K. Mahla, and S. S. Sandhu, “Experimental investigations on performance and emission characteristics of variable speed multi-cylinder compression ignition engine using Diesel/Argemone biodiesel blends,” Energy Explor. Exploit., vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 535–555, 2018.
[48] A. S. Hasanov, H. X. Do, and M. S. Shaiban, “Fossil fuel price uncertainty and feedstock edible oil prices: Evidence from MGARCH-M and VIRF analysis,” Energy Econ., vol. 57, no. May 2019, pp. 16–27, 2016.
[49] PMI, “Cost of construction labour and equipment,” Proj. Manag. Body Knowl., 2008.
[50] C. Ofori-Boateng and K. T. Lee, “Feasibility of Jatropha Oil for Biodiesel: Economic Analysis,” Proc. World Renew. Energy Congr. – Sweden, 8–13 May, 2011, Linköping, Sweden, vol. 57, pp. 463–470, 2011.
[51] N. Zgheib, R. Saade, R. Khallouf, and H. Takache, “Extraction of astaxanthin from microalgae: Process design and economic feasibility study,” IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 323, no. 1, pp. 0–12, 2018
[52] KPLC, “Approval of the schedule of tariffs set by the energy regulatory commission for supply of electrical energy by the Kenya Power and Lighting Company limited pursuant to section 45 of the Energy Act, 2006.” 2018.
[53] M. I. Oseni, B. E. Agbi, and I. O. Ogamenyi, “Extraction and Analysis of Chemo-physical Properties of Yellow Oleander Oil as Lubricant,” vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 1020–1029, 2014.
[54] L. van Gelderen, U. R. Alva, P. Mindykowski, and G. Jomaas, “Thermal Properties and Burning Efficiencies of Crude Oils and Refined Fuel Oil,” Int. Oil Spill Conf. Proc., vol. 2017, no. 1, pp. 985–1005, 2017, doi: 10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.985.
[55] K. D. T. Marie-Jeanne, “The role of renewable energy mini-grids in Kenya’s electricity sector Evidence of a cost-competitive option for rural electrification and sustainable development,” Ambition to Action, no. November, 2019.
[56] S. C. Pricelist, “SEPU Chemical pricelist 2 2015.xlsx,” no. 020, pp. 1–22, 2015.
[57] S. Nanda, R. Rana, P. K. Sarangi, A. K. Dalai, and J. A. Kozinski, “A broad introduction to first-, second-, and third-generation biofuels,” Recent Adv. Biofuels Bioenergy Util., pp. 1–25, 2018.
[58] S. N. Gebremariam and J. M. Marchetti, “The effect of economic variables on a bio-refinery for biodiesel production using calcium oxide catalyst,” Biofuels, Bioprod. Biorefining, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 1333–1346, 2019.
[59] M. N. Siddiquee and S. Rohani, “Lipid extraction and biodiesel production from municipal sewage sludges: A review,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 1067–1072, 2011.
[60] V. Kraemer, W. Sancho, S. Hamacher, and L. F. Scavarda, “Bioresource Technology Economic assessment of biodiesel production from waste frying oils,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 101, no. 12, pp. 4415–4422, 2010.
[61] J. C. Acevedo, J. A. Hernández, F. Valdés, and S. Kumar, “Bioresource Technology Analysis of operating costs for producing biodiesel from palm oil at pilot-scale in Colombia,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 188, no. 2015, pp. 117–123, 2020.
[62] J. C. Acevedo, J. A. Hernández, C. F. Valdés, and S. K. Khanal, Analysis of operating costs for producing biodiesel from palm oil at pilot-scale in Colombia, vol. 188. Elsevier Ltd, 2015.
[63] “clean technologies Economic and Sustainability of Biodiesel Production — A Systematic Literature Review,” pp. 19–36, 2021.
[64] R. P. Alonzo and R. P. Alonzo, “An Economic and Environmental Analysis of the Impact of Higher- Blended Biodiesel on the Philippine Economy By,” no. 8293, pp. 0–8, 2016.
[65] K. A. Zahan and M. Kano, “Biodiesel production from palm oil, its by-products, and mill effluent: A review,” Energies, vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 1–25, 2018.
[66] I. Renewable and E. Agency, Renewable energy prospects for the russian federation, No. April. 2017.
[67] G. Reinhardt, K. Becker, and D. R. Chaudhary, “Basic data for Jatropha Production and Use - Updated Version,” Inst. Energy Environ. Res. Cent. Salt Mar. Chem. Res. Inst., no. June, p. 573, 2008.
[68] T. Khanam, F. Khalid, W. Manzoor, A. Rashedi, R. Hadi, F. Ullah, F. Rehman, A. Akhtar, N. B. K. Babu, & M. Hussain, “Environmental sustainability assessment of biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas L. seeds oil in Pakistan,” PLoS One, vol. 16, no. 11 November, pp. 1–17, 2021.
[69] K. K. Pandey, N. Pragya, and P. K. Sahoo, “Life cycle assessment of small-scale high-input Jatropha biodiesel production in India,” Appl. Energy, vol. 88, no. 12, pp. 4831–4839, 2011.
[70] S. Kumar, J. Singh, S. M. Nanoti, and M. O. Garg, “A comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) of Jatropha biodiesel production in India,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 110, pp. 723–729, 2012.
[71] E. A. Sales, M. L. Ghirardi, and O. Jorquera, “Subcritical ethylic biodiesel production from wet animal fat and vegetable oils?: A net energy ratio analysis,” Energy Convers. Manag., pp. 6–9, 2016.