Volume-6 , Issue-12 , Dec 2020, ISSN 2454-9312 (Online), 2454-6143 (Print) Go Back

• Open Access   Article

  Interactive Effects of Strip Planting, Herbicides and Wheat Straw Mulch on Weed Control and Yield of Mungbean in Northern Bangladesh

  M.M. Hossain, M. Begum, A. Hashem, R.W. Bell

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.12 , pp.1-9, Dec-2020

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  Abstract
  Crisis of agricultural labors in the rural areas is pushing the smallholder farms in South Asia to seek for a mechanized planting system together with crop residue mulching and the application of herbicides. The present on-farm study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of residue mulching relative to herbicides and manual weeding by hands for controlling weeds and yield of mungbean in strip planted soil in northern Bangladesh. In this experiment, mungbean cv. BARI Mungbean 6 was grown after wheat during the April-June in 2015 and 2016, under two tillage types combined with the two weed control practices [P1: conventional tillage (CT) + three hand weeding, P2: Pre-plant (PRE) herbicide + strip planting (SP) + pre-emergence (PE) herbicide + post-emergence (PO) herbicide]; and two levels of wheat straw mulch [M0: no-mulch and M50: 50% standing mulch]. The CT was done by two primary and two secondary tillage operations by a two-wheel tractor, while the SP was done by a Versatile Multi-crop Planter in a single-pass process. The PRE herbicide (glyphosate), PE herbicide (pendimethalin) and PO herbicide (fenoxaprop-p-ethyl) was applied at recommended doses. The combination of applied PRE, SP, followed by sequential application of PE and PO herbicides plus retention of 50% wheat straw mulch achieved the highest weed control efficacy. Furthermore, this practice produced the 21% higher yield and 62% higher profit relative to conventional tillage with three hand weedings without mulch.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  crop residues, strip planting, herbicides, weed control, yield

  References
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  Citation
  M.M. Hossain, M. Begum, A. Hashem, R.W. Bell, "Interactive Effects of Strip Planting, Herbicides and Wheat Straw Mulch on Weed Control and Yield of Mungbean in Northern Bangladesh," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.6, Issue.12, pp.1-9, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Forecasting the Number of Agricultural Households in Indonesia

  M. Fajar, N. Rahmadhani, Suwandari

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.12 , pp.10-17, Dec-2020

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  Abstract
  This study aims to forecast the number of agricultural households as the provision of information input for policymaking and the foundation for the implementation of agricultural census in the future. The data used in this study are the number of agricultural households from the 2003 and 2013 agricultural censuses that available only once in ten years, and the results of SUTAS2018 (Intercensal Agricultural Census). The method used in this study is the intercensal forecasting and the hybrid method. The intercensal forecasting of agricultural households by province and national aggregate. The hybrid method proposes three models, namely exponential smoothing state space (ESSS), autoregressive neural network (NNAR), and TBATS (Transformations Box-Cox, ARMA error, Trends, and Seasonal). Time series are input data for processing hybrid method, then produce forecasts. The results obtained from this study are the intercensal and Hybrid ENT can be applied to the limited data availability. The results of forecasting the number of agricultural households in the 2014 - 2023 period show a downward trend as the implications of historical data resulting from intercensal having a downward trend, and based on MAPE show that the hybrid ENT method is quite good in forecasting agricultural households. But in further research, auxiliary variables and non-sample information are needed so that the forecasting results become more accurate.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  forecasting, household, agriculture, intercensal, hybrid ENT

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  Citation
  M. Fajar, N. Rahmadhani, Suwandari, "Forecasting the Number of Agricultural Households in Indonesia," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.6, Issue.12, pp.10-17, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Dynamics of Stock Returns Amidst COVID-19 Lockdown: A Descriptive Analysis of Global Stock Markets

  Kingsley Onyekachi Onyele, Emmanuel Chijioke Nwadike

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.12 , pp.18-26, Dec-2020

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  Abstract
  This study investigates the dynamics of global stock returns amidst COVID-19 lockdown. Daily returns of eight global stock exchange markets; namely, New York Stock Exchange, Nasdaq Stock Exchange, Tokyo Stock Exchange, Shanghai Stock Exchange, Euronext, London Stock Exchange, Toronto Stock Exchange and Bombay Stock Exchange were analyzed and compared. The study period was divided into three sub-periods, namely; pre-lockdown (trading days between 1st January, 2020 to 10th March, 2020), during lockdown (trading days between 11th March, 2020 to 31st May, 2020) and post lockdown (trading days between 1st June, 2020 to 30th September, 2020. The descriptive analysis revealed that negative returns was recorded across the selected stock exchange markets before the lockdown was imposed across countries of the world. During the lockdown, the descriptive statistic indicated that the New York Exchange, Shanghai Exchange, Toronto Exchange and Bombay Exchange had more negative returns than the other stock exchange markets. After the lockdown, the sampled stock exchange markets witnessed more positive returns than negative returns as shown by their respective positive mean values. Consequently, the study concludes that the lockdown restrictions meant to contain the spread of coronavirus had caused heavy losses in the global stock exchange markets.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Stock returns, stock exchange market, COVID-19, lockdown, descriptive statistic

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  Citation
  Kingsley Onyekachi Onyele, Emmanuel Chijioke Nwadike, "Dynamics of Stock Returns Amidst COVID-19 Lockdown: A Descriptive Analysis of Global Stock Markets," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.6, Issue.12, pp.18-26, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Students Perspective Assessment on Adopting Open and Distance Learning in Nigeria: The Case Study of Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria

  S.A.O. Ogirima, O.T Arulogun, J.S. Osunniyi

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.12 , pp.27-34, Dec-2020

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  Abstract
  The study is to check the students’ perspective assessment on adopting open and distance learning of Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso (LAUTECH). The study was conducted to know the views of the student. The survey was done online in which one hundred and ten student’s shows interest on the administered questionnaire. The result obtained from the demography, students’ perspective shows that 61.8% are male and 38.2% are female; 54.5% are single and 45.5% are married and 50% of the population of student that indicate their wiliness to answered the administered questionnaire ranges from the ages of 20-29 years of age. 71.8% are working while 28.2% are applicants and the students’ assessment of ODL from the mean frequency derivation for the SRI (4.12) and the SDR (4.01) are almost equal while the SEU (2.58) has low rating. The low rating of the SEU may be due to computer literacy and internet connectivity that the students have during their interaction with e-tutors. The hypothesis derivative crouch coefficient ranges between 0.72 and 0.85 and 60.9% prefer ODL to conventional way of study (the face-to-face system). The mode of admission is mainly through the constituted admission committee. It is an online application and the requirement was stated for the courses. The case study concludes a description of the students’ satisfaction on an online learning and it helps the students and the University from contracting Coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19).

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Student perspective; Adopting; Open and Distance Learning; Assessment

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  [11] Mohammed Omer, Tina Klomsri, Matti Tedre, Iskra Popova , Marie Klingberg-Allvin, and Fatumo Osman. E-learning Opens Door to the Global Community: Novice Users’ Experiences of E-learning in a Somali University. MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching. Vol. 11, No. 2, 2015
  [12] Nwachukwu, et al. ICT and Distance Learning Programmes in a Sub-Saharan African Country: A theoretical Perspective. In: Journal of Information Impact, Vol.7 issue 3. 2007
  [13] Mallinson, B., and Krull, G. Building Academic Staff Capacity to Support Online Learning in Developing Countries. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 17, 63-72. 2013
  [14] McQuiggan, C. Faculty Development for Online Teaching as a Catalyst for Change. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 16, 27-61. 2012
  [15] Engelbrecht, E. A Look at e-Learning Models: Investigating Their Value for Developing an e-Learning Strategy. Progressio, 25, 38-47. 2003
  [16] Calvo, N., and Rungo, P. Analysis of Emerging Barriers for e-Learning Models: An Empirical Study. European Research Studies, Vol 5. Issue 8, pp 4. 2010
  [17] Lowenthal, J. N. Using Mobile Learning: Determinates Impacting Behavioral Intention. American Journal of Distance Education Vol 24 issue 4, pp 195-206. 2010
  [18] International Telecommunication Union ITU: committed to connecting the world. 2016. Available at: http://www.itu.int/en/ Pages/default.aspx (accessed 2 July 2016)
  [19] Fee, K. Delivering E-Learning A Complete Strategy for Design, Application and Assessment. Kogan Page. London and Philadelphia. 2009
  [20] Lee, J.: Real-Time Mobile Distance Learning System for Smartphone. In: Luo, Y. (ed.) CDVE 2012. LNCS, Springer, Heidelberg, vol. 7467, pp. 24–32. 2012
  [21] Bates, T. Strategic Planning for E-Learning in a Polytechnic. Tony Bates Associates, Ltd. Canada. 2007 https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-950-2.ch004

  Citation
  S.A.O. Ogirima, O.T Arulogun, J.S. Osunniyi, "Students Perspective Assessment on Adopting Open and Distance Learning in Nigeria: The Case Study of Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.6, Issue.12, pp.27-34, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Modeling of Poverty Determinants in Sumatera Island (Panel Regression Approach)

  M. Fajar, Z. Nurfalah, S. Nonalisa

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.12 , pp.34-41, Dec-2020

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  Abstract
  This paper examines to determine whether there is an effect of the human development index (HDI), the open unemployment rate, economic growth, and regional GRDP per capita on poverty levels in Sumatera Island. In general, the trend of the poverty rate by the province in Sumatera decreased during 2010-2019 period, however, there are five provinces which on average have a poverty rate above 11 percent (above the national average poverty rate), namely Aceh, Bengkulu, Lampung, South Sumatera, and North Sumatera. This study used a dynamic panel approach with the Random Effect Model (REM). The data source was obtained from Statistics Indonesia (BPS) for the period 2010-2019. The results showed that the HDI variables and economic growth had a negative and significant effect on poverty levels in Sumatera Island. Meanwhile, the variables of the open unemployment rate and regional GDP per capita have a negative and insignificant effect on poverty levels in Sumatera Island. Simultaneously, it is concluded that the independent variables overall affect the poverty level. The coefficient of determination is 65.6370 percent, which means that variations in the level of poverty can be explained by the independent variables by 65.6370 percent and the remaining 34.3630 percent is explained by other factors out of the model.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Determinant, Model, Poverty, Sumatera

  References
  [1] L. Arsyad, “Ekonomi Pembangunan,” Penerbit UPP STIM YKPN, Yogyakarta, 2010.
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  89–116, 2016.
  [5] I. Isaac I.,J. Habila., H. Salami, R.O. Salami, P. Abutu, “Mapping Poverty and Deprivation in Barikin-Sale, Minna, Nigeria,” World Academics Journal of Management, Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.54-59, 2019.
  [6] S. Madan, “Human Development and Poverty – a Perspective Across Indian States,” Statistika, 49(4), 81–94, 2012.
  [7] E. Mahembe and N. M. Odhiambo, “Development aid and its impact on poverty reduction in developing countries: A dynamic panel data approach,” International Journal of Development Issues, 19(2), 145–168, 2020.
  [8] U. F. Mohammad and J. David, “The Relationship between Poverty and Unemployment in Niger State,” Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 8(1), 71–78, 2019.
  [9] A. Sharp, C. A. Register, and P. W. Grimes, “Economics of Social Issues-19th edition,” McGraw-Hill/Irwin New York, 2009.
  [10] H. Son and A. D. Bank, “What Determines Poverty in Korea in the 1990s?,” Copyright (C) 2003 NuriMedia Co., Ltd . July, 2016.
  [11] M. S. W. Suliswanto, “Pengaruh produk domestik bruto dan indeks pembangunan manusia,” Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan Ub Malang 8(2), 2010.
  [12] S. Susanti, “Pengaruh Produk Domestik Regional Bruto, Pengangguran dan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia terhadap Kemiskinan di Jawa Barat dengan Menggunakan Analisis Data Panel,” Jurnal Matematika Integratif, 9(1), 1-18, 2016.
  [13] T. H. T. Tulus, “Perekonomian Indonesia: Teori dan Temuan Empiris,” Ghalia Indonesia, Jakarta, 2009.
  [14] M. P. Todaro, “Pembangunan Ekonomi:Jilid 1,” Erlangga, Jakarta, 2011.
  [15] Y. Yacoub, “Pengaruh Tingkat Pengangguran terhadap Tingkat Kemiskinan Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat,” Journal Eksos 8(3), 176–185, 2012.
  [16] O. A. Ijuo and J. Andohol, “Agricultural Exports and Economic Growth in Selected West African Countries,” World Academics Journal of Management, Vol.8, Issue.1,pp.29-39, 2020.

  Citation
  M. Fajar, Z. Nurfalah, S. Nonalisa, "Modeling of Poverty Determinants in Sumatera Island (Panel Regression Approach)," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.6, Issue.12, pp.34-41, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Effects of Climate Variability in South Ari Woreda, South Omo Zone, Ethiopia

  B.Y. Kassahun, C.H. Hamer

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.12 , pp.42-52, Dec-2020

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  Abstract
  The rural livelihood is inherently sensitive to climate change and variability. Climate variability affects all countries but disproportionately affecting the poor people with less adaptive capacity. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to analyze rainfall and temperature variability and its effect on crop production in South Ari Woreda. The study sought to analyze 33 years climate data (rainfall and temperature) of the Woreda. Primary data were collected from key informants and field observations. Besides, secondary data was collected from official reports of the Woreda. Document analysis, interview and field observation are data collecting methods used in this study. Trend analysis was used to analyze the study area rainfall and temperature data. Annual rainfall and annual temperature show an increasing trend of by 3.7mm and 0.40C per decade respectively. The study also identified that almost the entire community livelihood depends on rain fed agriculture which is being adversely affected by the rainfall and temperature variability. Consequently, increasing trend of rainfall particularly during autumn and spring seasons is causing flooding on the highland areas under the study. This situation resulted in high damage of growing crops on the farmland. High temperature during winter and summer seasons is causing drought on the lowland areas of the study. The frequent drought in the study area affected crop production and animal rearing. In general the variability of rainfall accompanied with increasing temperature in the study area exposed the local community to food insecurity which is not familiar in the study area ever before. Therefore, all governmental and charity society have to support the community to reducing their vulnerability to climate change and variability induced shocks by adopting long term adaptation strategies and by improving community awareness and adaptive capacity.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Climate Variability, Rainfall, South Ari Woreda, Temperature

  References
  [1]. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, “Climate change and food security.” a framework document, Rome, Italy, 2008.
  [2]. World Meteorological Organization, “Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation.” (7th edition), WMO-No. 8. Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization – Geneva – Switzerland, 2006.
  [3]. IPCC, “Climate Change, Synthesis Report Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate, Change.” Geneva, Switzerland, 2014.
  [4]. D. Temesgen, H. Yhualashet, and D. Rajan, “Climate adaptations of smallholder farmers in South Eastern Ethiopia.” Academic Journals. Journals of agricultural extension and rural development. Vol.6 (11), pp. 354-366. Farm Africa, Ethiopia, 2014.
  [5]. C. Emelie, and E. Anders, “Ethiopia environmental and climate change policy brief.” Sida helpdesk for environment and climate change. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2013.
  [6]. C. Sweeney and G. Lizcano, “UNDP climate change country profiles, Ethiopia.” 2010, Available at http://country-profiles.geog.ox.ac.uk
  [7]. M. Biazen, “The effect of climate change and variability on the livelihoods of local communities: in the case of Central Rift Valley Region of Ethiopia,” Open Access Library Journal, 1: 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1100453.
  [8]. D. Temesgen, H. Yhualashet, and D. Rajan, “Climate adaptations of smallholder farmers in South Eastern Ethiopia.” Academic Journals. Journals of agricultural extension and rural development. Vol.6 (11), pp. 354-366. Farm Africa, Ethiopia, 2014.
  [9]. A. Shiferaw, “Smallholder farmers’ adaptation strategies to climate change in Ethiopia: evidence from Adola Rede Woreda, Oromia Region.” Journal of economics and sustainable development, Vol.5, No.7, 2014.
  [10]. B. Zerga and G. Gebeyehu “Climate Change in Ethiopia Variability, Impact, Mitigation, and Adaptation.” International Journal of Research and development Organization, Vol. 2 Issue 4 2016.
  [11]. OXFAM, “Russia and neighboring countries: environmental, economic and social impacts of climate change.” WWF Russia, 2008.
  [12]. Emergency Events Data Base (EM-DAT). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2016. Available at www.emdat.be/ {viewed on 13/12/2016}.
  [13]. S. Di Falco, M. Yesuf, G. Kohlin, and C. Ringler, “Estimating the impacts of climate change on agriculture in low-income countries: household level evidence from the Nile basin, Ethiopia.” Environ Resource Econ, pp. 52:457–478, 2012, DOI 10.1007/s10640-011-9538-y.
  [14]. F. Chris, R. Jim, and K. Emebet, “Famine Early Warning Systems Network-Informing Climate Change Adaptation Series. A Climate Trend Analysis of Ethiopia.” USAID- funded FEWS NET agreement with USGS. USA, 2012.
  [15]. Gezahegn B, Gebire W, Bamud K. Identification of major crop production constraints in debub ari district, south omo zone, southern Ethiopia. Horticult Int J.: Vol 2, Issue 6, 2018, 383-388.
  [16]. C.R. Kothari, “Research methodology: methods and techniques.” (2nd edition). New Age International (P)Ltd.,Publishers.NewDelhi,2004.
  [17]. W. Creswell, “Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research.” University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Edwards Brothers, Inc. 2012.
  [18]. K. Diriba, “Predictability of June–September rainfall in Ethiopia.” NationalMeteorological Agency of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2006.
  [19]. G. Hirut, and T. Kinde, “Analysis of risk in crop production due to climate change in the central rift valley of Ethiopia.” African journal of agricultural research. Vol. 10 (16), 2015.
  [20]. B. Woldeamlak, “In: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies. Rainfall variability and crop production in Ethiopia: case study in the Amhara region.” Trondheim, 2009.
  [20]. National Metrology Agency, “Climate change national adaptation program of action (NAPA) of Ethiopia.”AddisAbaba,Ethiopia,2007.

  Citation
  B.Y. Kassahun, C.H. Hamer, "Effects of Climate Variability in South Ari Woreda, South Omo Zone, Ethiopia," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.6, Issue.12, pp.42-52, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Health Impacts of Informal Solid Waste Scavenging in Minna, Nigeria

  Ibelieve Isaac, Jerry Habila, Hafiz Salami, Opara Chibiko Increase, Okoro Nneka Olivia

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.12 , pp.53-57, Dec-2020

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  Abstract
  Exposures to sharp objects during waste scavenging have negative health implications on the waste scavengers. Although the informal sector in general and solid waste scavenging in particular is indispensable in the efforts towards urban poverty reduction, it is not without negative implications on the health and safety of the participants. The study aimed at assessing the health impacts of informal solid waste scavenging in Minna, Nigeria. Consequently, the specific objectives of the study are to identify the adoption of safety measures by scavengers in the study area and to investigate the scavengers’ perception of their socioeconomic condition. Purposive sampling was used to administer interview schedules to 144 solid waste scavengers in the study area. Analysis was conducted using JASP 0.11.1 statistical software. It was discovered that majority of the solid waste scavengers in Minna are above 18years olds, but below 39years old. Furthermore, the solid waste scavengers reported an improvement in their socioeconomic conditions after joining the industry. However, majority of the solid waste scavengers do not practice safety measures in the course of their daily livelihood. It was therefore recommended that there should be an establishment and stringent enforcement of rules that will ensure adoption of safety measures by the waste scavengers. More so, it is suggested that the Niger State Environmental Protection Agency should give the scavengers an enabling environment to practice their trade owing to their ole in municipal waste management.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Solid wastes, Scavenging, Health, Migrants, Urbanisation, Consumption, Environment

  References
  [1] Nzeadibe, T. C., & Anyadike, R. N. C., “Social participation in city governance and urban livelihoods: Constraints to the informal recycling economy in Aba, Nigeria”. City, Culture and Society, 3, 313–325, 2012
  [2] United Nations Human Settlements Programme, “The global campaign on urban governance: Concept paper”. Nairobi: UNCHS, 2002
  [3] Shobha, M. N., Gowda, K., & Sridhara, M. V., “Household municipal waste management: A case study of Bangalore”. Institute of Town Planners, India Journal, 11(3), 1-16, 2014
  [4] Uddin, S. M. N., & Gutberlet, J., “Livelihoods and health status of informal recyclers in Mongolia”. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 134, 1–9, 2018
  [5] Isaac, I., Ogwu, R. O., Habila, J., Yakatun, M. M., Anozie, R., & Tsado, E. S., “Appraisal of household-based solid waste generation and disposal practices in Bida, Nigeria”. The Environguard, 4(1), 141-150, 2019
  [6] Tacoli, C., “Food (in)security in rapidly urbanising, low-income contexts”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14, 1554; doi:10.3390/ijerph14121554, 2017
  [7] United Nations, “United nations world urbanisation prospect”. 2014.
  [8] UN-Habitat, “World cities report 2016 - urbanization and development: Emerging futures”. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations, 2016
  [9] Zubairu, M., “Introduction”. In: Zubairu, S. N. & Adedayo, O. F. (Eds). Inclusive city growth and the poor: Policies, challenges and prospects. Nigeria: Community Participation Research Group (COPAREG). Pp XXVII-XXVIII, 2018
  [10] Gutberlet, J., “Informal and cooperative recycling as a poverty eradication strategy”. Geographic Compass, 6 (1), 19–34, 2012
  [11] World Bank, “Managing urban expansion in Mongolia: Best practices in scenario-based urban planning”. The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA, 2010
  [12] Altantuya, D., Zhang, Z., & Li, H., “Municipal solid waste management of Mongolia: analysis on the solid waste treatment of Ulaanbaatar city”. Advances in Asian Social Science, 3 (3), 695–697, 2012
  [13] Gutberlet, J., “Briefing: social facets of solid waste: insights from the global south”. Waste Resources Management, 166 (WR3), 110–113, 2013
  [14] Pardini, K., Rodrigues, J. J. P. C., Kozlov, S. A., Kumar, N. and Furtado, V., “IoT-Based solid waste management solutions: A survey”. Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, 8(5), 1-25, 2019
  [15] Chaudhary, R., "A study on holistic approach of solid waste management and climate change - A mini review". International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies, 4(10), 32-38, 2018
  [16] Malgwi, G. S., and Abdulkadir, S. A., "Characterization of household solid waste generated in Europe Hausa Yola-South Local Area of Adamawa State in Northern Nigeria". World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, 7(2), 56-6, 2020

  Citation
  Ibelieve Isaac, Jerry Habila, Hafiz Salami, Opara Chibiko Increase, Okoro Nneka Olivia, "Health Impacts of Informal Solid Waste Scavenging in Minna, Nigeria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.6, Issue.12, pp.53-57, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Environmental, Ecological & Sustainable Aspects of Agriculture—An Overview

  P.K. Paul, R.R. Sinha, Ricardo Saavedra, Pappachan Baby, Bashiru Aremu5

  Review Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.12 , pp.58-63, Dec-2020

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  Abstract
  Environment and Ecologies are most important concern our lives; all of us connected with the environment and all of us depends on environment; directly and indirectly. Environment is one of the important names and concern. All of us within the Environment and there are different living and non-living things within Environment. Environment is an Applied Science and deals with various facets of the Natural Sciences. ‘The complex of physical, chemical, and biotic factors (such as climate, soil, and living things) that act upon an organism or an ecological community and ultimately determine its form and survival’ & ‘The aggregate of social and cultural conditions that influence the life of an individual or community’—according to the Merriam Webster Dictionary. Agriculture is an important part of the environment. Without agriculture surviving is not possible and moreover, there are certain methods, tools and procedure for the agriculture. There are various advancement in the agricultural systems and this include the latest technological and engineering based applications viz. genetics, nanotechnology, information technology etc. However the growing applications of genetics etc may have different bad impact including on agriculture and environment. This paper is a kind of review paper describes the aspects on environment, agriculture, sustainability in agriculture etc. Further paper emphasizes on the aspects on overview, characteristics, nature, issues on towards the concern of the environment and agriculture including the sustainability.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Environment, Ecology, IT Applications, Genetics, Sustainability, Sustainable Agriculture, Agricultural Development

  References
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  [3] Darnhofer, I., Schneeberger, W., & Freyer, B. (2005). Converting or not converting to organic farming in Austria: Farmer types and their rationale. Agriculture and human values, 22(1), 39-52.
  [4] Darnhofer, I., Lindenthal, T., Bartel-Kratochvil, R., & Zollitsch, W. (2010). Conventionalisation of organic farming practices: from structural criteria towards an assessment based on organic principles. A review. Agronomy for sustainable development, 30(1), 67-81.
  [5] Gattinger, A., Muller, A., Haeni, M., Skinner, C., Fliessbach, A., Buchmann, N., ... & Niggli, U. (2012). Enhanced top soil carbon stocks under organic farming. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(44), 18226-18231.
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  [8] Hole, D. G., Perkins, A. J., Wilson, J. D., Alexander, I. H., Grice, P. V., & Evans, A. D. (2005). Does organic farming benefit biodiversity?. Biological conservation, 122(1), 113-130.
  [9] Johnson, N. L., Kovarik, C., Meinzen-Dick, R., Njuki, J., & Quisumbing, A. (2016). Gender, assets, and agricultural development: Lessons from eight projects. World Development, 83, 295-311.
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  [12] Murphy, K. M., Campbell, K. G., Lyon, S. R., & Jones, S. S. (2007). Evidence of varietal adaptation to organic farming systems. Field Crops Research, 102(3), 172-177.
  [13] Oehl, F., Sieverding, E., Mäder, P., Dubois, D., Ineichen, K., Boller, T., & Wiemken, A. (2004). Impact of long-term conventional and organic farming on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Oecologia, 138(4), 574-583.
  [14] Padel, S. (2001). Conversion to organic farming: a typical example of the diffusion of an innovation?. Sociologia ruralis, 41(1), 40-61.
  [15] Pang, X. P., & Letey, J. (2000). Organic farming challenge of timing nitrogen availability to crop nitrogen requirements. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 64(1), 247-253.
  [16] Paul, Prantosh Kumar(2013).Information and Knowledge Requirement for Farming and Agriculture Domain.International Journal of Soft Computing Bio Informatics, 4(2), 80-84.
  [17] Paul, Prantosh Kumar etal. (2015).Agricultural Problems in India requiring solution through Agricultural Information Systems: Problems and Prospects in Developing Countries. International Journal of Information Science and Computing,2(1), 33-40.
  [18] Paul, Prantosh Kumar etal. (2015). Information and Communication Technology and Information: their role in Tea Cultivation and Marketing in the context of Developing Countries—A Theoretical Approach. Current Trends in Biotechnology and Chemical Research. 5(2), 155-161.
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  Citation
  P.K. Paul, R.R. Sinha, Ricardo Saavedra, Pappachan Baby, Bashiru Aremu5, "Environmental, Ecological & Sustainable Aspects of Agriculture—An Overview," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.6, Issue.12, pp.58-63, 2020