Demonstration of Phase Shift of the Universe using an Effective Equation of State Parameter

Robin Francis¹ , E M Mohammed² , C. Sivakumar³

1. Dept. of Physics, Maharaja’s College( Mahatma Gandhi University), Ernakulam, Kerala, India.
2. Dept. of Physics, Maharaja’s College( Mahatma Gandhi University), Ernakulam, Kerala, India.
3. Dept. of Physics, Maharaja’s College( Mahatma Gandhi University), Ernakulam, Kerala, India.

Section:Research Paper, Product Type: Journal-Paper
Vol.6 , Issue.4 , pp.41-45, Apr-2020

Online published on Apr 30, 2020

Copyright © Robin Francis, E M Mohammed, C. Sivakumar . This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
 

View this paper at   Google Scholar | DPI Digital Library

XML View     PDF Download

How to Cite this Paper

200 Views    230 Downloads    101 Downloads

Abstract :
An effective pressure parameter for the fluid of universe of matter and dark energy is proposed and is shown to be a fine simple technique for demonstrating the shift of our flat universe from its phase of deceleration to acceleration that is believed to have occurred in the past and also the present state of acceleration. The two component fluid model proposed is consistent with the measured red shifts of galaxies and it describes the dynamics of matter era and dark era elegantly using a possible set of data. It is rather about an effective equation of state parameter and how phase shift could be introduced into the evolution of the universe than the accuracy of the set of values used/produced, which might be modified by a better data set.

Key-Words / Index Term :
Effective equation of state parameter, Fluid of universe, Dark energy, Flat universe, Redshift, Matter era, Dark era

References :
[1] S. Weinberg, “Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles and applications of GTR,” John Wiley, NewYork, 1972.
[2] M. Charles, Kip S. Thorne, J. A. Wheeler, “Gravitation,” W H Freeman, San Francisco, 1973.
[3] C. L. Bennet et.al., “Nine-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe(WMAP) observations: Final maps and results,” ApJS, Vol.208(20B), pp.1-54, 2013.
[4] E. Hubble, “A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae,” Proceedings of the National academy of sciences, Vol.15, No.3, pp.168-173, 1929.
[5] G. F. Hinshaw et.al., “Nine-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe(WMAP) observations: Cosmological parameter results,” ApJS, Vol.208(19H), pp.1-25, 2013.
[6] S. Perlmutter et. al., “Measurements of Ω and Λ from 42 High-Redshift Supernovae,” The Astrophys. J., Vol.517, pp.565-586, 1999.
[7] A. G. Riess et al., “Observational evidence from Supernovae for an accelerating universe and a cosmological constant,” The Astron. J., Vol.116, pp.1009-1038, 1998.
[8] J. V. Narlikar, “Introduction to cosmology,” Cambridge University press, Cambridge, 1993.
[9] P. A. Oesch et. al., “A remarkably luminous galaxy at z=11.1 measured with HST Grism Spectroscopy,” The Astrophys. J., Vol. 819, No.2, pp.129-139, 2016.
[10] D. Schade et.al., “Canada-France redshift survey: Hubble Space Telescope imaging high redshift galaxies,” ApJ, Vol.451, pp.L1-L4, 1995.
[11] C. H. Lineweaver and J. M. Davis, “Misconceptions about the big bang,” Scientific American, Vol.292, pp.24-33, 2005.
[12] A. H. Guth, “The inflationary universe: A possible solution to the horizon and flatness problems,” Physical Rev. D, Vol.23, No.2, pp.347-356, 1980.
[13] A. H. Guth, “The inflationary universe: the quest for a new theory of cosmic origins,” Basic books, New York, 1990.
[14] D. N. Page, “Susskind’s challenge to the Hartle-Hawking No-boundary proposal and possible resolutions,” ar-Xiv:hep-th/0610199v2, 2006.
[15] P. Bielewicz, A. J. Banday and K. M. Gorski, “Constraints on the topology of the universe derived from the 7-year wmap cmb data and prospects of constraining the topology using cmb polarisation maps,”arxiv:1303.4004, March 2013.
[16] A. Friedmann, “On the curvature of space,” General Rel and Gr., Vol.31, No.12, pp.1991-2000, 1999.
[17] ] P. J. E. Peebles and B. Ratra, “The cosmological constant and dark energy,” Rev. of Mod. Phys, Vol.75, pp.559-606, 2003.
[18] K. Jain, D. Chhajed and A. Tyagi, “Magnetized LRS Bianchi Type-I massive string model for perfect fluid distribution with cosmological term Λ,” Int. J. Sci. Res. In Physics and Applied Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.3, pp.167-172, 2019.
[19] C. Sivakumar, M. V. John and K. B. Joseph, “Stochastic evolution of the cosmological parameters in the early universe,” Pramana, Vol.56, No.12, pp.477-486, 2001.
[20] S. M. Carrol, M. Hoffman and M. Trodden, “Can the dark energy equation-of-state parameter w less than -1?,” Phys.Rev.D, Vol.68, pp.023509-023538, 2003.
[21] A. Liddle, “An introduction to modern cosmology,” Wiley, New York, 1998.
[22] M. Garnavich et.al., “Supernova limits on the cosmic equation of state,” The Astrophys. J., Vol.509, pp.74-79, 2011.
[23] R. K. Das, “Modified gravity model with dark energy for accelerating universe,” Int. J. Sci. Res. In Physics and Applied Sciences, Vol.6, Issue.1, pp.5-9, 2018.