The Role of Translation and Psychological Equivalence in Virtual Mobility and Migration

Amalia Calinescu¹

1. Department of Applied Modern Languages/Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literatures, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.

Section:Research Paper, Product Type: Journal-Paper
Vol.9 , Issue.6 , pp.49-59, Jun-2023

Online published on Jun 30, 2023

Copyright © Amalia Calinescu . This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
 

View this paper at   Google Scholar | DPI Digital Library

XML View     PDF Download

How to Cite this Paper

133 Views    195 Downloads    51 Downloads

Abstract :
Current times are shaping a new type of reality. In order to keep up with the requirements of a normal life and stay safe from the coronavirus, people are making more and more use of online communication, digitally travelling across space and time. This form of leaving one’s town or homeland temporarily while using online platforms could be called virtual migration and mobility and could be accompanied by the need to translate as a means of direct and indirect communication. Another example of virtual travelling connected to translation comes from the literary works of writers with hybrid identities, like Kazuo Ishiguro, a British author of Japanese origins. The present paper analyses the relation between translation and virtual migration and mobility from an interdisciplinary perspective, as it results from the theories on natural and directional equivalence, Kazuo Ishiguro’s narrative techniques and the contemporary direction towards more fluid geographies for the multitude.

Key-Words / Index Term :
translation, virtual migration and mobility, psychological equivalence, bilingualism, existential migration, human interconnection

References :
[1]. G. Madison, “Existential Migration.” Existential Analysis, Vol. 17, No. 2, p. 238, 2006.
[2]. A. O. Lovejoy, “Reflections on the History of Ideas,” Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 3-23, 1940.
[3]. E. D. Beinhocker, “The Origin of Wealth: The Radical Remaking of Economics and What It Means for Business and Society,” Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Press, Boston, 2006.
[4]. A. Smith, “An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations,” Thrifty Books, 2009.
[5]. S. G. Medema, A. M. C. Waterman. “Paul Anthony Samuelson: Historian of Economic Thought,” History of Economic Ideas, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 67-86, 2010.
[6]. M. Hardt, A. Negri, “Empire,” Harvard UP, 2000.
[7]. W. Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York: Norton, 1991.
[8]. D. Demeritt, “Matthew Gandy, Concrete and Clay: Reworking Nature in New York City,” Journal of Historical Geography, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 437-439, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jhg.2004.03.014
[9]. C. Schmid, “Networks, Borders, Differences: Towards a Theory of the Urban,” Implosions/Explosions: Towards a Study of Planetary Urbanization, edited by N. Brenner, Berlin: Jovis, pp 67-86, 2013.
[10]. M. S. M. Othman et al., “A Review of Literature of Computer-Assisted Translation,” Language in India, Vol. 18, No. 9, pp. 340-359, 2018.
[11]. L. Bowker, D. Fisher, “Computer-Aided Translation,” Handbook of Translation Studies, edited by Y. Gambier, L. van Doorslaer, p. 70, 2010.
[12]. B. Banitz, “Machine Translation: A Critical Look at the Performance of Rule-Based and Statistical Machine Translation,” Cad. Trad. Florianópolis, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 54-71, 2020.
[13]. M. R. Costa-Jussà et al., “Study and Comparison of Rule-Based and Statistical Catalan-Spanish Machine Translation systems,” Computing and Informatics, Vol. 31, pp. 245-270, 2012.
[14]. H. L. Somers, “Machine Translation: History, Development, and Limitations.” The Oxford Handbook of Translation Studies, edited by K. Malmkjaer, K. Windle, Oxford: Oxford UP, pp. 427-440, 2011.
[15]. A. Merrifield, “The Urban Question under Planetary Urbanization,” Implosions/ Explosions: Towards a Study of Planetary Urbanization. Berlin: Jovis, pp. 164-180, 2013.
[16]. A. Pym, “Exploring Translation Theories,” Routledge, 2010.
[17]. R. Comerford, “Faber Details Campaign for Ishiguro`s Klara and the Sun,” The Book Seller, 2021, www.thebookseller.com/news/ishiguro-appear-conversation-daughter-part-faber-campaign-1239759#.
[18]. L. Richards, “January Interview: Kazuo Ishiguro.” January Magazine, 2000.
[19]. Y. G. Butler, “Bilingualism/Multilingualism and Second-Language Acquisition,” The Handbook of Bilingualism and Multilingualism, 2nd ed., edited by T. K. Bhatia, W. C. Ritchie, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, pp. 109-136, 2012.
[20]. M. Beller, “Perception, Image, Imagology,” Imagology: The Cultural and Literary Representation of National Characters: A Critical Survey, edited by M. Beller and J. Leerssen, Amsterdam: Rodopi, pp. 3-16, 2007.
[21]. P. Tillich, “Mind and Migration.” Social Research, Vol. 4, No. 3, The New School, pp. 295-305, 1937, www.jstor.org/stable/40981563.
[22]. Sting. “Englishman in New York,” Nothing like the Sun, A&M, 1988.
[23]. J. D. Morley, “Pictures from the Water Trade: An Englishman in Japan,” A. Deutsch, 1985.
[24]. London Review of Books. “Uchi: Kazuo Ishiguro,” Vol. 7, No. 14, 1985, www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v07/n14/kazuo-ishiguro/uchi.
[25]. A. Vorda, K. Herzinger, “An Interview with Kazuo Ishiguro,” Mississippi Review, Vol. 20, 1991.
[26]. D. O. Krider, “Rooted in Small Space: An Interview with Kazuo Ishiguro,” Conversations with Kazuo Ishiguro, edited by B. W. Shaffer, C. F. Wong, USA: UP of Mississippi, 2008.
[27]. L. Richards, “Kazuo Ishiguro,” January Magazine, www. januarymagazine.com/profiles/ishiguro.html.
[28]. B. Morrison, “It’s a Long Way from Nagasaki”. Observer, 1989.
[29]. C. F. Wong, “Kazuo Ishiguro,” Tavistock: Northcote House, 2005.
[30]. B. Allen, “Leaving behind Daydreams for Nightmares,” The Wall Street Journal, p. 12, 1995.
[31]. L. Hutcheon, “A Poetics of Postmodernism: History, Theory, Fiction,” New York, 1988.
[32]. N. Reitano, “The Good Wound. Memory and Community in The Unconsoled,” Texas Studies in Literature and Language, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 361-386, 2007.
[33]. A. Vorda, “Stuck on the Margins: An Interview with Kazuo Ishiguro,” Face to Face: Interviews with Contemporary Novelists, Houston: Rice UP, pp. 1-35, 1994.
[34]. E. Nida, C. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: Brill, 1969.
[35]. A. G. Oettinger, “Automatic Language Translation: Lexical and Technical Aspects, with Particular Reference to Russian,” Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1960.
[36]. J. C. Catford, John C, “A Linguistic Theory of Translation: An Essay in Applied Linguistics,” London: Oxford UP, 1965.
[37]. W. Wilss, “The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods,” Tübingen: Gunter Narr, 1982.
[38]. K. Ishiguro, “An Artist of the Floating World,” Vintage International, 1989.
[39]. P. Iyer, “Waiting upon History,” Partisan Review, Vol. 58, No. 3, 1991.
[40]. B. Lewis, “Kazuo Ishiguro,” Manchester UP, 2001.
[41]. A. Mudge, “Ishiguro Takes a Literary Approach to the Detective Novel.” Book Page, 2000, www. bookpage.com/interviews/8067-kazuo-ishiguro-fiction#.XzOtrSgzbIU.
[42]. U. K. Le Guin, “Writer`s Indignation: Kazuo Ishiguro Rejects Claims of Genre Snobbery,” The Guardian, 2015, www.theguardian.com/books/2015/mar/08/kazuo-ishiguro-rebuffs-genre-snobbery.
[43]. P. Hensher, “School for Scandal,” The Spectator, p. 32, 2005, www.spectator.co.uk/books/21309/part_4/school-for-scandal.
[44]. The Nobel Prize. “Biographical: Kazuo Ishiguro”. Nobel Prize Outreach AB, 2021. www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/2017/ishiguro/biographical/.
[45]. K. Ishiguro, “A Pale View of Hills,” Vintage International, 1990.
[46]. E. Temple, “‘Write What You Know’ Is the Stupidest Thing I’ve Ever Heard,” Literary Hub, 2017, www.lithub.com/kazuo-ishiguro-write-what-you-know-is-the-stupidest-thing-ive-ever-heard/.
[47]. S. Connor, “English Novel in History, 1950 to the Present,” Florence, KY, USA: Routledge, 1995.
[48]. J. Tan, “The International Settlement: The Fantasy of International Writing in Kazuo Ishiguro’s When We Were Orphans,” American, British and Canadian Studies, Vol. 31, pp. 47-64, 2018. http://dx. doi.org/10.2478/abcsj-2018-0016.
[49]. R. Lampkin, “Japanese Verbs and Essentials of Grammar,” McGraw-Hill, 2004.
[50]. J. Livingstone, “What’s So ‘Inscrutable’ about Kazuo Ishiguro?” The New Republic, 2017. www.newrepublic.com/article/145206/whats-inscrutable-kazuo-ishiguro.
[51]. B. W. Shaffer, C. F. Wong, editors, “Conversations with Kazuo Ishiguro,” Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 2008.
[52]. S. Hunnewell, “The Art of Fiction: Kazuo Ishiguro,” The Paris Review, Vol. 184, No. 196, 2008. www.theparisreview.org/interviews/5829/the-art-of-fiction-no-196-kazuo-ishiguro.
[53]. F. Blake, “Kazuo Ishiguro Q&A.” Mail Online, dailymail.co.uk/home/books/article-43637/Kazuo-Ishiguro-Q-A.html.
[54]. G. Mason, “An Interview with Kazuo Ishiguro.” Contemporary Literature, Vol. 30, No. 3, 1989.
[55]. M. Ikeda, “The Japan inside a Japanese British Writer,” The British Views of Japan, Tokyo: Seibunto, 1993.
[56]. L. A. Jakobovits, “Dimensionality of Compound-Coordinate Bilingualism,” Language Learning, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 29-55, 1968, http://dx. doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1968.tb00221.x.
[57]. A. Mechelli et al., “Structural Plasticity in the Bilingual Brain,” Nature, Vol. 431, No.7010, p. 757, 2004, http://dx. doi.org/10.1038/431757a.
[58]. K. C. Diller, “Compound and Coordinate Bilingualism: A Conceptual Artifact,” Word, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 254-261, 1970.
[59]. A. D. Friederici, et al., “Brain Signatures of Artificial Language Processing: Evidence Challenging the Critical Period Hypothesis,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 99, No. 1, pp. 529-534, 2002. http://dx. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.012611199
[60]. P. Hensher, “It`s the Way He Tells It,” The Guardian, 2000, www.theguardian.com/books/2000/mar/19/fiction.bookerprize2000.
[61]. T. Adams, “For Me, England Is a Mythical Place,” The Guardian, 2005. theguardian.com/books/2005/feb/20/fiction.kazuoishiguro.
[62]. M. Petry, “Narratives of Memory and Identity,” Peter Lang: Frankfurt am Main, 1999.
[63]. Fowles, John. The Tree. Ecco, 2010.
[64]. T. Kinzel, “C. S. Lewis and the Art of Reading: The Uses of Scholarship and the Pleasures of the Text,” LinguaCulture, 2014, http://dx. doi.org/10.1515/lincu-2015-0028.
[65]. A. Compagnon, “The Author,” Literature, Theory, and Common Sense, translated and edited by C. Cosman, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton UP, pp. 29-68, 2004.
[66]. B. Howard, “A Civil Tongue: The Voice of Kazuo Ishiguro,” The Sewanee Review, Vol. 109, No. 3, pp. 398-417, 2001.
[67]. K. Oe, “The Novelist in Today’s World: A Conversation with Kazuo Ishiguro.” Boundary 2, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 109-122, 1991.
[68]. H. Hayes, “(Be)coming Home: An Existential Perspective on Migration, Settlement and the Meanings of Home,” Existential Analysis, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 2-13, 2008.
[69]. J. Mehta, “‘She Was Japanese and She Had Hung Herself in Her Room’: Theorising Kazuo Ishiguro’s A Pale View of Hills,” Journal of Intercultural Inquiry, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 28-46, 2017. F.
[70]. M. Holmes, “Realisms, Dreams and the Unconscious in the Novels of Kazuo Ishiguro,” The Contemporary British Novel, edited by J. Acheson, S. C. E. Ross, Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2005.