Factors Contributing to Alzheimer`s disease in Older Adult Populations: A Narrative Review

Jalal Uddin¹ , Shahida Sultana Shumi² , Farhana Khandoker³ , Tazveen Fariha⁴

1. Dept. of Social and Behavioral Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, USA.
2. Dept. of Physiotherpay, Saic College of Medical Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
3. Dept. of Social and Behavioral Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, USA.
4. Dept. of Social and Behavioral Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, USA.

Section:Review Paper, Product Type: Journal-Paper
Vol.10 , Issue.7 , pp.76-82, Jul-2024

Online published on Jul 31, 2024

Copyright © Jalal Uddin, Shahida Sultana Shumi, Farhana Khandoker, Tazveen Fariha . This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
 

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Abstract :
Introduction: Alzheimer`s disease and related dementia are clinical neurodegenerative disorder of the brain. The main symptoms are cognitive deterioration and memory impairment, mainly impacting elderly. It is important to comprehend the various factors that contribute to the development risk of AD. This narrative review synthesizes current literature on the various factors influencing the development and progression of AD in older adult populations. Methods: Literature search were done on online databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO using relevant keywords such as "Alzheimer`s disease," "risk factors," "genetics," "environmental factors," and "lifestyle." Studies published between 2000 and 2023 were included, focusing on factors associated with AD in older people over 65 years age. Results: The review identified several key factors contributing to AD in older adults. Genetic predisposition emerged as a significant risk factor. Environmental factors such as air pollution, pesticides, and heavy metals were also implicated. Furthermore, lifestyle factors lack of exercise, unhealthy eating habits, and smoking were linked to higher chances of developing Alzheimer`s disease. Chronic conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases were found to exacerbate cognitive decline in older adults. Conclusion: AD presents a complex interplay of vascular, lifestyle, and social factors influencing its onset and progression. While uncertainties remain regarding specific causal pathways, there is growing optimism about the efficacy of preventive measures. Effective management of vascular risk factors such as hypertension, obesity, and diabetes in midlife can significantly delay the onset of dementia by preserving cerebral blood flow and reducing cerebrovascular incidents. Similarly, promoting an active and socially integrated lifestyle through cognitive, physical, and social activities shows promise in reducing AD risk and enhancing cognitive resilience. Early educational attainment and ongoing cognitive engagement play crucial roles in maintaining cognitive function into older age. Cognitive training programs for individuals with mild dementia offer supportive interventions to sustain cognitive abilities and improve quality of life.

Key-Words / Index Term :
Alzheimer`s disease, older adults, risk factors, genetics factors, environmental factors, lifestyle factors

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