Impact of Burnt Brick Production on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Load in Suburbs of Makurdi, Nigeria

Ogbodo O. Juliana¹ , Danduwa Emmanuel² , Otanwa E. Helen³

1. Dept. of Science Laboratory Technology, Benue State Polytechnic, Ugbokolo, Nigeria.
2. Dept. of Chemistry, Benue State University, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria.
3. Dept. of Chemistry, Federal University of Health Sciences, Otukpo, Benue State, Nigeria.

Section:Research Paper, Product Type: Journal-Paper
Vol.10 , Issue.7 , pp.115-122, Jul-2024

Online published on Jul 31, 2024

Copyright © Ogbodo O. Juliana, Danduwa Emmanuel, Otanwa E. Helen . This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
 

View this paper at   Google Scholar | DPI Digital Library

XML View     PDF Download

How to Cite this Paper

54 Views    54 Downloads    26 Downloads

Abstract :
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic compounds formed during the incomplete combustion of organic materials, such as coal, oil, gas, and biomass. PAHs were investigated in soils of five villages outskirts of Makurdi, known for burnt bricks production (geographical coordinates lati¬tude 7.723o N – 7.819o N and longitude 8.663o E – 8.905o E, 1-3 km) east of the River Benue, Makurdi, Nigeria. The soil`s physicochemical parameters were determined and the soils were extracted using Soxhlet extraction in acetone-hexane 1:1. PAHs were eluted with hexane/dichloromethane (1:1). Some PAHs were identified and quantified using gas chromatograph - mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The results showed the presence of naph¬thalene, fluorene, 1-methyl- and 2metlyl naphthalene, acenaphthene benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, Benzo[a]pyrene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene in the soil samples of all the five sites considered. Concentrations of PAHs ranged from 0.011 to 60.00 ppb across all sites. The obtained concentrations of PAHs are significant (ANOVA, p<0.05) and higher than the threshold limits for a rural and agricultural environment set by USA and Canadian regulations but negligible in the adjourning (control) soil. while traditional methods for producing fired clay products remain popular among many communities living near Makurdi due caution must still be taken when assessing their potential impacts on local environments whilst still allowing people access to necessary construction materials without compromising public health standards as long-term effects may be associated with increased concentrations of PAHs present within affected soils from continued usage.

Key-Words / Index Term :
PAHs, Burnt bricks, physicochemical properties, Soil, combustion, Organic materials

References :
[1] D. Wang, J. Ma, H. Li, X. Zhang, “Concentration and Potential Ecological Risk of PAHs in Different Layers of Soil in the Petroleum-Contaminated Areas of the Loess Plateau China,” International. Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol.15, Issue. 11, pp. 16 2018.
[2] International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), “Some non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some related exposures,” Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks Humams, Vol.92, pp.765–771, 2010.
[3] H. Lim, S. Silvergren, S. Spinicci, F.M Rad, U. Nilsson, R. Westerholm, C. Johansson, “Contribution of wood burning to exposures of PAHs and oxy-PAHs in Eastern Sweden,” Atmospheric Chemistry, and Physics, Vol. 22, pp. 11359–11379, 2022.
[4] B. Moorthy, C. Chu, D.J Carlin, “Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: from metabolism to lung cancer, “Journal of National Library of Medicine Vol. 145, Issue.1, pp. 5-15, 2015.
[5] H.I Abdel-Shafy, S.M Mona, 2016, “A rview on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons source, environmental impact, effect on human and remediation,” Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, Vol. 26, Issue.1, pp. 107-123, 2016.
[6] US Environmental Protection Agency, “Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-EPA fact sheet,” National Ground Water Association Journal, Vol.46, Issue.1, pp. 156-159, 2008.
[7] V.G Tsiodra, B. de Foy, C. Herring, S. Kaspari, T. VanReken, B. Jobson, “Contributions of wood smoke and vehicle emissions to ambient concentrations of volatile organic compounds and particulate matter during the Yakima wintertime nitrate study,” Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol.122, pp. 1871–1883, 2021.
[8] E. A Okoye, A. N Ezejiofor, I. L Nwaogazie, C. Frazzoli. O.E. Orisakwe, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil and Vegetation of Niger Delta, Nigeria: Ecological Risk Assessment. Journal of Toxicology Volume 20, pp. 1-18, 2023.
[9] Y. Li, Q. Zhang, D. Guo, J. Dang, “Characteristics and risk assessment of PAH pollution in soil of a retired coking wastewater treatment plant in Taiyuan, Northern China,” Toxics, Vol. 11, Issue. 5, pp. 415--425, 2023.
[10] B.J Olawuyi, K.O Olusola, E.B Ogunbode, S.S Kyenge, “Performance Assessment of Makurdi Burnt Bricks,” Construction focus, Journal of Department of Building, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Vol. 3, Issue. 1, pp. 1-12, 2015.
[11] A.R Rajonee, V. Uddin (2018) changes in soil properties with Distance in Bricks kiln area around Barisal. Open Journal of Soil Science Vol. 8, Issue. 3, pp. 121-132, 2018.
[12] A.S Alaa, A.M Ali, “Manufacturing Bricks in the Present and in the Future: A State of Art Review,” International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences, Vol. 2, Issue. 3, pp. 145-156, 2013.
[13] H. Orru, H. Olstrup, J. Kukkoonen, S. Lopez-Aparicio, “Health impacts of PM2.5 originating from residential wood combustion in four Nordic cities,” BMC Public Health Vol. 22, pp. 1286, 2022.
[14] D. Sarigiannis, S. Karakitsios, D. Zikopoulos, S. Nikolaki, M. Kermenidou, “Lung cancer risk from PAHs emitted from biomass combustion,” Environmental Research, Vol. 137, pp. 147-157, 2015.
[15] S.T Ikpe, “Evaluation of the Impact of Burnt-Bricks Production on Vegetation and Potential Flood in Naka, Gwer-West LGA, Benue State,” Journal of Environmental Design and Constructions Management, Vol. 20, Issue. 4, pp. 293-316, 2020.
[16] F.S Agbidye, S.I.N. Agera, J.A. Ogwuche, “Investigated the effect of burnt brick production on soil bacteria and fungi at brick Sites in Benue, Nigeria,” Journal of Global Biosciences, Vol. 4, Issue.8, pp. 3016-3023, 2018.
[17] S.I.N Agera, J.A. Ogwuche, F.S. Agbidye, “Investigation of particulate matter concentrations at wood-based burnt brick sites in Benue State, Nigeria,” European Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Research Vol. 6, Issue. 2, pp. 42-49, 2018.
[18] A.J. Walkely, I.A. Black, “Estimation of soil Organic Carbon by the Chromic and Titration Method,” Soil Science Vol. 37, pp. 29-38, 1934.
[19] B.P. Prem, S. Douffy, “Evaluation of Soil Organic Carbon and Soil Moisture Content from Agricultural Fields in Mississippi,”Open Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 1-15, 2013.
[20] V. Sonja, G.H Angelika, “Analysis of PAHs in Soil according to EPA 8310 method with UV and Fluorescence detection,” Environmental Science and Technology Journal. Vol. 38: pp. 5990-6041, 2011.
[21] H.R Khan, K. Rahman, A.J.M.A. Rouf, G.S. Sattar, Y. Oki, T. Adachi, “Assessment of degradation of agricultural soils arising from brick burning in selected soil profiles,” International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 4, Issue, 4, pp. 471-480, 2007.
[22] A.A. Agbeshie, S. Abugre, T. Atta-Darkwa, R. Awuah, “A review of the effect of forest fire on soil properties,” Journal of Forestry Research, Vol. 33, Issue. 2, pp. 1-23, 2022.
[23] Y. Wang, J. Yuan, Y. Zhu, J. Dou, “Contamination, sources, and health risks associated with soil PAHs in rebuilt land from a coking plant, Beijing, China,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 16, Issue. 4, pp. 670-679, 2019.
[24] S. Barathi, J. Gitanjali, G. Rathinasamy, N. Sabapathi, K.N. Aruljothi, J. Lee, S. Kandasamy, “Recent trends in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution distribution and counteracting bio-remediation strategies,” chemosphere, Vol. 337, pp. 139-156, 2023.
[25] Q. Zhen, F. Han, X. Zhang, “Distribution, origins, and hazardous effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the topsoil surrounding oil fields: A case study on the Loess Plateau, China,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 17, Issue. 4, pp. 1390, 2020