Volume-8 , Issue-5 , Oct 2020, ISSN 2348-3423 (Online) Go Back

• Open Access   Article

  Introduction to Particle Theory: The Measurement of the Magnetic Field of Relativistic Electrons and its Implications in Relation to General Relativity

  Dino Martinez

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRPAS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.5 , pp.1-11, Oct-2020

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  In an attempt to bridge the gap between quantum mechanics and general relativity, Particle Theory is a theory that may try to address this problem. The theory states that indivisible particles of non-zero mass, are instead divided into even smaller particles called EM (electromagnetic) particles. These EM particles collide and are held within a center potential, the speed of light being the limit to their velocities. Some particles that escape from this potential, through “shedding”, are responsible for the static and magnetic fields we observe. This also creates a “screening” effect that, for an atomic particle at rest, blocks a good portion (half) of what this theory claims is the true gravitational potential, which is just twice the Newtonian value. When such a system of particles starts moving in one direction, the act of shedding begins to decrease as the EM particles orient themselves in the direction of the velocity, which reduces the electromagnetic field emitted as well as the screening effect in which we would start to observe the relativistic effects of Special and General Relativity. To test this, an experiment was conducted by measuring the magnetic field of an increasing velocity of relativistic electrons recorded at fixed intervals up to a maximum average velocity of up to sixteen percent the speed of light. The results showed the magnetic field of the beam of electrons diverging negatively from a linear pattern with an average second derivative of the plot being ?0.02±0.002 microteslas per volts, compared to that of the magnetic field plot of the wire (non-relativistic) being 0.002±0.002 microteslas per volts. As a result, a possible application that this theory uniquely infers is the possibility of increasing the screening effect through emissions of high energy photons consequently reducing the gravitational pull of an object emitting such a field.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  General Relativity, Quantum Gravity, Particle Theory

  References
  [1] J.L. Cervantes-Cola, S. Galindo-Uribarri, George F. Smoot, “The Legacy of Einstein`s Eclipse, Gravitational Lensing,” Universe, Vol.6, Issue.1, pp.5, 2020
  [2] E. S. Abers, “Quantum Mechanics,“ Pearson Eduction Inc., USA, pp. 414-415, 2004.
  [3] W. Greiner, “Relativistic Quantum Mechanics (Wave Equations),“ Springer-Verlag, USA, pp. 44-45, 2000.
  [4] D. Martinez, "Dark Matter as Point-like Singularities: Alternative to Dark Halo Model," International Journal of Scientific Research in Physics and Applied Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.3, pp.41-47, 2020.

  Citation
  Dino Martinez, "Introduction to Particle Theory: The Measurement of the Magnetic Field of Relativistic Electrons and its Implications in Relation to General Relativity," International Journal of Scientific Research in Physics and Applied Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.5, pp.1-11, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Bright and Singular Optical 1-soliton Solutions of Lakshmanan-Porsezian-Daniel Equation with Kerr-law Nonlinearity by Sine-Cosine Method

  S.S. Singh

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRPAS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.5 , pp.12-16, Oct-2020

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  This paper obtains Bright and Singular optical 1-soliton solutions to Lakshmanan-Porsezian-Daniel equation with Kerr-law nonlinearity which models the dynamics of optical soliton propagation through optical fibers. The sine-cosine method has been chosen for obtaining optical 1-soliton solutions of the aforementioned equation and validity conditions for the existence of the obtained solutions are thereby stated.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Optical Soliton, Lakshmanan-Porsezian-Daniel Equation, Kerr-law nonlinearity

  References
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  [5] A. Biswas, Y. Yildrim, E. Yasar, Q. Zhou, S. P. Moshokoa and M. Belic, Optical solitons for Lakshmanan-Porsezian-Daniel model by modified simple equation method, Optik Vol. 160, pp 24-32, 2018.
  [6] A. Biswas, M. Ekici,A. Sonmezoglu, H. Triki, F. B. Majid, Q. Zhou, S. P. Moshokoa, M. Mirzazadeh and M. Belic, Optical solitons with Lakshmanan-Porsezian-Daniel model using a couple of integration schemes, Optik Vol. 158, pp 705-711, 2018.
  [7] A. Javid and N. Raza, Singular and dark optical solitons to the well-posed Lakshmanan- Porsezian-Daniel model, Optik Vol. 171, pp 120-129, 2018.
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  [9] H. Rezazadeh, D. Kumar, A. Neirameh, M. Eslami and M.Mirzazadeh, Applications of three methods for finding optical soliton solutions for the Lakshmanan-Porsezian-Daniel model with Kerr-law nonlinearity, Pramana- J. Phys. Vol. 94:39, 2020.
  [10] J. Manafian, M. Foroutan, and A. Guzali, Applications of the ETEM for obtaining optical soliton solutions for the Lakshmanan-Porsezian-Daniel model, Eur. Phys. J. Plus Vol.132, Issue 11, Art. ID 494, 2017.
  [11] S. Arshed, A. Biswas, F. B. Majid, Qin Zhoue, S. P. Moshokoa and M. Belic, Optical solitons in birefringent fibers for Lakshmanan–Porsezian–Daniel model using exp(??(?))- expansion method, Optik Vol. 170, pp 555–560, 2018.
  [12] M.M.A. El-Sheikha, H. M. Ahmed, A. H. Arnous, W. B. Rabie, A. Biswas, A. S. Alshomrani, M. Ekici, Q. Zhou, M.R. Belic, Optical solitons in birefringent fibers with Lakshmanan–Porsezian–Daniel model by modified simple equation, Optik Vol. 192, Art. ID:162899 : 2019.
  [13] A. Biswas, Y. Y?ld?r?m, E. Yasar, R. T. Alqahtani, Optical solitons for Lakshmanan– Porsezian–Daniel model with dual-dispersion by trial equation method, Optik Vol.168, pp 432– 439, 2018.
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  Citation
  S.S. Singh, "Bright and Singular Optical 1-soliton Solutions of Lakshmanan-Porsezian-Daniel Equation with Kerr-law Nonlinearity by Sine-Cosine Method," International Journal of Scientific Research in Physics and Applied Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.5, pp.12-16, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Geophysicochemical Characterization of the Aquifer Systems in Okigwe Local Government Area, South-East, Nigeria

  C.Y. Ahamefule, M.C. Ohakwere-Eze, M.U. Igboekwe

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRPAS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.5 , pp.17-21, Oct-2020

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  Water is an important resource of the natural environment. It is one of the common substances known and provided for man’s usage. In the study area, majority of people do not have access to portable water. The objective of this study is to carry out water sample test of recently developed boreholes so as to assess the groundwater quality in the study area. Groundwater samples from twenty boreholes were collected and analyzed. The groundwater of the study area in terms of mgl-1 showed low concentration of major elements (Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ > Pb2+ > Fe2+ > Cu2+ and Cl- > > > > ). They were low hardness (Ca2+ and Mg2+ varies from 0.02 to 5.68mgl 1 and 0.03 to 8.222mgl-1 respectively), low salt (from 0.001 to 0.008mgl-1 of Na2+), low chlorine (from 2.330 to 140.9mgl-1 of Cl-) and low sulphate concentration (1.00 to 8.00 mgl-1 of ). The average values of Potassium, Copper and Iron contents in the groundwater samples are 0.95mgl-1, 0.01mgl 1 and 0.11mgl¬-1 respectively. The values of the pH for the study area is from 4.1 to 8.9 with a mean value of 5.44. Their temperature varied from 27.2°C to 30.9°C. The conductivity values within the study area lies between 12 to 725?s/cm with an average value of 141.15?s/cm. The turbidity values within the study area varied from 0.00 to 0.001 NTU. The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) contents vary from 6 to 310MgL-1. The Total Saturated Solids (TSS) content of the water samples varied from 2 to 8mgl-1. The results reveals that the overall physicochemical values are within the acceptable limits of natural and international standards for drinking, domestic and agricultural purposes when correlated with the World Health Organization (WHO) standard guidelines for water quality.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Water quality, groundwater, WHO, physicochemical analysis

  References
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  Citation
  C.Y. Ahamefule, M.C. Ohakwere-Eze, M.U. Igboekwe, "Geophysicochemical Characterization of the Aquifer Systems in Okigwe Local Government Area, South-East, Nigeria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Physics and Applied Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.5, pp.17-21, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Possibilities of Exchanging the Cross-Section Area in (p, n) and (p, 2n) Reaction

  S.H. Dhobi

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRPAS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.5 , pp.22-27, Oct-2020

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  on extracting the data obtained from IAEA-NDS-2019, for study the nature of the single proton-neutron reaction and single proton-2 neutron reaction, narrowband range of cross-section area, and energy presence is seen. The narrowband region is seen, when the cross-section area is on decreasing order with increasing the energy of incidence particle. This narrowband helps to exchange the cross-section area of the element in each reaction. The sharpness of the graph in a single proton-neutron reaction shows that vibration energy after absorption of incidence particle on target is absent while in single proton-2 neutron reaction is present due to which the graph of single proton-2 neutron reaction is fattened. The cross-section area of the single proton-2 neutron reaction is greater than the single proton-neutron reaction and energy for the single proton-neutron reaction is less than a single proton-2 neutron reaction.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Cross-section area, narrowband region, vibration energy, absorption, single proton-neutron reaction, single proton-2neutron reaction, etc.

  References
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  Citation
  S.H. Dhobi, "Possibilities of Exchanging the Cross-Section Area in (p, n) and (p, 2n) Reaction," International Journal of Scientific Research in Physics and Applied Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.5, pp.22-27, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Theoretical Modeling and Simulation of Electronic Band Structure and Properties of InAs/GaAs Superlattice

  H.I. Ikeri, A.I. Onyia, P.U. Asogwa

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRPAS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.5 , pp.28-37, Oct-2020

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  Theoretical modeling of the electronic band structure and simulation results of InAs/GaAs quantum dots superlattices (QDSL) is presented. Time independent Schrödinger equation (SE) within the envelope function approximation was applied in connection with Kronig-Penney model to calculate the electronic band structure of the InAs QD embedded in the matrix of GaAs semiconductor. The simple model obtained reveals that SL exhibits a complex band structure consisting of dispersion with real and imaginary components of Bloch wave vector. The corresponding real band structure suggests delocalized propagating electron states in the crystal (energy band region) whereas the imaginary band structure signifies localized non-propagating electron states (forbidden region). It is observed that energy width of these bands is smaller than the normal conduction bands due to the additional periodicity in the system. Thus, the energy bands originating from the superlattice structure are called minibands. Results have shown that when a finite inter dot spacing is maintained so that there is significant wave function overlap between quantum wells, the discrete energy levels associated with the individual QDs split, leading to the formation of bands. The electronic and optical properties associated with these minibands are found to be dependent on the device parameters such as QD width and barrier thickness. We have calculated electronic and optical properties which include ground state energies, bandwidths, transition energies, density of states, absorption coefficient and refractive index at varying QD width and barrier thickness. Results show monotonous decrease in the ground state energy and the formation of multiple bands with increasing QD width (2.5nm – 12.5nm), whereas increasing the barrier thickness in the allowable range (2.5nm–4.5nm) results in a higher bandwidth. A maximum absorption coefficient of 1.3×104?cm?1 was calculated for the system, which can be very useful for sensitive photonic devices such as high efficiency intermediate band solar cells and infrared detectors.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Bandgap, Barrier thickness, Electronic band structure, Kronig Penney model, Minibands, Quanum dot width, Schrodinger equation, Superlattice

  References
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  Citation
  H.I. Ikeri, A.I. Onyia, P.U. Asogwa, "Theoretical Modeling and Simulation of Electronic Band Structure and Properties of InAs/GaAs Superlattice," International Journal of Scientific Research in Physics and Applied Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.5, pp.28-37, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Subsurface Structures of Onshore Fuba Field, Niger-Delta, Nigeria

  U. Ochoma, E.D. Uko, O.S. Ayanninuola

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRPAS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.5 , pp.38-44, Oct-2020

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  Citation

  Abstract
  The subsurface structural features of the Fuba Field Onshore Niger Delta, Nigeria using Well-log and 3D Seismic data are here presented. Well-to-Seismic ties, faults and horizon mapping, time-surface generation, velocity modelling and depth conversion were carried out using Petrel software. The structural interpretation of seismic data reveal highly synthetic and antithetic faults which are in line with faults trends identified in the Niger Delta. Of the 29 interpreted faults, only synthetic and antithetic faults are regional, running from the top to bottom across the field. These faults play significant roles in trap formation at the upper, middle and lower sections of the field. Two distinct horizons were mapped. Fault and horizon interpretation reveal closures which are collapsed creatal structures bounded by these two major faults. The depth structure maps reveal anticlinal faults. Reservoirs are found at a shallower depth from 6500 to 7500 ft and at a deeper depth ranging from 11500 to 13000ft. The depth residual maps reveal higher residuals associated with the eastern and western regions which are areas not penetrated by any well. The synthetic and antithetic faults act as good traps for the hydrocarbon accumulation in the study area. In reservoirs, hydrocarbons were encountered by all seven wells drilled in the field.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Growth faults, Horizons, Anticlinal, Well-log, Seismic Data, Structural styles, Niger Delta, Nigeria

  References
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  Citation
  U. Ochoma, E.D. Uko, O.S. Ayanninuola, "Subsurface Structures of Onshore Fuba Field, Niger-Delta, Nigeria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Physics and Applied Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.5, pp.38-44, 2020