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• Open Access   Article

  Long Term Ionospheric VTEC Variation During Solar cycle 24 as Observed from Indian IGS GPS Station

  S. Kundu, S. Sasmal, S. K. Chakrabarti

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRPAS)

  Vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp.1-12, Aug-2021

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  We use the IGS (International Geodesic Survey) dual-frequency GPS data of Indian low latitude IGS Station IISC, Bangalore (13.02 ?N, 77.57 ?E), to compute the Total Electron Content (TEC) to study the solar activity variation of the ionosphere. To study the TEC variation with solar activity, we choose a complete solar cycle 24 during the period 2007-2020. We study the variation of TEC with sunspot numbers which is the quantitative measure of the solar activity. We observe the variation of TEC with the solar activity parameter such as solar flux and the EUV flux. The estimated TEC gradually increases from a minimum to maximum during 2007 to 2014 and then again decreases during 2015-2020 to a minimum which follows the sunspot numbers variation over the complete solar cycle. We use the EOF decomposition model using GPS-TEC data for the entire solar cycle. The diurnal, seasonal, annual TEC variation and its corresponding trend with solar activity are observed using the EOF-TEC method. The EOF-TEC data is highly correlated to GPS-TEC data with a value of correlation coefficient of 0.9323. The performance of the model is also good with the RMSE value of 5.7891 and the NRMSE value is 16%. We also use the IRI-2016 TEC to study the diurnal, annual variation of TEC with solar activity and verify our observed and model data. The IRI-TEC is comparatively low but the solar activity dependence of TEC matches with the GPS-TEC and EOF-TEC values satisfactorily. the diurnal TEC attains a maximum value at the afternoon 13:00-17:00 IST for this low latitude station which is observed for all TEC throughout the solar cycle. We observe that for seasonal variation, the value of GPS-TEC is maximum for the equinox. The equinoctial GPS-TEC is maximum followed by winter and summer. A similar kind of outcome is found in EOF-TEC. We show the positive correlation between TEC, sunspot, solar flux (F10.7 cm), and EUV flux for the entire solar cycle.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Ionosphere – Wave propagation – ,GPS-TEC–, Solar activity–, EOF-TEC–,24th solar cycle

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  Citation
  S. Kundu, S. Sasmal, S. K. Chakrabarti, "Long Term Ionospheric VTEC Variation During Solar cycle 24 as Observed from Indian IGS GPS Station," International Journal of Scientific Research in Physics and Applied Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.4, pp.1-12, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  A Theoretical Hypothesis for the Disappearance of Stars without Undergoing Supernova Explosion

  Lipoknukshi Jamir

  Short Communication | Journal-Paper (IJSRPAS)

  Vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp.13-14, Aug-2021

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  N6946-BH1, a star in the Fireworks Galaxy, has been reported to have disappeared mysteriously without undergoing supernova. Also, studies suggest that a massive star in the galaxy PHL 293B has also vanished without undergoing a supernova explosion. These stars are thought to have collapsed to become a black hole. However, before turning into a black hole or a neutron star, a star must undergo supernova explosion. But this is not the case for the two stars in the galaxy Fireworks and PHL 293B respectively. Basing on the hypothetical theory, if anything escapes a black hole then the object will go to the future in space-time, this paper presents a possible theoretical hypothetic explanation as to what might have happened to the stars in these two galaxies. If the stars were under the influence of gravitational field of a black hole, then hypothetically, there is possibility that the stars might have gone into the future. And if this is the case, then, at one point in space-time the stars will reappear again and we will be able to detect its presence. However, further extensive experiments are needed to prove the same.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Black hole, supernova, N6946-BH1, Fireworks Galaxy, PHL 293B

  References
  [1] Arthur Beiser, Shobhit Mahajan and S Rai Choudhury, “Concepts of Modern Physics”, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, pp. 374-375, 2003. ISBN: 13:978-0-07-015155-0
  [2] Kenneth Krane, “Modern Physics”, Wiley India, New Delhi, pp. 508-512, 2011. ISBN: 978-81-265-0826-6
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  [5] Andrew P Allan, Jose H Groh, Andrea Mehner, Nathan Smith, Ioana Boian, Eoin J Farrell, Jennifer E Andrews, “The possible disappearance of a massive star in the low-metallicity galaxy PHL 293B”, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 496, Issue., 2, pp 1902–1908, August 2020.
  [6] Lipoknukshi Jamir, “Black Hole: Why we are not able to detect anything escaping it”, Research Journal of Physical Sciences, Vol. 8, Issue., 1, pp. 11-13, February 2020.

  Citation
  Lipoknukshi Jamir, "A Theoretical Hypothesis for the Disappearance of Stars without Undergoing Supernova Explosion," International Journal of Scientific Research in Physics and Applied Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.4, pp.13-14, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  The Interpretation of Magnetic Data over the North-Southern Part of a Gold Mining Site in IBODI, ILESA, OSUN-State, Nigeria

  A.B. Ekundayo, A.O. Samuel

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRPAS)

  Vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp.15-19, Aug-2021

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  The geophysical method that was used for this field work is the ground magnetic survey technique. This method was used to give facts about the subsurface structure of the Earth, which focuses on the geological structure of the site based on the qualitative and quantitative interpretation of the ground magnetic data collected during the field work of this study. Two magnetic traverses were considered in this study. The magnetic anomalies along the two profiles show both minimum and maximum peaks indicating the presence of different rock types which include the Schist/Epidorite complex and Gneiss/migmatite undifferentiated. The profile of magnetic traverse 1 cut across the North-Southern part of the gold mining site and it is 350m long. Two rock types were observed along this traverse, these are: Schist/Epidorite complex and Gneiss/migmatite undifferentiated characterized by magnetic high and lows. The magnetic signature obtained for the magnetic anomaly along this traverse shows both maximum and minimum peaks. The Schist/Epidorite complex is observed to be at a station of about 10m from the base station, the Gneiss/Migmatite undifferentiated is at a distance between 10m to 306m, while the Schist/Epidiorite is observed at a distance of 310m to the final station on the geological section. The profile of magnetic traverse two cut across the West-Eastern part of the gold mining site and it is 270m long. Two rock types were observed, these are: Schist/Epidorite complex and Gneiss/Migmatite undifferentiated. The profile is characterized by magnetic high and lows. The Schist/Epidorite complex was observed to be at a station of about 10m and the Gneiss/Migmatite undifferentiated is observed at a distance between 11m to 270m.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Magnetic, Rock, Traverse, Anomaly, Delineate, Gold, Mineralization

  References
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  Citation
  A.B. Ekundayo, A.O. Samuel, "The Interpretation of Magnetic Data over the North-Southern Part of a Gold Mining Site in IBODI, ILESA, OSUN-State, Nigeria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Physics and Applied Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.4, pp.15-19, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Microwave Irradiation effects on In-Vitro Brushite Crystal growth in front of Pyramidal Horn Antenna

  A.C. Bhagat

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRPAS)

  Vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp.20-24, Aug-2021

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  Abstract
  The study of crystals is significantly important to understand the growth of various crystals and it is a primary stage of kidney stones that are grown in human, bird and animal bodies which is major health problem all over the world. In this research paper, the effect of microwave irradiation has been studied on the Brushite crystal growth at nucleation state by using single diffusion gel method. Also the effect for various period of irradiation, size, morphology and yield of crystals has been recorded. The grown crystals are characterized by using XRD and FTIR method.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Brushite Crystal, Silica Gel, Microwave, Pyramidal Horn Antenna, XRD, FTIR

  References
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  [6] J.M. Soucie, R.J. Coates, W.Mc. Clellan, H. Austin, M. Thun, “Relation between geographic variability in kidney stones, Prevalence and risk factors for stones”, Am J Epidemiol.,Vol.143,pp.487-495,1996.
  [7] A.C. Bhagat, S.K. Popalghat, “The effect of X Band Microwave Frequencies on the growth of Cholesterol Crystal”, J. Sci. Res. Rept. Vol.3, Issue.1, pp. 61-65, 2013.
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  [9] A.C.Bhagat, M.L. Kurtadikar,S.K. Popalghat, “The Study of X-Band Microwave Power Matrix in front of Pyramidal Horn Antenna”, Proceeding of 8th International Conference on Microwaves, Antenna, Propagation & Remote sensing, Jodhpur, INDIA,pp.603-605, 2012.
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  Citation
  A.C. Bhagat, "Microwave Irradiation effects on In-Vitro Brushite Crystal growth in front of Pyramidal Horn Antenna," International Journal of Scientific Research in Physics and Applied Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.4, pp.20-24, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  (2+1)-Dimensional Electron Acoustic Solitary Waves with Electron Trapping and background Nonextensivity

  P. Bala, D. Vasudeva

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRPAS)

  Vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp.25-31, Aug-2021

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  Abstract
  The present study deals with the derivation of Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equation to study the propagation characteristics of electron acoustic waves in plasma regime containing cool electron fluid and hot trapped electrons within the nonextensive framework. The wave frequency is observed to decrease with non-extensive parameter q and is independent of nonisothermal character?. The nonlinear KP equation is developed by utilizing the appropriate stretched coordinates and a standard technique popularly known as Reductive Perturbation Method. Two dimensional electrostatic hump structures are obtained which are significantly modified by electron trapping (?) and background nonextensivity (q). It is further deduced that the soliton energy enhances due to electron trapping whereas it reduces in vicinity of nonextensive background. The effect of electron trapping and non-extensive electrons on width and wave amplitude has been presented and found that aforementioned distribution has significant effect on the solitary structures.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Electron acoustic waves, KP equation, Nonisothermal distribution, Nonextensive distribution

  References
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  Citation
  P. Bala, D. Vasudeva, "(2+1)-Dimensional Electron Acoustic Solitary Waves with Electron Trapping and background Nonextensivity," International Journal of Scientific Research in Physics and Applied Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.4, pp.25-31, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Value Addition of Waste Material by Concocting Particle Board

  S. Aynharan, P.D.R. Tharanga, K. Kajanthan, K.W.U.P. Dissanayaka

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRPAS)

  Vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp.32-36, Aug-2021

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  Abstract
  Using modern technology particle boards have been prepared and use in wildly. Currently, the higher demand for this particle board fails to support the needs. Nowadays which is consuming in numerous ways such as restrooms driveways, passageways, industrial unit, abodes, sports complex, offices, libraries, drizzly areas and many internal portion and exterior locations. In Sri Lanka there are abundant of resources and agro-forestry residues whose potentials are yet to be fully utilized for economic advantage. This study was explored the properties of particle board fashioned by sawdust and waste paper. The boards were produced manually by compressing soaked mixtures of paper pulp and sawdust in wooden and mettle molds with a compressive load 100:0, 60:40, 40:60 and 0:100 of paper to sawdust (Dry), respectively. The compacted mixtures were allowed to sun drying for three days to confirm free from moisture. Density, compressive and tensile tests, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity were carried out. According to the analysis, 60% paper 40% saw dust sample of particle board displays the virtuous characteristics than other samples. It exhibits peak value of flexural strength and compressive strength while the purely made by sawdust shows the low value than this. The percentage of saw dust rises the open pores and reductions the value of compressive strength and flexural strength while it shows that low value of tensile stress. And also sample II revels the higher value of density 691.13 kgm-3. In addition to that the thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity also reinforced to this sample II (60% paper 40% saw dust). So, 60% paper 40% saw dust particle board could be endorsed for manufacturing interior wall partitions, notice board and use for decoration etc…. In addition to that this makes the green environment and value added the waste materials.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Saw dust, Paper pulp, Particleboard, Flexural strength and Compressive strength

  References
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  Citation
  S. Aynharan, P.D.R. Tharanga, K. Kajanthan, K.W.U.P. Dissanayaka, "Value Addition of Waste Material by Concocting Particle Board," International Journal of Scientific Research in Physics and Applied Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.4, pp.32-36, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  The Significant Properties of Silicate Based Luminescent Nanomaterials in Various Fields of Applications: A Review

  S. Sharma, S.K. Dubey

  Review Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRPAS)

  Vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp.37-41, Aug-2021

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  Abstract
  Silicate-based luminescent nanomaterials have various applications such as biomaterials, biomedical, public health, tissue engineering, bone materials, plasma display panels (PDPs) and drug delivery, orthopedic as well as dental implants. Their remarkable scope in scientific research performs significant role in useful optical modules to fulfill the demands of our societies, arise marketing and lighten industries that have inspired by the green nature of environment. It helps in forming a balanced industrial framework that increases potentiality, makes better use of natural nanomaterial resources, and also keeps our atmosphere green. The primary goal of this review paper is to provide updates on silicate-based luminescent nanomaterial applications, also to discuss the benefits, unique properties and their future research scopes.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Biomaterials, Tissue engineering, Bone materials, Plasma display panels (PDPs).

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  Citation
  S. Sharma, S.K. Dubey, "The Significant Properties of Silicate Based Luminescent Nanomaterials in Various Fields of Applications: A Review," International Journal of Scientific Research in Physics and Applied Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.4, pp.37-41, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Computed Tomography Dose Measurement in Three Hospitals of Pokhara

  S. Gautam, S.K. Saurav, K. Adhikari, S. Singh, H.K. Banstola

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRPAS)

  Vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp.42-46, Aug-2021

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  Abstract
  Within a second the Computed Tomography (CT) can produce a details image of any part of body and provide valuable diagnostic information for treatment planning. CT Dose Index (CTDI (vol)) and the Dose Length Product (DLP) measured in Mille Grey (mGy) and mGy-cm, respectively are used to measure radiation exposure to the patient. In this study, the effective dose for different CT scanner have been calculated, in some of the hospitals in Pokhara, for head, chest, and abdomen scan during the month of July 2019. Three CT scanners (2, 16, and 128 slice) were chosen, each having different operating protocol and number of detector. 128 slice CT scanner can be noticed as high radiation risk for patient among three CT type. In case of head, the calculated effective dose for each three scanner result 1-2 mSv, same as the reference dose value. As scan length of target area varies, the corresponding value of dose also gets varied. This work surveys the absorbed radiation dose on the basis of scan length in sample scan cases.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  CT Scanner, Effective Dose, Radiation

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  Citation
  S. Gautam, S.K. Saurav, K. Adhikari, S. Singh, H.K. Banstola, "Computed Tomography Dose Measurement in Three Hospitals of Pokhara," International Journal of Scientific Research in Physics and Applied Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.4, pp.42-46, 2021