Evaluation of Chronic Daily Intake, Pollution Index and Incremental Life Cancer Risk to Adults Due to Exposures to Heavy Metals in Surface and Ground water

B. Samaila¹ , I.J. Aisha² , A.A. Shehu³ , A. Bako⁴

Section:Research Paper, Product Type: Journal-Paper
Vol.9 , Issue.6 , pp.72-80, Dec-2021

Online published on Dec 31, 2021

Copyright © B. Samaila, I.J. Aisha, A.A. Shehu, A. Bako . This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
 

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Abstract :
Human exposure to toxic metals is a global environmental health burden. The level of health risk posed by heavy metals in surface and ground water are determined using different health hazard indices. These metals in general disturb growth, development, reduce hemoglobin, create cancer, damage the body organs and the nervous system, and in extreme cases death of living organism. It was reported that in India about 80% of all their diseases are directly linked to poor quality of both surface and ground water. Therefore the aim of this review was to assess and evaluate the human health risk of heavy metals in groundwater and surface water in various locations of Nigeria. This review work, estimated the human health risk due to chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ), pollution Index (PI) and Incremental life cancer risk (ILCR) of heavy metals in surface and ground water from different locations of Nigeria. The concentrations of heavy metals in various scholarly journals published by Nigerians researchers were used in this work to compute for CDI, HQ, PI and ILCR to the residents of each location selected in the country. The results obtained are remarkably high compare to the standard and found to be in the following order of magnitude; For Incremental Life Cancer Risk: Pb > Ni > Cd > Cr for Kebbi, Warri and Kaduna respectively, For Chronic Daily Intake; Cr > Pb > Cu > Ni for Kogi, Kebbi, Ajakuota and Niger Delta respectively, For Hazard Quotients: Pb > Cd > Cr > Cu for Kebbi, Warri, Kogi and Ajakuota respectively. Similarly for Pollution Index: Pb > Cd > Mn >Cr > Ni > Cu for Kebbi, Warri and Ajakuota respectively. The Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn) are examples of toxic metals when consumed above the permissible level can lead to lingering ailments such as kidney problem, high blood pressure, liver crises, diarrhea, Skin and stomach irritation. There is every possibility for the residents of the locations under study to be affected by health problems since the pollution hazard/Index was greater than the critical value (1.0). The results of this review work provide an insight into heavy metal contamination in water and are useful for inhabitants in formulating protective procedures and health professionals in reducing heavy metal contamination of environmental water, and also serve as a basis for comparison to other areas both in Nigeria and worldwide.

Key-Words / Index Term :
Health risk Indices, Heavy metals, Water, and Incremental Life Cancer Risk

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