A Brief Review in the Fifth State of Matter (Bose-Einstein Condensation States)

S.K. Parida¹

Section:Review Paper, Product Type: Journal-Paper
Vol.12 , Issue.2 , pp.34-38, Apr-2024

Online published on Apr 30, 2024

Copyright © S.K. Parida . This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
 

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Abstract :
In this review, the fifth state of the matter is discussed. There are five states of the matter; solid, liquid, gas, plasma, and Bose-Einstein condensation state (BECs). The fifth state of the matter is called Bose-Einstein condensation state. It is a low temperature state of Bose gases. First observations of the exotic state of matter in an ultracold vapor of rubidium atoms were made in the 1920s by Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein. On June 5, 1995, Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman conducted an experimental observation of the first gaseous condensate at Boulder NIST-JILA lab, University of Colorado, when rubidium atoms cooled to 170 nanokelvins. Wolfgang Ketterle used sodium atoms to observe BECs experimentally at MIT in the United States at the end of the same year. These three distinguished scientists share the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics. Then, both theoretical and experimental scientists have used BECs as the beginning point to produce different exotic states of matter like super-solids, superfluidity, excitonic, quantum ball lightning, and fluids exhibiting negative mass.

Key-Words / Index Term :
Plasma; Bose-Einstein condensation state; Bose gases; rubidium atoms; sodium atoms; superfluidity

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