Volume-7 , Issue-1 , Mar 2020, ISSN 2348-635X Go Back

• Open Access   Article

  Methodology for Calculations and Design of Connecting Rod for Fatigue Loads in IC Engines

  Sachin Gandhul, Vijay Surywanshi, Ajeet Kumar Shriwastava

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp.55-60, Mar-2020

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  Abstract
  In this work, design and structural calculations of connecting rod of IC engine has been performed. From design point of view, connecting rod is most critical part as it the only part which converts reciprocating forces into rotating forces and thus creates unbalance in engine. From the functionality point of view, connecting rod must have the higher inertia at the lowest weight. The forces acting on connecting rod are: - Peak combustion pressure force, inertia force of reciprocating masses, Weight of Reciprocating parts and frictional forces due to cylinder wall thrust. It experiences complex loading of compression and tensile loadings under cyclic process, which repeats after each 360 phase. Therefore, the design calculations are analyzed for the axial compressive as well as axial tensile loads and considering the fatigue life of connecting rod. This work computes, the required strength and size in the critical areas of connecting rod. Connecting rod calculations, Fatigue, Endurance, Con rod, I C Engine.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Connecting rod calculations, Fatigue, Endurance, Con rod, I C Engine

  References
  [1] Dr. R K Bansal, “Strength of Materials”, Laxmi Publications (Pvt) Ltd. Delhi, fourth edition, pp. 810—870, 2009.
  [2] R S Kurmi, J.K. Gupta, “Theory of Machines”, S. Chand & Co. Ltd., New Dehli. 2005
  [3] V. B. Bhandari, “Design of Machine Elements”, Mc Graw Hill Publications, 3rd Edition, 2010.
  [4] B. L. Singhal , “Applied Thermodynamics”, Tec-Max Publications, Pune Edition 2010.
  [5] P s Shenoy and A Fatemi, “Dynamic analysis of loads and stress in connecting rod.”, IMechE, Vol.220, Part C:J. Mechanical Engineering Science, DOI: 10.1243/09544062JMES105
  [6] Adnan Ali Haider, Akash Kuma, Ajinkya Chowdhury, Moin Khan, P. Suresh, “Design and Structural Analysis of connecting rod”, IRJET, Vol. 5 Issue:% May-20018 e-ISSN 2395 0056
  

  Citation
  Sachin Gandhul, Vijay Surywanshi, Ajeet Kumar Shriwastava, "Methodology for Calculations and Design of Connecting Rod for Fatigue Loads in IC Engines," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.55-60, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Design and Fabrication of Foldable Tricycle

  Pratik More, Vijay Desale

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp.61-65, Mar-2020

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  Abstract
  the population of world is increasing and therefore the area is decreasing. The essential aim behind our project is to form a transportable vehicle which might be easy to handle by both genders and it should emit 0% emission, also keeping in mind the parking problems, we`ve decided to form a transportable suitcase vehicle which may be folded easily. So after the utilization, one can fold a suitcase and may carry it alongside him or her as a luggage and keep it in home or wherever there`s place for the dimensions of suitcase. For power supply we`ve introduce DC brush motor, which cannot consume fuel for running thus preventing emissions problems. The Dc motor will work on batteries which may be charged reception. Since batteries are often charged, the project is more economical to bourgeoisie peoples. We’ve applied our engineering knowledge also as some references from Mazda’s Suitcase car for the event of this product. It’s an environment friendly, small & cheap project which may be hold by any household member and used within certain limits on public roads. While designing, we`ve targeting power, economy, ease and luxury of riding and low maintenance cost. Also we`ve targeting ergonomics factor to gives the user a cushy ride.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Foldable Tricycle, Electric, Compact, Emission Free, Enviornment Friendly

  References
  [1] Bjarni Freyr Gudmundson, Esbern Larsen, Fabrication of electric car, World Electric Vehicle Journal, ISSN 2032-6653, Vol. 5, May 2012
  [2] Sachin T. Achari, Nikhil P. Tambe, Sanket D. Nalawade, Aqib L. Nevrekar, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 5, May 2014, 109-112.
  [3] Akash Chaudhary Raghuvanshi, Tushar Srivastav and Raghvendra Kumar Mishra, Design and Development of Foldable Kart Chassis, International Conference on Materials Processing and Characterization, Vol. 2, Dec 2015.
  [4] Shubham Joshi1, D.K. Rai, ISROSET, ISSN: 2320-7639, Vol.5, Issue.6, pp.75-78, December (2017)
  [5] R.S.Khurmi, J.K.Gupta “Machine Design”, S.Chand and company limited, 2007. Pg. no. 511-552.
  [6] Dr. Kirpal Singh, “Automobile engineering”, Standard Publication Distributors, Delhi, Vol.2, 8th edition – 2001. Pg. no.1-35 ,495-501.
  [7] J. Y. Woung, “Theory of ground vehicle”, published by John Wiley & Sons, third edition-2001 .Pg. no. 3-90.
  

  Citation
  Pratik More, Vijay Desale, "Design and Fabrication of Foldable Tricycle," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.61-65, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Ecological Evaluation of Urban Heat Island Impacts in Abuja Municipal Area of FCT Abuja, Nigeria

  Thomas .U. Omali

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp.66-72, Mar-2020

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  Abstract
  The rate of urbanization in recent time has increased due to ever-increasing population density, which usually culminates in the modification of land use/cover (LULC) structure. This change in LULC give rise to the increase in impervious surface cover, which causes Urban Heat Island (UHI) due to alteration in the thermal characteristics of the urbanized area. The purpose of this study is to conduct a spatiotemporal estimation of Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects in Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC) of FCT Abuja, Nigeria for 1987, 2001, and 2016. This was achieved by the computation of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Land Surface Temperature (LST), and Urban Thermal Field Variance Index (UTFVI). The UTFVI was eventually used to express the UHI impacts in the study area based on ecological evaluation index classes (1-6). Finally, the results from the study reveal that there is no UHI effect in classes 4-6 throughout the study epoch while class 3 of 2016 indicates strong UHI, and classes 1 to 3 of 1987 and 2001, as well as classes 1 and 2 of 2016 exhibit the strongest UHI.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Index, landsat, LST, microclimate, remote sensing, UTFVI

  References
  [1] Washington DC, New York: Department of Economic and Social Affairs; 2015. United Nations: World Population Prospects: The 2014 Revision United Nations. Available at: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5676403
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  [5] Li, X., Mitra, C., Dong, L., Yang, Q., “Understanding land use change impacts on microclimate using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model,” Phys. Chem. Earth, Vol.103, Parts A/B/C, pp.115–126. 2018.
  [6] Alexander, P.J., Mills, G., “Local Climate Classification and Dublin’s Urban Heat Island,” Atm., Vol.5, pp.755-774, 2014.
  [7] A.I. Hazo, J. Alemak, K. Atiku, A.B. Musa, “Analysis of Trends and Variability in Air Temperature as Evidence of Climate Change in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria,” International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol.6, Issue.1, pp.01-11,2020.
  [8] Keramitsoglou, I., Kiranoudis, C.T., Ceriola, G., Weng, Q., Rajasekar, U., “Identification and analysis of urban surface temperature patterns in Greater Athens, Greece, using MODIS imagery,” Remote Sens. Environ., Vol.115, Issue.12, pp.3080– 3090, 2011.
  [9] Adams, M.P., Smith, P.L., “A systematic approach to model the influence of the type and density of vegetation cover on urban heat using remote sensing,” Landscape and Urban Planning, pp.132, 47-54, 2014.
  [10] Giridharan, R., Kolokotroni, M., Urban heat island characteristics in London during winter. Sol. Energy, Vol.83, pp.1668–1682, 2009.
  [11] Alexander, B., Wu, J., “Urban heat islands and landscape heterogeneity: linking spatiotemporal variations in surface temperatures to land-cover and socioeconomic patterns,” Landscape Ecol., Vol.25, pp.17–33, 2010.
  [12] Liu, L., Zhang, Y., “Urban heat island analysis using the Landsat TM data and ASTER data: A case study in Hong Kong,” Remote Sens., Vol.3, pp.1535–1552, 2011.
  [13] Xiong, Y., Huang, S., Chen, F., Ye, H., Wang, C., Zhu, C., “The impacts of rapid urbanization on the thermal environment: A remote sensing study of Guangzhou, South China,” Remote Sens., Vol.4, pp.2033–2056, 2012.
  [14] Clinton, N., Gong, P., “MODIS detected surface urban heat islands and sinks: global locations and controls,” Remote Sens. Environ., Vol.134, pp.294–304, 2013.
  [15] Effat, H., Hassan, O., “Change detection of urban heat islands and some related parameters using multi-temporal Landsat images; a case study for Cairo city, Egypt,” Urban Climate, Vol.10, pp.171–188, 2014.
  [16] Abutaleb, K., Ngie, A., Darwish, A., Ahmed, M., Arafat, S., Ahmed, F., “Assessment of Urban Heat Island using remote sensed imagery over greater Cairo, Egypt,” Adv. Remote Sens., Vol.4, pp.35–47, 2015.
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  [18] Bhargava, A., Lakmini, S, Bhargava, S., “Urban Heat Island effect: it’s relevance in urban planning,” J Biodivers. Endanger Species, Vol.5, p.187, 2017.
  [19] Khandelwal, S., Goyal, R., Kaul, N., Mathew, A., “Assessment of land surface temperature variation due to change in elevation of area surrounding Jaipur, India,” Egypt. J. Remote Sensing Space Sci., Vol.21, Issue,1, pp.87–94, 2018.
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  [22] Okeke, F.I., Omali, T.U., “Spatio–temporal evaluation of forest reserves in the eastern region of Kogi State using geospatial technology,” J. Trop. Environ., Vol.13, Issue.1, pp.75–88, 2016.
  [23] Van, T.T., Bao, H.D.X., “Study of the impact of urban development on surface temperature using remote sensing in Ho Chi Minh city, north Vietnam,” Geographical Res. Vol.48, Issue.1, pp.86–96, 2010.
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  [25] Sobrino, J.A., Jimenez-Munoz, J.C., Paolini, L., “Land surface temperature retrieval from LANDSAT TM 5,” Remote Sens. Environ., Vol.90, pp.434–440, 2004.
  [26] Kakon, A.N., Nobuo, M., Kojima, S., Yoko, T., “Assessment of thermal comfort in respect to building height in a high-density city in the tropics,” Am. J. Eng. Appl. Sci., Vol.3, Issue.3, pp.545-551, 2010.
  [27] Willett, K.M., Sherwood, S., Exceedance of heat index thresholds for 15 regions under a warming climate using the wet-bulb globe temperature. Int. J. Climatol., 2012, 32(2), 161-177.
  [28] Zhang, Y., “Land surface temperature retrieval from CBERS-02 IRMSS thermal infrared data and its applications in quantitative analysis of urban heat island effect,” J. Remote Sens., Vol.10, pp.789–797, 2006.
  [29] Liu, L., Zhang, Y., “Urban heat island analysis using the Landsat TM data and ASTER data: A case study in Hong Kong,” Remote Sens., Vol.3, pp.1535–1552, 2011.
  
  

  Citation
  Thomas .U. Omali, "Ecological Evaluation of Urban Heat Island Impacts in Abuja Municipal Area of FCT Abuja, Nigeria," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.66-72, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Importance evaluation of the structural members of moment frame intermediate buildings with X-bracing designed with various editions of the 2800 code (based on the 360 publication, 1392 edition)

  Reza Hasani, M.R. Valipour

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp.73-82, Mar-2020

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  Abstract
  By increasing information on buildings behavior in the earthquake and codes updating, concerns exist about the seismic state of a large volume of existing buildings built without the application of new criteria. To verify this, we need to carefully evaluate the members of the buildings constructed with various editions of the 2800 code and identify vulnerable members of buildings designed with different editions of the code, and have a comparison between the various editions of the 2800 code. Given that the 2800 code is applicable to the design of new buildings and cannot be used to evaluate buildings constructed in accordance with previous codes, then we need to use a seismic rehabilitation instruction to evaluate buildings based on specific performance and certain hazard levels. The purpose of this paper is to identify vulnerable members of buildings designed with various editions of the 2800 code. In order to achieve this goal, we first design 2 buildings of 5 and 6 floors by the first, second, third, and fourth editions of the 2800 Code. In the following, after analyzing and designing with the different editions of the 2800 code, a comparison with the fourth edition of this code and the assessment of the members of the buildings based on the criteria for "Instruction of seismic rehabilitation of the existing buildings" (360 Publication) is made.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Members Evaluation, Identifying vulnerable members, 2800 codes of practice editions, Seismic rehabilitation instruction

  References
  [1] Fragiacomo, M., Amadio, C. and Macorini, L.`` Seismic response of steel frames under repeated ear-heavy ground movements ``, Engineering Structures, VOL.26, Issue 13, 2021-2035, 2004.
  [2] Grecea, D., Dina, F.and Dubina, D,`` Performance criteria for MR steel frames in seismic zones ``, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, VOL.60, Issues.3-5,739- 749, 2004.
  [3] Bertero, V.V.,"Performance-based srismic engineering: conventional VS.Innovative approaches", Proc.12ht WCEE New Zealand.S.K. Sharma, “Performance Analysis of Reactive and Proactive Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad-hoc N/W,” World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.1, No.5, pp.1-4, 2013.
  [4] Bertero, V.V., 1997, "Performance-based Seismic Engineering: A critical review of the proposed guidelines." In seismic design methods for the next generation of codes, "1-13, 2013.
  [5] Management and Planning Organization, Technical Affairs and Technical Criteria Codification & Earthquake Risk Reduction Affairs Bureau, 1385, "Instruction for Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings (Journal 360)".
  [6] Building and Housing Research Center, 1366, "Seismic resistant design of building code of practice (Standard 2800) - First Edition".
  [7] Building and Housing Research Center, 1378, " Seismic resistant design of building code of practice (Standard 2800) - Second Edition"
  [8] Building and Housing Research Center, 1386, " Seismic resistant design of building code of practice (Standard 2800) - Third Edition"
  [9] Building and Housing Research Center, 1393, " Seismic resistant design of building code of practice (Standard 2800) - Fourth Edition"
  [10] National Building Regulations, 1392, Chapter 6: Designing and Implementing of Steel Buildings, The Codification and Promotion of National Regulations for Steel Buildings Bureau, Tehran, Ministry of Housing and Urban Planning, Deputy of Engineering and Building Management.
  [11] National Building Regulations, 1392, Chapter 10: Design and Implementation of Steel Buildings, The Codification and Promotion of National Regulations for Steel Buildings Bureau, Tehran, Ministry of Housing and Urban Planning Department, Deputy of Engineering and Building Management.
  [12] Computer & Structure Inc., ETABS Structural Program, 2000, Berkeley, California.
  

  Citation
  Reza Hasani, M.R. Valipour, "Importance evaluation of the structural members of moment frame intermediate buildings with X-bracing designed with various editions of the 2800 code (based on the 360 publication, 1392 edition)," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.73-82, 2020