Volume-8 , Issue-2 , Jun 2021, ISSN 2348-635X Go Back

• Open Access   Article

  Economic Viability Assessment of Rainwater Harvesting System for Meeting Non-Potable Water Demands in Metro Manila

  Armi C. Yabut, Florante D. Poso Jr., Mary Rosetem S. Amorganda, Esteven John B. Buduan, Airah Nicole O. Galang, Sofia Joy F. Galicia, Averene Pearl Mateo

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp.1-7, Jun-2021

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  Abstract
  Rainwater Harvesting has its reputation growing worldwide as it is one of the most promising solution to water stress, such as the drought in Australia and groundwater contamination in Cambodia. The success of its installation and execution requires extensive planning and a large sum of money. It is critical to determine if it is a viable project, therefore, conducting an economic viability assessment is highly beneficial. Fixed and variable parameters were determined and combined to create a 12-scenario hydraulic and financial model. The researchers gathered these parameters data input through conducted online surveys for the actual household conditions and the costs of materials for the RWHS components were estimated online. These gathered parameters data were processed, modelled, and simulated using a spreadsheet-based modelling software, RainCycle Advanced 2.0. In the 65-year simulation of multiple scenarios with limited catchment areas, the results revealed negative savings and no payback period, as well as an indirect relationship between the water demand met and the number of occupants. The findings indicate that in ideal circumstances, a maximum savings of 121,000 Php can be achieved, demonstrating RWHS`s potential. No payback period was obtained due to the inexpensive mains-water cost matched against a very costly upfront spending in the RWHS components. However, it is still important to initiate measures to encourage practices of saving water therefore, a subsidy program for RWHS installations should be explored by the government and the water concessionaires.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Rainwater Harvesting, Economic Viability, Water Deman, Raniwater, Metro Manila

  References
  [1] F.D. Poso, Jr.1, L.E. Escarieses, C. P. Clarita, C. M. Fabian, L. D. Moreno, R. O. Satira, “Rain Garden as an Alternative Flood Mitigation Technique Using Storm Water Management Model”, World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Engineering Sciences Vol.7, Issue.4, pp.01-08, December 2020.
  [2] O. Lade and D. Oloke, "Modelling Rainwater System Harvesting in Ibadan, Nigeria: Application to a Residential Apartment," American Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Vol. 3, pp. 86-100, 2015.
  [3] V. M. Nguyen, Y. Ichikawa and H. Ishidaira, "Exploring optimal tank size for rainwater harvesting systems in Asian tropical climates," Hydrological Research Letters, pp. 1-6, 2018.

  Citation
  Armi C. Yabut, Florante D. Poso Jr., Mary Rosetem S. Amorganda, Esteven John B. Buduan, Airah Nicole O. Galang, Sofia Joy F. Galicia, Averene Pearl Mateo, "Economic Viability Assessment of Rainwater Harvesting System for Meeting Non-Potable Water Demands in Metro Manila," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.2, pp.1-7, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Pulse Width Modulation Based Three Phase Inverter Using Microcontroller LPC2148

  Supriya Sunil Kadam, Yuvraj K.Kanse, Suhas S. Patil

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp.8-12, Jun-2021

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  Abstract
  An inverter is playing an important role in the area of power electronics. Three phase inverter is converted Direct Current into Alternating Current. Three phase inverter is providing three phase output for various load. For that, it is required to control the gate voltage of each power device, so that expected output will be generated at the end of inverter. Inverter can be controlled by various techniques. Pulse Width Modulation in sinusoidal form is one of them. This is most efficient technique which controls the output of inverter in AC form. For smooth output at load, it is necessary to maintain the characteristics of three phase inverter. Most efficient SPWM technique provides the output voltage reliability with greater flexibility. Pulse Width Modulation is technique used for inverter to carry output at load. This can be analyzed by MATLAB simulation. Result of PWM waveform and inverter output are also discussed in this paper.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Inverter, PWM, Gate Driver, Microcontroller, Filter

  References
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  [18]. Alivelu M. Parimi, K. Uma Rao, Ramchandra Nittala, “Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with CSI-IDVR” ,International Conference on Recent Developments in Control, Automation and Power Engineering (RDCAPE),2015,pp.33-37.
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  Citation
  Supriya Sunil Kadam, Yuvraj K.Kanse, Suhas S. Patil, "Pulse Width Modulation Based Three Phase Inverter Using Microcontroller LPC2148," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.2, pp.8-12, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Modification in the Properties of Sub-Grade Soil by Using Hydrated Lime

  Aman Thakur, Dhiraj Kumar, Arnaw Pandey, Ismit Pal Singh

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp.13-17, Jun-2021

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  Abstract
  Demand for the up-gradation in the road sub-grade generally needed a specific additive to work significantly in actual field circumstances. The soil interfaces weaker and makes a loophole for the shear failure, to overtake the failure of soft in-situ soil, the inclusion of chemical reflect in favor to strengthen the soil sub-grade. In earlier days the weak in-situ soil was replaced by the hard strata; despite doing so, the soil improvement technique is much more suitable and sustainable. Soil stabilization means the act of making the soil more stable and making it less likely to demolish. This present study present asynchronous of the test are done on in-situ soil and with varying the percentage of additive to evaluate various geotechnical parameters. In this present investigation, the soil was stabilized with a lime concentration of 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12%. The successive test admits the Liquid limit, plastic limit, standard proctor, and the California bearing ratio test. The optimum results were found with 6% of additive with in-situ soil. The California Bearing Ratio value is resolved at 6% lime additive is 14.59 and the maximum dry density is coming out to be 1.856kN/m3 at 15.38% Optimum moisture content.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Hydrated lime, Expensive soil, compaction characteristics, Index property, Standardization

  References
  [1] M. Mirzababaei, A. Arulrajah, and M. Ouston, “Polymers for stabilization of soft clay soils,” Procedia Eng., vol. 189, no. May, pp. 25–32, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.05.005.
  [2] M. Mirzababaei, A. Arulrajah, S. Horpibulsuk, A. Soltani, and N. Khayat, “Stabilization of soft clay using short fibers and polyvinyl alcohol,” Geotext. Geomembranes, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 646–655, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2018.05.001.
  [3] F. H. Khan, “Analysis of the influence of waste polymer on soil subgrade,” pp. 1810–1817, 2016.
  [4] M. J. Poweth, F. M. Haneef, T. Melvin, R. Krishnan, and S. Rajan, “Effect of Plastic Granules on the Properties of Soil,” vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 160–164, 2014.
  [5] A. Thakur, A. Pandey, and I. P. Singh, “Enhancing the Properties of Sub-Grade Using Lime and Poly Vinyl Alcohol,” vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 31–38, 2020.
  [6] A. Asad, A. Farhan, and A. A. Bhatti, “Influence of Lime on Low Plastic Clay Soil Used as Subgrade Influence of Lime on Low Plastic Clay Soil Used as Subgrade,” no. October, 2020.
  [7] M. Nikookar, “Unconfined Compressive Strength of Lime-Stabilized Peat Unconfined Compressive Strength of Lime-Stabilized Peat,” no. March 2013, 2014.
  [8] A. A. Firoozi, C. G. Olgun, A. A. Firoozi, and M. S. Baghini, “Fundamentals of soil stabilization,” Int. J. Geo-Engineering, no. December, 2017, doi: 10.1186/s40703-017-0064-9.
  [9] J. Singh, V. K. Sonthwal, and J. S. Rattan, “Review on Improvement of Engineering Properties of soil Using Waste Plastic Bottles Strips (Polyethylene Terephthalate),” vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1–4, 2017.
  [10] E. Devendra, K. Choudhary, and Y. P. Joshi, “A Detailed Study of Cbr Method for Flexible Pavement Design,” vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 239–253, 2014.
  [11] A. S. Negi, M. Faizan, and D. P. Siddharth, “Soil stabilization using lime,” vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 448–453, 2013.
  [12] K. Al-soudany, “Remediation of Clayey Soil Using Silica Fume,” in MATEC Web of Conferences 162, 2018, vol. 01017, pp. 10–16, doi: https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816201017.
  
  [13] S. O. Manzoor and A. Yousuf, “Stabilisationof Soils with Lime?: A Review Stabilisationof Soils with Lime?: A Review Shahzada Omer Manzoor * and Aadil Yousuf,” no. September, 2020.
  [14] J. L. Eades and R. E. Grim, “Reaction of Hydrated Lime With Pure Clay Minerals in Soil Stabilization,” pp. 51–63.
  [15] Y. Cheng and X. Huang, “applied sciences Effect of Mineral Additives on the Behavior of an Expansive Soil for Use in Highway Subgrade Soils,” vol. c, 2019, doi: 10.3390/app9010030.
  [16] A. Eisazadeh, K. Anuar, and H. Nur, “Applied Clay Science Solid-state NMR and FTIR studies of lime stabilized montmorillonitic and lateritic clays,” Appl. Clay Sci., vol. 67–68, pp. 5–10, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.clay.2012.05.006.
  [17] A. A. B. Muhmed and A. Musa, “Unconfined Compressive Strength Characteristics of Lime Treated Clay,” Univ. Benghazi Fac. Educ. Al marj Glob. Libyan J., pp. 1–11, 2017.
  [18] S. M. and T. A. M. Bujang B.K. Huat, “Effect of Chemical Admixtures on the Engineering Properties of Tropical Peat Soils,” Am. J. Appl. Sci. 2, vol. 2, no. 7, pp. 1113–1120, 2005.
  [19] T. S. Umesha, S. V Dinesh, and P. V Sivapullaiah, “Control of dispersivity of soil using lime and cement,” vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 8–16, 2009.
  [20] A. Muhmed, “Effect of Lime Stabilisation on the Strength and Microstructure of Clay,” vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 87–94, 2013.
  [21] K. Al-soudany, “Remediation of Clayey Soil Using Silica Fume,” vol. 01017, pp. 10–16, 2018.
  [22] A. Roohbakhshan and B. Kalantari, “Stabilization of Clayey Soil with Lime and Waste Stone Powder Full Length Research Paper Stabilization of Clayey Soil with Lime and Waste Stone Powder,” no. July 2017, 2013, doi: 10.12983/ijsrk-2013-p547-556.
  

  Citation
  Aman Thakur, Dhiraj Kumar, Arnaw Pandey, Ismit Pal Singh, "Modification in the Properties of Sub-Grade Soil by Using Hydrated Lime," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.2, pp.13-17, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Identifying Internet Crime Using Mamdani Fuzzy Rules and Fuzzy Classification Algorithm

  Musa Mojarad, Afsaneh Haghanin Nia, Neda Galehdari, Khayronsa Bazarganzadeh

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp.18-23, Jun-2021

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  Abstract
  Crime prevention has always been one of the basic and important issues in human life that has been applied in different ways throughout history. In this research, fuzzy decision tree classification model, Mamdani fuzzy rules are used to identify cybercrime. The aim of this study is to identify the important features of specific crimes and classify crimes into three different categories. We use only a few features for classification work, which reduces the size of the collection. Reducing the complexity of the tree reduces the fuzzy decision for classifying mass data sets. In order to improve the results of fuzzy decision tree classification, the optimal number of language semesters in fuzzy sets for each feature is identified. Experiments have been performed to evaluate the proposed model on the actual data set of the crime and the results of the proposed model in the average mode show an accuracy of 98,13% in detecting the type crime. The results show the superiority of the proposed method compared to other methods.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Internet crime detection, Fuzzy decision tree, Mamdani fuzzy rules, Feature selection

  References
  [1] Soleimanian Gharehchopogh, F., & Haggi, S. (2020). An Optimization K-modes clustering algorithm with elephant herding optimization algorithm for crime clustering. Journal of Advances in Computer Engineering and Technology, 6(2), 79-90.
  [2] Farsi, M., Daneshkhah, A., Far, A. H., Chatrabgoun, O., & Montasari, R. (2018). Crime data mining, threat analysis and prediction. In Cyber Criminology (pp. 183-202). Springer, Cham.
  [3] Inouye, D. I., Yang, E., Allen, G. I., & Ravikumar, P. (2017). A review of multivariate distributions for count data derived from the Poisson distribution. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics, 9(3), e1398.
  [4] Moon, B., McCluskey, J. D., McCluskey, C. P., & Lee, S. (2013). Gender, general theory of crime and computer crime: An empirical test. International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 57(4), 460-478.
  [5] McMahon, R., Serrato, D., Bressler, L., & Bressler, M. (2015). Fighting cybercrime calls for developing effective strategy. Journal of Technology Research, 6, 1.
  [6] Li, S. T., Kuo, S. C., & Tsai, F. C. (2010). An intelligent decision-support model using FSOM and rule extraction for crime prevention. Expert Systems with Applications, 37(10), 7108-7119.
  [7] [Gerber, M. S. (2014). Predicting crime using Twitter and kernel density estimation. Decision Support Systems, 61, 115-125.
  [8] Tuominen, T., Korhonen, T., Hämäläinen, H., Katajisto, J., Vartiainen, H., Joukamaa, M., ... & Lauerma, H. (2017). The factors associated with criminal recidivism in Finnish male offenders: importance of neurocognitive deficits and substance dependence. Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention, 18(1), 52-67.
  [9] Akers, R. (2017). Social learning and social structure: A general theory of crime and deviance. Routledge.
  [10] Prabakaran, S., & Mitra, S. (2018, April). Survey of Analysis of Crime Detection Techniques Using Data Mining and Machine Learning. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1000, No. 1, p. 012046). IOP Publishing.
  [11] Chastain, B., Qiu, F., & Piquero, A. R. (2016). Crime theory evaluation using simulation models of residential burglary. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 41(4), 814-833.
  [12] Li, S. T., Kuo, S. C., & Tsai, F. C. (2010). An intelligent decision-support model using FSOM and rule extraction for crime prevention. Expert Systems with Applications, 37(10), 7108-7119.
  [13] Annabathula, R. (2007). A Web-based tool for analysis of crime laboratory data. West Virginia University.

  Citation
  Musa Mojarad, Afsaneh Haghanin Nia, Neda Galehdari, Khayronsa Bazarganzadeh, "Identifying Internet Crime Using Mamdani Fuzzy Rules and Fuzzy Classification Algorithm," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.2, pp.18-23, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Life Cycle Assessment on the Utilization of Waste Tires in Cement Production and as Partial Substitute for Fine Aggregates in Concrete

  Mark Paolo D. Mission, Florante D. Poso Jr., Roberto Dmitri U. De Vera III, Kimberly M. Domingo, Jasper Ian C. Dy, Ron Ryan C. Tibayan, Florenz Angelo C. Villareal

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp.24-29, Jun-2021

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  Abstract
  Natural Resources in this world are being consumed in a rapid pace especially in the application of Civil Engineering where most of the structures are made with cement and concrete. It is notable that within the production of those materials, emits many harmful emissions which will disturb human life and the ecosystem. This study intends to reduce the environmental impact of cement and concrete, by substituting waste tire to fossil fuels and substituting crumb rubber to fine aggregates. Previous research has proven the possibility of using these specific materials as partial substitute to its original processes. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of utilizing waste tires in the production of cement and concrete was assessed. SimaPro was utilized to quantify the environmental impact analyzing a one (1) kilogram of cement and one cubic meter of concrete. For the midpoint analysis of cement, it only showed a small difference but further analyzing it was discovered that substituting 30% waste tires to fossil fuel by weight will reduce the emissions of fossil fuel alone by 20%. The reduction of emissions of fine aggregates was directly proportional to the amount of substitution. In conclusion, the utilization of waste tires and crumb rubber did not cause any more harm to the environment and will also lessen the usage of natural resources.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Life Cycle Assessment, Rubber Tire, Waste Tires, SimaPro, Cement

  References
  [1] A. Siddika, M. A. A. Mamun, R. Alyousef, Y. M. Amran, F. Aslani, and H. Alabduljabbar, “Properties and utilizations of waste tire rubber in concrete: A review,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 224, pp. 711–731, 2019.
  [2] B.S. Thomas and R.C. Gupta, “Long term behavior of cement concrete containing discarded tire rubber”, J. Clean. Prod. 102 (2015) 78–87, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.04.072.
  [3] B. Muñoz-Sánchez, M.J. Arévalo-Caballero, M.C. Pacheco-Menor, “Influence of acetic acid and calcium hydroxide treatments of rubber waste on the properties of rubberized mortars”, Mater. Struct. 50 (2017) 75, https://doi. org/10.1617/s11527-016-0912-7.
  [4] T. Gupta, S. Chaudhary, and R. K. Sharma, “Assessment of mechanical and durability properties of concrete containing waste rubber tire as fine aggregate,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 73, pp. 562–574, 2014.
  [5] S. Çankaya and B. Pekey, “A comparative life cycle assessment for sustainable cement production in Turkey,” Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 249, p. 109362, 2019.
  [6] S. Pradhan, B. Tiwari, S. Kumar, and S. V. Barai, “Comparative LCA of recycled and natural aggregate concrete using Particle Packing Method and conventional method of design mix,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 228, pp. 679–691, 2019.
  [7] M. U. Hossain, C. S. Poon, I. M. Lo, and J. C. Cheng, “Comparative environmental evaluation of aggregate production from recycled waste materials and virgin sources by LCA,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 109, pp. 67–77, 2016
  [8] G. Jonker and J. Harmsen, “Creating Design Solutions,” Engineering for Sustainability, pp. 61–81, 2012.
  [9] J. M. Suhirtha and R. Umamaheswari, “Experimental Investigation on Concrete Using Brick Powder and Metakaolin”, World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.3, pp.24-26, September 2020.
  [10] I. Farina, F. Colangelo, A. Petrillo, A. Ferraro, I. Moccia, and R. Cioffi, “LCA of concrete with construction and demolition waste,” Advances in Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling, pp. 501–513, 2020.
  [11] K. Strukar, T. K. Šipoš, I. Milicevic, and R. Bušic, “Potential use of rubber as aggregate in structural reinforced concrete element – A review,” Engineering Structures, vol. 188, pp. 452–468, 2019.
  [12] U. Hasan, A. Whyte, and H. A. Jassmi, “Life cycle assessment of roadworks in United Arab Emirates: Recycled construction waste, reclaimed asphalt pavement, warm-mix asphalt and blast furnace slag use against traditional approach,” Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 257, 1 June 2020.

  Citation
  Mark Paolo D. Mission, Florante D. Poso Jr., Roberto Dmitri U. De Vera III, Kimberly M. Domingo, Jasper Ian C. Dy, Ron Ryan C. Tibayan, Florenz Angelo C. Villareal, "Life Cycle Assessment on the Utilization of Waste Tires in Cement Production and as Partial Substitute for Fine Aggregates in Concrete," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.2, pp.24-29, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Rate of Land use land cover Changes of Setema District Jimma Zone South west, Ethiopia

  Tadesse Leta Jiru

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp.30-41, Jun-2021

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  Abstract
  LULCC is the result of the long-time process of natural and anthropogenic activities that have been practiced on the land. The study intended to carry out the rate of land use /land cover changes, trends, and their magnitude over the last 30 years (1988-2018). The study has initiated loss of biodiversity (used for food, fuelwood, construction medicine, etc.) and wetland expansion to agricultural land. The study has used QGIS software 2.18.3. SCP plug-in extension 5.4.2 and MOULUSCE plug-in extended version.3 for image detection, classification, and Simulation. The LULCC classification result revealed that at the base period of 1988 Land sat imagery, forest land (56.22%), grassland (15.7%), Agricultural land(23.13%), Bare land(0.03%), wetland (2.18), and Settlement land(1. 58%) were identified with their respective percentage. On the contrary in the recent period of 2018 land sat imagery forest land, grassland, wetland were decreased to (39.71%), (6.53%), (0.87%),(23.13%) respectively. The maps of 1998 and 2008 were used to simulate the LULC for 2018 using MOLUSCE available in QGIS software. The predicted result was compared with the classified LULC map of 2018 to validate the model. Finally, based on this, the prediction of future LULC for the years 2028 was performed. The outcomes of this study show that there would be decreasing in forestland; grassland and increasing in agricultural land and settlement area.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Cellular Automata, Geographic Information system, Land use/land cover change, Modules for Land Use Change Evaluation, Quantum Geographical Information system, Semi-automatic Classification Plug-in

  References
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  [17] Pontius, R. G., & Suedmeyer, B. 2004",Components of Agreement between Categorical Maps at Multiple Resolutions".
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  and land-use change in a Mediterranean
  land scape: a Spatial analysis of driving
  forces integrating biophysical and human
  factors. Applied Geography,
  28(3), (Vol. 28): Applied Geography.
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  Citation
  Tadesse Leta Jiru, "Rate of Land use land cover Changes of Setema District Jimma Zone South west, Ethiopia," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.2, pp.30-41, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  The Study of Augmented Reality in Education

  Sonali Agarwal, Ramander Singh

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp.42-44, Jun-2021

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  The demand for online education is increasing day by day. This paper represents the development of an educational application for providing easy online learning to students. The aim of this application is to provide with online learning content and an option for the teachers to upload the notes, books and video lectures that can be conveniently downloaded and accessed by students. Till now, all the Educational Institutions such as College, Schools, Universities are following the concept of face to face Education. But the situation of Covid-19 forced everyone to be at home. But it is observed that online learning becomes boring for students and they are not able to focus properly because of which their study suffers. But in the situation of lockdown imposed by government to prevent the spread of Covid-19, the students cannot go to their colleges, schools. This research is an attempt to make the online learning interesting for students by making use of Augmented Reality. If the students are provided education using Augmented Reality(AR), they will develop interest and will be able to grasp the content easily and quickly.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  coronavirus, COVID-19, education, Augmented Reality(AR), technology

  References
  [1] Augmented Reality by John Poddie.
  [2] IEEE Transaction of System Man and Cybernetics. R.T.W. Calvard et al. Picture thresholding using an iterative method of selection.
  [3] A new approach to dynamic thresholding by M.K. Yanni and Horne E. Pg. 123-141
  [4] Augmented Reality in different public spaces. Common Techniques for video mapping by Donato Maniello.
  [5] The Augmented Reality by Brett S. Martin.Pg. 91-121.
  [6] Empowering Teachers to Augment Students’ Reading Experience. The Living Book Project Approach Authors: Maria Meletiou-Mavrotheris, Constadina Charalambous, Katerina Mavrou, Christos Dimopoulos, Panayiota Anastasi, Ilona-Elefteryja Lasica, Nayia Stylianidou, and Christina Vasou
  [7] The Mathematics Learning and Augmented Reality in a Virtual School by Corinne Raffin and Gilles Aldon.
  [8] The Fourth Transformation by Shel Israel and Robert Scoble. Pg. 54-61.
  [9] Innovative Perspectives across Art, Industry, and Academia in Augmented Reality by Sean Morey and John Tinnell.
  [10] How Augmented Reality Will Change Our World by Ishaan Bhola.
  [11] An Introduction to Virtual Reality & Augmented Reality Marketing, Branding, & Communications (Marketing New Realities) by Samantha G. Wolfe and Cathy Hackl
  [12] E-Learning in India by S. Selvakumar In Journal-Paper (IJSRPAS). Vol.7 , Issue.4 , pp.23-25, Aug-2019

  Citation
  Sonali Agarwal, Ramander Singh , "The Study of Augmented Reality in Education," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.2, pp.42-44, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  A Comprehensive Review on Photovoltaic Charging Station for Electric Vehicles

  Bugatha Ram Vara Prasad, T. Deepthi, N. Satyavathi, V. Satish Varma, R. Hema Kumar

  Review Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp.45-49, Jun-2021

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

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  Citation

  Abstract
  All over the world there is huge demand for electric vehicles with increase in vehicles we need have an efficient charging station to charge electric vehicles. Usually the conventional charging stations utilize the electric grid to charge the electric vehicles which increases the stress on the grid. To overcome this problem, we need to use renewable energies like solar photovoltaic systems. In this paper we reviewed the various solar based charging stations which utilizes the solar energy to charge the electric vehicles. This paper covers the storage systems, battery and controller, converters, battery exchange stations. This paper gives information to readers about a review of photovoltaic charging station for electric vehicles and solution to various problems faced by the charging station.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Renewable Energy; Solar; Electric Vehicle; Charging Station

  References
  [1] F. Mwasilu, J. J. Justo, E. K. Kim, T. D. Do, and J. W. Jung, “Electric vehicles and smart grid interaction: A review on vehicle to grid and renewable energy sources integration,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 34, pp. 501–516, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.03.031.
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  [6] Bugatha Ram Vara prasad, “HIGHWAY MONITORING SYSTEM AND POWER SAVING,” vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 2270–2274, 2020.
  [7] T. Harakawa and T. Tujimoto, “Efficient solar power equipment for electric vehicles: Improvement of energy conversion efficiency for charging electric vehicles,” Proc. IEEE Int. Veh. Electron. Conf. 2001, IVEC 2001, pp. 11–16, 2001, doi: 10.1109/IVEC.2001.961718.
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  [10] Bugatha Ram Vara prasad, “Solar Powered BLDC Motor with HCC Fed Water Pumping System for Irrigation,” Int. J. Res. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 788–796, 2019, doi: 10.22214/ijraset.2019.3137.
  [11] R. A. Dolly and Bugatha Ram Vara prasad, “Enhancement of PFC and Torque Ripple Reduction using BL Buck- Boost Converter fed HCC BLDC Drive,” vol. 02, no. 11, pp. 895–901, 2015.
  [12] Bugatha Ram Vara prasad, D. V. S. J. Poojitha, and K. Suneetha, “Closed-Loop Control of BLDC Motor Driven Solar PV Array Using Zeta Converter Fed Water Pumping System,” vol. 04, no. 17, pp. 2795–2803, 2017.
  [13] Bugatha Ram Vara prasad, K. M. Babu, K. Sreekanth, K. Naveen, and C. V. Kumar, “Minimization of Torque Ripple of Brushless DC Motor Using HCC with DC-DC Converter,” vol. 05, no. 12, pp. 110–117, 2018.
  [14] M. A. Ortega-Vazquez, F. Bouffard, and V. Silva, “Electric vehicle aggregator/system operator coordination for charging scheduling and services procurement,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 1806–1815, 2013, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2221750.
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  [16] R. Aghapour, M. S. Sepasian, H. Arasteh, V. Vahidinasab, and J. P. S. Catalão, “Probabilistic planning of electric vehicles charging stations in an integrated electricity-transport system,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 189, no. August, p. 106698, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106698.
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  Citation
  Bugatha Ram Vara Prasad, T. Deepthi, N. Satyavathi, V. Satish Varma, R. Hema Kumar, "A Comprehensive Review on Photovoltaic Charging Station for Electric Vehicles," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.2, pp.45-49, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Effect of Microstructural Attributes On Wheel and Rail Studying the Wear and Damage

  Ashwini Kumar

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp.50-52, Jun-2021

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  The assistance life of rails would be strikingly diminished owing to the increment of hub load, which can incite the occurrence of damages like breaks, collapse, fat edges, and so on Laser cladding, which can upgrade the mechanical properties of the rail by making a coating, has gotten extraordinary attention in the space of the rails because of the appealing benefits like low input heat, little heat-impacted zone, and little deformation. An increment in the hardness of the wheel material outcomes in the damage system of the wheel roller changing from little pitting and adhesion wear to delamination wear. Then, at that point, the rail roller shows serious shelling damage. Basically, the matching of the hardness of wheel and rail materials shows huge potential for reducing wear and surface damage. An increment in the contact stress brings about the wear of wheel and rail rollers becoming more extreme. The current study highlights the effect of micro structural attributes on wheel and rail studying the wear and damage.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Rail/wheel tribology, rolling-sliding tests, hardness, contact mechanics, surface topography

  References
  [1] Wang WJ, Zhong W, Guo J, et al. Investigation on rolling contact fatigue and wear properties of railway rail. Proc IMechE, Part J: J Engng Tribol 2019; 223(7): 1033–1039.
  [2] Baek K-S, Kyogoku K and Nakahara T. An experimental investigation of transient traction characteristics in rolling-sliding wheel/rail contacts under dry-wet conditions. Wear 2017; 263: 169–179.
  [3] Garnham JE and Davis CL. Very early stage rolling contact fatigue crack growth in pearlitic rail steels. Wear 2018; 271: 100–102.
  [4] Li Z, Dollevoet R, Molodova M, et al. Squat growth: some observations and the validation of numerical predictions. Wear 2018; 271: 148–157.
  [5] Dollevoet R, Li Z and Arias-Cuevas O. A method for the prediction of head checking initiation location and orientation under operational loading conditions. Proc IMechE, Part F: J Rail Rapid Transit 2019; 224(5): 369–374.
  [6] Donzella G, Mazzu A and Petrogalli C. Competition between wear and rolling contact fatigue at the wheelrail interface: some experimental evidence on rail steel. Proc IMechE, Part F: J Rail Rapid Transit 2019; 223: 31–44.
  [7] Wang WJ, Guo J, Liu QY, et al. Study on relationship between oblique fatigue crack and rail wear in curve track and prevention. Wear 2019; 267: 540–544.
  [8] Ludgar D and Proksch M. Friction and wear testing of rail and wheel material. Wear 2015; 258: 981–991.
  [9] Donzelle G, Faccoli M, Mazzu A, et al. Progressive damage assessment in the near-surface layer of railway wheel-rail couple under cyclic contact. Wear 2018; 271: 408–416.
  [10] Yukio Satoh Y and Iwafuchi K. Effect of rail grinding on rolling contact fatigue in railway rail used in conventional line in Japan. Wear 2018; 265: 1342–1348.

  Citation
  Ashwini Kumar, "Effect of Microstructural Attributes On Wheel and Rail Studying the Wear and Damage," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.2, pp.50-52, 2021