Volume-10 , Issue-3 , Sep 2023, ISSN 2348-635X Go Back

• Open Access   Article

  Thin Layer Drying Kinetics and Modeling of Musa Balbisiana Variety of Plantain

  Fawohunre Ademola, Obolo Adebukola, Ologunagba Francis

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp.1-6, Sep-2023

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Thin layer drying parameters are important in the design of food and agricultural processes such as in drying, heating and cooling systems. For this purpose, it is highly essential to determine the effects of temperature and moisture content on the thin layer drying kinetics of musa balbisiana at 50, 60 and 70 OC with each drying temperature carried out in three replicas. The experimental curves of the drying data showed that drying process occurred in the falling rate period and no constant rate period was observed. The drying curves obtained were fitted to nine empirical thin layer drying and compared with three statistical parameters. The results of the nine models showed that R2 values were in the range of 0.9686 to 0.9994; RMSE values were in the range of 0.0014 to 0.0666 while SEMC values were in the range of 0.0133 to 0.0577. Among the nine models considered for this study Midilli model gave the best fit of drying curves with R2 of 0.9982 to 0.9994, RMSE of 0.0014 to 0.0037 and SEMC of 0.0133 to 0.0144. Further analysis revealed that the value of activation energy was calculated to be 30.76 kJ/mol and effective diffusivity (De) increased with increasing temperature; it ranged between 6.75 x 10-9 and 1.08 x 10-8 m2/s, this implies that temperature clearly has a marked effect on the thin layer drying of musa balbisiana.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Drying kinetics, musa balbisiana, moisture ratio, modeling, effective diffusivity, activation energy

  References
  [1].T.B. Onifade, A. Taiwo, S.O. Jekayinfa, ‘‘Modification of a Locally Made Electric Crop Dryer,’’ Innovation System Design and Engineering, Vol. 7, Issue. 2, pp.4 – 50, 2016.
  [2].Y.T. Osman, E.F. Fatma, ‘‘Modelling and Characteristics of Thin Layer Convective Air – Drying of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) Leaves,’’ CZECH Journal of Food Sciences, Vol. 37, pp.128-134, 2019.
  [3].M.M. Muliterno, D. Rodrigues, F.S. De-Lima, E.I. Ida, L.E. Kurozawa, ‘‘Conversion/ Degration of Isoflavones and Color Alteration During the Drying of Okra’’ LWT- Food Science and Technology, Vol. 75, pp.512-519. 2016.
  [4].B.C. Oforkansi, M.K. Oduola, ‘‘Determination of Thin-Layer Drying Characteristics of a Plantain Sample at Different Temperatures,’’ International Journal of Engineering Research. Vol. 5, Issue. 5, pp.367-372, 2016.
  [5].A.J. Fawohunre, B.A. Adewumi, O.U. Dairo, O.P. Sobukola, ‘‘Fitting Model for the Thin Layer Drying of Plantain (Musa Acuminata),’’ American Journal of Engineering Research. Vol. 8, Issue. 8, pp.160-166, 2019.
  [6].A.A. Satimehin, J.S. Alkal, O.T. Alabi, ‘‘Thin Layer Drying Characteristics of Plantain,’’ Journal of Tropical Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Extension. Vol. 9, Issue. 1, pp.31-37, 2010.
  [7].T. Karikarisei, E.W. Egbe, ‘‘Thin Layer Drying Characteristics of Ripe Plantain Slices (Musa Paradisaca),’’ Rivers State University Journal of Biology and Applied Science, Vol. 2, Issue. 1, pp.11-17, 2023.
  [8].T. Babatunde, K. Oseni, R.B. Taiwo, ‘‘Modelling of Thin Layer Drying Characteristics of Unripe Cardaba Banana (Musa ABB) Slices,’’ Cogent Food and Agriculture, Vol.3, Issue. 1, pp.1-6, 2017.
  [9].A.O. Omolola, A.I. Jideani, P.F. Kapila, ‘‘Modeling Microwave Drying Kinetics and Moisture Diffusivity of Mabonde Banana Variety,’’ International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Vol.7, Issue. 6, pp.107-113, 2014.
  [10].S.K. Kumar, ‘‘Drying Kinetics of Banana Peel,’’ Journal of Food Processing and Technology, Vol.6, Issue. 11, pp.514-520, 2015.
  [11].J.A.V. Famurewa, ‘‘Drying Kinetics of Unripe Plantain Chips Using Charcoal Fuelled Cabinet Dryer,’’ Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, Vol. 17, Issue. 1, pp.21-27, 2015.
  [12].A. Kushwah, A. Kumar, M.K. Gaur, ‘‘Drying Kinetics, Performance, and Quality Assessment of Banana Slices Using Heat – Assisted Drying System,’’ Journal of Food Process Engineering, Vol. 45, Issue. 3, pp.32-38, 2022.
  [13].O.K. Oni, A.S. Ajala, A.O. Oloye, ‘‘Effect of Different Drying Methods on the Drying Kinetics of Fermented Cardaba Banana Peels,’’ FOUYE Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 6, Issue. 2, pp.5-9, 2021.
  [14].AOAC, ‘‘Official method of analysis,’’Association of Official Analytical Chemist, Washington, DC 934.06, February, 1990.
  [15].I. Doymaz, ‘‘Convective Air Drying Characteristics of Thin Layer Drying of Carrots,’’ Journal of Food Engineering, Vol. 61, pp.359-364, 2004.
  [16].S. Jena, H. Das, ‘‘Modelling for Vacuum Drying Characteristics of Coconut Presscake,’’ Journal of Food Engineering, Vol. 7, Issue. 1, pp.92-99, 2007.
  [17].O.P. Sobukola, O.U. Dairo, ‘‘Modeling Drying Kinectics of Fever Leaves (Ocimenviride) in a Convective Hot Air Drier,’’ Nigerian Food Journal, Vol. 25, Issue. 1, pp.145-153, 2007.
  [18].Datafit Oakdale, ‘‘Data fit version 9.0.59,’’ Oakdale Engineering, Oakdale, USA PA 15070, March, 2008.
  [19].J.O. Ojediran, A.O. Raji, ‘‘Thin Layer Drying of Millet and Effect of Temperature on Drying Characteristics,’’ Internationl Food Journal, Vol. 17, pp.1095-1106, 2010.
  [20].O.P. Sobukola, O.U. Dairo, L.O. Sanni, A.B. Odunewu, B.O. Fatiolu, ‘‘Thin Layer Drying Process of Some Leafy Vegetables Under Open Sun Drying,’’ Food Science and Technology Interntional, Vol. 13, Issue. 1, pp.35-40, 2007.
  [21].I. Doymaz, ‘‘Thin Layer Behavior of Mint Leaves,’’ Journal of Food Engineering, Vol. 74, pp.370-375, 2007.

  Citation
  Fawohunre Ademola, Obolo Adebukola, Ologunagba Francis, "Thin Layer Drying Kinetics and Modeling of Musa Balbisiana Variety of Plantain," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.10, Issue.3, pp.1-6, 2023

• Open Access   Article

  Additive Manufacturing of Polymer by FDM Method in Investment Casting of Gas Turbine Hot Components

  A.M. Kolagar, M.R. Alizadeh, Y. Miladi

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp.7-16, Sep-2023

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Today, there is a great desire to achieve additive manufacturing technology for developing to meet specific needs in various industries. This technology has the ability to make parts that are used as an intermediate or final product. FDM technology is an additive manufacturing method that has been developed from the layer-by-layer manufacturing process of materials using computer-aided design. In this research, standard samples in the form of gas turbine nozzle airfoils were printed using three types of polymers namely ABS, PVA and PLA with different densities by FDM method. In order to make a ceramic mold, polymer models were assembled and coated in clusters. After the autoclave and sintering processes, the condition of the surface cracks, the amount of ash remaining in the molds, as well as the dimensional deviations of the cast parts from the optimum polymer model, were investigated and evaluated with a computer model. The results have shown that the lower density of the polymer model causes a greater reduction in the volume of the printed material, and as a result, by preventing the ceramic shell from more damage, it leaves less residual ash in the ceramic mold after sintering process. Also, ABS polymer has the lowest quality and PLA polymer has shown better results in different density percentages than PVA polymer and has a higher quality. As a result, it is possible to use FDM additive manufacturing technology in the production of gas turbine hot components by investment casting process using PLA polymer printed with low density percentage.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Additive manufacturing, FDM process, Investment Casting, Gas Turbine Nozzle

  References
  [1]. L. Zengguang, et al.,“A critical review of fused deposition modeling 3D printing technology in manufacturing polylactic acid parts,” The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, pp.2877–2889, 2019.
  [2]. K. V. Wong & A. Hernandez, “A Review of Additive Manufacturing,” International Scholarly Research Notices. ISRN Mechanical Engineering, pp.247–256, 2012.
  [3]. T. D. Ngo, et al., “Additive manufacturing (3D printing): A review of materials, methods,” applications and challenges. Composites Part B: Engineering, pp. 342–353, 2018.
  [4]. A. M. Omar, S. H. Masoud, & L. J. Bhowmik, “Optimization of fused deposition modeling process parameters: A review of current research and future prospects,” Advances in Manufacturing, pp. 42–53, 2015.
  [5]. P. Dudek, “FDM 3D printing technology in manufacturing composite elements,” Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, pp. 1415-1418, 2013.
  [6]. N. H. Tran, et al., “Study on the effect of fused deposition modeling (FDM) process parameters on the printed part quality,” International Journal of Engineering Research and Application, pp. 71-77, 2017.
  [7]. Xometry, “ABS Data sheets provided by Xometry contain materials sourced through trusted OEMs”, material distributors, and data bases, pp.1–2, 2022.
  [8]. ASTM International, “ASTM D 5630-01,” Standard Test Method for Ash Content in Plastics, pp.1–5, 1994.
  [9]. Investment casting with FDM patterns, Technical application guide 3, pp.145–155, 2020.
  [10]. Xometry, “PLA Data sheets provided by Xometry contains materials sourced through trusted OEMs,” material distributors, and data bases, pp.1–2, 2020.

  Citation
  A.M. Kolagar, M.R. Alizadeh, Y. Miladi, "Additive Manufacturing of Polymer by FDM Method in Investment Casting of Gas Turbine Hot Components," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.10, Issue.3, pp.7-16, 2023

• Open Access   Article

  Development of Feasibility Software for Solar Energy Systems Using Solar Radiation

  Emrah Aslan, Nurettin Besli

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp.17-27, Sep-2023

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  People are prefering to renewable energy sources, due to the rapidly increasing demand for energy today. The most basic renewable energy source is sun. Basically, photovoltaic systems, thermal systems and concentrated solar power systems generate energy from the sun. The efficiency and output potential of these technologies are computed based on the solar radiation values, despite the fact that their operating principles differ from one another. For this reason, it`s critical to have accurate knowledge about solar radiation while designing solar energy systems. Solar radiation varies depending on date, location, time of day and climate. By using measuring equipment, meteorology stations instantly, hourly, and daily record these variables. But not all places have measurement stations because the equipment is expensive. Utilizing the chosen parameters, solar radiation values are calculated. There are variety of mathematical methods used to calculate solar radiation values. The determination of the region-specific equation coefficients is necessary to improve the accuracy of the results. Long-time meteorological and geographical data of the region are used in the calculation of these coefficients. Scientific research is used to support the precision of these calculations. All commercial and academic inquiries use data on solar radiation in order to take use of solar energy in the field of renewable energy. The information about the region`s solar radiation must be understood before a solar power plant may be erected there. Using solar radiation information, the energy production potential can be determined. With the software developed within the content of this study, radiation values of the selected region are calculated and visual outputs of these values are presented. In addition, with the solar power plant feasibility report, design parameters, characteristics of materials, site information, company information, system cost, return on investment, energy production of the system and losses in the system can be calculated. In this manner, the user can assess the area`s solar radiation values and decide whether it is suitable for using solar energy.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Solar Radiation Modeling, Solar Positioning, Data Visualization, Solar Power Plant Feasibility, Renewable Energy

  References
  [1]. Emrah Aslan, Mehmet Emin Tenekeci, Nurettin Be?li, Bülent Ye?ilata, “Online Solar Radiation Modelling and Visualization Software”, SolarTR2014 Conferance, ?zmir, Türkiye, pp.24-27 2014.
  [2]. Emrah Aslan, Mehmet Emin Tenekeci, Nurettin Be?li, Abdulkadir Gümü?çü, “Solar Enerji Sistemleri için Güne? Radyasyon Hesaplama Yaz?l?m?”, Akademik Bili?im Konferans? Eski?ehir, Türkiye, pp. 11-16, 2015.
  [3]. Aksel Öztürk, Abdurrahman Kiliç, “Güne? Enerjisi”, Kipa? Yay?nc?l?k, ?stanbul, Türkiye, pp. 1-329, 1983.
  [4]. Hüsamettin Bulut, As?m Fatih Durmaz, Bülent Ye?ilata, “E?ik Düzleme Gelen Güne? I??n?m De?erlerinin Deneysel Olarak ?ncelenmesi”, I.Ulusal Güne? Ve Hidrojen Enerjisi Kongresi, pp. 143-149, Türkiye, 2006.
  [5]. Hüsamettin Bulut, “Bina Enerji Analizi Ve Güne? Enerji Sistemleri ?çin E?imli Yüzeylere Gelen Toplam Güne? I??n?m ?iddeti De?erlerinin Hesaplanmas?”, IX. Ulusal Tesisat Mühendisli?i Kongresi, pp. 435-448, Türkiye, 2009.
  [6]. Hüsamettin Bulut, As?m Fatih Durmaz, “Türkiye ?çin Pencerelerden Geçen Güne? I??n?m Analizi”, II.Ulusal Güne? Ve Hidrojen Enerjisi Kongresi, pp. 85-95, Türkiye, 2008.
  [7]. Ertu?rul Yörüko?ullari, “Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklar?”, Anadolu Üniversitesi Aç?k Ö?retim Fakültesi Yay?nlar?, Eski?ehir, Türkiye, pp.1-207, 2013.
  [8]. ?brahim Do?an, “Güne? Enerjisi Uygulamalar?”, Bile?im Yay?nlar?, Türkiye, pp.1-177, 2006.
  [9]. Bülent Ye?ilata, Mehmet Azmi Aktacir, “Fotovoltaik Güç Sistemli Pompalar?n Dizayn Esaslar?n Ara?t?r?lmas?”, Mühendis Ve Makine Dergisi, Vol. 42, Issue.493, pp. 29-34, 2001.
  [10]. Zeynel Abidin Firato?lu, Bülent Ye?ilata, “Bataryal? Ve Direk Akupleli Fotovoltaik Pompa Sistemlerinin Çal??ma Karakteristiklerinin Ara?t?r?lmas?”, Y?ld?z Teknik Üniversitesi Dergisi, pp. 1-11, 2003.
  [11]. Angström A,“Solar And Terrestrial Radiation”, Quartely Journal Of Royal Meteorological Society, Vol.50: pp.121-125, 1924.
  [12]. Gülfer Vural, “How Do Output, Trade, Renewable Energy and Nonrenewable Energy Impact Carbon Emissions in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries?” Resources Policy, Vol.69, pp.1-7, 2020.
  [13]. Salim Mudi, “Design and Construction of a Portable Solar Mobile Charger”, World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol. 7, Issue 1, pp.40-44, 2020.
  [14]. Bugatha Ram Vara Prasad, T. Deepthi, N. Satyavathi Varma, R. HemaKumar “A Comprehensive Review on Photovoltaic Charging Station for Electric Vehicles”, World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol. 8, Issue 2, pp.45-49, 2021.
  [15]. Murat Öztürk, Nuri Özbek, Berna Berkama, “Isparta ?çin Ayl?k Ortalama Günlük Global Güne? Radyasyonu Tahmininde Mevcut Olan Baz? Modellerin Kar??la?t?r?lmas?”, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, Vol.18, Issue.1, pp.13-27, 2012.
  [16]. Tuncay Yilmaz, Hüsamettin Bulut, Muammer Özgören, “Is? Kazanc? Olarak Camdan Geçen Toplam Güne? Radyasyonu Hesaplanmas?”. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarl?k Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol.11, Issue.2, pp.133-146, 1996.
  [17]. Kamil Kaygusuz, “Prospect of Concentrating Solar Power in Turkey: The Sustainable Future”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol.15, Issue.1, pp.808-14, 2011.
  [18]. Bülent Gültekin Akinoglu, Ahmet Ecevit, “A Construction of a Quadratic Model Using Modified Angstrom Coefficients to Estimate Global Solar Radiation”, Solar Energy 45, 85- 92, 1990.
  [19]. Dany Li, Josheph Lam, Chris Lau, “A New Approach for Predicting Vertical Global Solar Irradiance”, Renewable Energy, Vol.25, pp.591-606, 2002.
  [20]. Koray Ülgen, Arif Hepba?li, “Comparison of The Diffuse Fraction of Daily and Monthly Global Radiation for ?zmir, Turkey”, Energy Sources, Vol.25, Issue.7, pp.637-649, 2003.
  [21]. Sefa Tarhan, Ahmet Sari, “Model Selection for Global and Diffuse Radiation Over the Central Black Sea (Cbs) Region of Turkey”, Energy Conversion and Management, Vol.46, Issue.4, pp.605-613, 2005.
  [22]. R. Benson, M. Paris, J. Sherry, C. Justus, “Estimation of Daily and Monthly Direct, Diffuse and Global Solar Radiation Fron Sunshine Duration Measurements”, Solar Energy, Vol.32, ssue.4, pp.523-35, 1984.
  [23]. K. Zabara, “Estimation of Global Radiation in Greece”, Solar Wind Technology Journal, Vol.3, Issue.4, pp.267-272, 1986.
  [24]. Ersoy Tasdemiroglu, Ramazan Sever, “An Improved Correlation for Estimating Solar Radiation from Bright Sunshine Data for Turkey”, Energy Conversion and Management, Vol.31, Issue.6 pp.599-600, 1991.
  [25]. ?nci Türk Togrul, Hasan Togrul, “Global Solar Radiation Over Turkey: Comparison of Predicted and Measured Data”, Renewable Energy, Vol.25, Issue.1, pp.55-67, 2002.

  Citation
  Emrah Aslan, Nurettin Besli, "Development of Feasibility Software for Solar Energy Systems Using Solar Radiation," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.10, Issue.3, pp.17-27, 2023

• Open Access   Article

  Assessment of ferry service and ridership in Metropolitan of Lagos State, Nigeria

  A.I. Mohammed, M.S. Stephens, C.U. Akpudo, C.A. Enyinda

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp.28-34, Sep-2023

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  The study aim is to assess the ferry service and ridership in metropolitan of Lagos state, Nigeria. The specific objectives are to assess the socio-economic characteristics of ferry users, determine the capacity supply, level of patronage and factors influencing the ferry ridership. The study was carried out on three water routes in Lagos state, Nigeria namely; Marina to Ikorodu (route1), Ikorodu to five cowries ferry terminal (route 2) and Marina to Apapa (route 3). Data used were derived from primary and secondary sources. The questionnaires were administered to water transport users and all registered operators operating within the three selected routes. The data generated were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regressions. The study revealed that in route 1, the total seat capacity supplied are a total of 1,575 seat per day, route 2 were 1590 seats and 1635 seats were supplied route 3. The study also revealed that the capacity supplied in all the study routes are under-utilized (load factor is less the 1). Furthermore, the result shows that fare is the most significant determinant factor of ferry ridership in the study area, having a p-value of 5.32E-08. The study recommends that there is a need to educate potential IWT users in Nigeria about the inherent advantages and desirability of conveying their cargo using inland waterways

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Transportation, ferry, ridership, boat, supply, demand

  References
  [1]. B. Nile, “The role of inland water transport in support of further regional integration”. Nile: State of the river Nile, 2012.
  [2]. O. Ndikom, “The Kernel Concept of Shipping Operations, Policies and Strategies: The Industry Overview”, Ibadan: University of Ibadan Pres, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2011
  [3]. Lagos policy review, “A publication of Economic Planning Department”, Vol.1.No 1., p. 3. 2012.
  [4]. T. Kayode, “Air Quality Management in Nigerian Cities: The Case of Lagos Metropolitan Area Transportation Authority” 2007.
  [5]. R. B Jeffery, “Central Business Districts and Transit Ridership: A re-examination of the relationship in the US”, Journal of public transportation, Vol.15. No.4, pp.1-22, 2012
  [6]. D. T. Brian, & C.N Fink, “Citywide ferry study ‘Comprehensive citywide ferry study final report”, The factors Influencing Transit Ridership: A review and Analysis of the Ridership Literature: Institute of Transportation Studies, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1656 (310) 825-7442: 3250 Public Building, 2013
  [7]. Nigeria Bureau of Statistics, “Nigeria Information Guide”. Lagos: Nigeria Bureau of Statistics, 2006.
  [8]. C. Skyscraper, “Water Transportation System”, Retrieved from Skyscraper City.com. 2007
  [9]. O. J. Folasade, O. E. Onakunle,A. Jechoniah, A. James, “Assessment of socio-economic characteristics of the ferry passengers and operation of the ferry service in Ikorodu wtareways, Lagos State,” International journal of innovative science and research technology, Vol. 7, Issue 3, pp. 595- 608, 2022
  [10]. W. Njoku, “Socio-economic characteristics of the ferry passengers of the ferry service in Lagos, Nigeria”, Journal of management study, Vol.1.Issue 5, pp. 34- 42, 2021.
  [11]. W. DePaul, “Factors affecting the ferry operation in Riverine area of River State, Nigeria, Journal of transport study, Vol. 3, Issue 4. pp. 11- 19, 2018.
  [12]. J. Brooks, “Bill to Avert shutdown of Medicaid, Ferries”, 2018
  [13]. M. khazabi, “International Models of Ferry Service Delivery”, Australian Journal of Maritime and Ocean Affairs, Vol. 10. No.1, pp. 10-18, 2017
  [14]. A.A Hannah, “Domestic passenger ferry safety operations in the Philippines: identification of safety issues and analysis”, International Journal of management, Vol. 4 Issue. 4, 2016.
  [15]. Q.A Adejare, P.C Nwilo, J.O. Olusina Y.D. Opaluwa, “A study of ferry service route network in Lagos Lagoon-Nigeria using graph theory,”, Journal of Geography and Regional planning, International, Vol. 4, Issue. 6, 2011.
  [16]. M.S. Stephens, N.O. Nze, C.C Ibe, W.I. Ukpere, W.I., “An Assessment of the Productivity of the Nigerian Shipping Industry using Saari Productivity Model”, African Journal of Business Management, Vol. 6, No. 15, pp. 5414-5432, 2012,
  [17]. C.U Akpudo, “Assessment of the operation, demand and supply of inland waterways transportation in Nigeria”, Ph.D thesis submitted to the Federal University of Technology Akure, 2021.
  [18]. C.U Akpudo, M.S Stephens, C.S. Okoli, “Challenges and prospects of Inland Waterways in South Eastern part of Nigeria” IMSUCDS International Journal of Development, Imo State University CDS, Owerri. https://www.imsucds-ijd.com, E-ISSN:2811-2865. Vol. 5. Pp. 50-68, 2022
  [19]. T. C. Nwachukwu, M.S Stephens, C.S. Okoli, C.U Akpudo, “Examination of the trend of port performance using standard indexes: a focus on Apapa Port Complex, Lagos, Nigeria” International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol. 8, Issue 2, pp.01-06, 2022.

  Citation
  A.I. Mohammed, M.S. Stephens, C.U. Akpudo, C.A. Enyinda, "Assessment of ferry service and ridership in Metropolitan of Lagos State, Nigeria," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.10, Issue.3, pp.28-34, 2023

• Open Access   Article

  Effects of Gear Tooth Helix Angle on Pressure Pulsation Characteristics of External Gear Pump in Highly Pressurized Regions

  Alizamin Ibrahimov

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp.35-42, Sep-2023

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  In this research, the effect of gear tooth helix angle on external gear pump CFD characteristics is studied. Two different external gear pump models using spur and helical gears are simulated, and their pressure generation capabilities and pressure pulsation characteristics are compared. The monitoring points used for data analysis were placed at the high-pressure points of the pump, and iterative mathematical algorithms were applied for the analysis of the data. The results of this study showed that it was determined that the helix angle has a significant effect on pressure generation and the pulsation characteristics of the external gear pump. During general data regression and analysis, not only the comparison of spur and helical external gear pumps but also their pulsating values were investigated at different points in the flow domain, and their change intensity, results, and discussions were discussed in detail.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Spur gear pump pressure pulsation, Helical gear pump pressure pulsation, Spur gear pump flow ripple, Helical gear pump flow ripple, External gear pump flow fluctuation

  References
  [1] M.G. Mithun, P. Koukouvinis, I.K. Karathanassis, M. Gavaises, “Numerical simulation of three-phase flow in an external gear pump using immersed boundary approach” Applied Mathematical Modelling, 72, 682-699, 2019.
  [2] B. Zhao, Y.Y. He, W.W. Guo, Y.X. Hao, L. Quan, “Study on Flow Characteristics of New Variable Displacement External Meshing Gear Pump”, Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 55, 227-235, 2019.
  [3] Y. Bai, F. Kong, Y. He, et al, “Analysis about Unsteady Pressure Pulsation in Gear Oil Pump”, The 11th Asia Conference on Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering ACMAE 43, 110-113, 2020.
  [4] S. Tang, X. Zhang, “Numerical Simulation on Hydraulic Pulsation of External Gear Pump”, Journal of Bengbu University, 9, 32-34+61, 2020.
  [5] K. Liu, K. Xu, B. Yang, Y. Liu, “Numerical simulation of external helical gear high-pressure pump with CFD”, Journal Of Drainage and Irrigation Mach inery Engineering, 37, 307-312, 2019.
  [6] K. Edge, D. Johnston, “The ‘secondary source’ method for the measurement of pump pressure ripple characteristics”, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 204, 33–40, 1990.
  [7] K. Edge, “The ‘Secondary Source’ Method for the Measurement of Pump Pressure Ripple Characteristics Part 2: Experimental Results”, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 204, 41–46, 1990.
  [8] E. Kojima, J. Yu, T. Ichiyanagi, “Experimental Determining and Theoretical Predicting of Source Flow Ripple Generated by Fluid Power Piston Pumps”, SAE transactions, 109, 348–357, 2000.
  [9] D. O’Neal, G. Maroney, “Measuring pump fluid-borne noise generation potential”, The BFPR Journal, 11, 235–241, 1978.
  [10] E. Kojima, M. Shinada, “Characteristic of fluidborne noise generated by fluid power pump (3rd report, discharge pressure pulsation of external gear pump)”, Bulletin of JSME, 27, 2188–2195, 1984.
  [11] K. Edge, T. Wing, “The Measurement of the Fluid Borne Pressure Ripple Characteristics of Hydraulic Components” , Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Management and engineering manufacture, 197, 247–254, 1983.
  [12] E. Frosina, A. Senatore, M. Rigosi, “Study of a High-Pressure External Gear Pump with a Computational Fluid Dynamic Modeling Approach” ,Energies Journal, 10, 1113, 2017.
  [13] D. del Campo, R. Castilla, G.A. Raush, P.J. Gamez-Montero, E. Codina, “Pressure effects on the performance of external gear pumps under cavitation”, Mechanical Engineering Science, 228, 2925-2937, 2014.
  [14] C. Rui, L. Huacong, Z. Jiaxing, G. Ning, “Analysis of Pressure Pulsation in Aviation Gear Pump”, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1786, 012016, 2021.
  [15] J. Ickiewicz, “Hydraulic and mechanical vibrations of gear pump”, Hydraulic and Pneumatics, 3, 12-16, 2013.
  [16] K. Klarecki, D. Rabsztyn, M.P. Hetma?czyk, “The influence of volumetric performance settings of a multi-piston pump on parameters of forced vibrations”, Vibroengineering Procedia, 3, 76-81, 2014.
  [17] S. Stryczek, “Nap?d hydrostatyczny. Tom 1”, WNT, Warsaw, 1, 1995.
  [18] Y.Z. Li, L.H. Gao, X.Y. Tang, “The flow pulsation analysis of an external gear pump”, Advanced Materials Research, 236-238, 2327-2331, 2011.
  [19] Y. Li, M. Tang, “Influence analysis of trapped oil pressure on flow pulsation in external gear pumps”, Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 29, 60-66, 2013.

  Citation
  Alizamin Ibrahimov, "Effects of Gear Tooth Helix Angle on Pressure Pulsation Characteristics of External Gear Pump in Highly Pressurized Regions," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.10, Issue.3, pp.35-42, 2023

• Open Access   Article

  Zeolite-Nanofluids Performance Evaluation on Mechanism of Interfacial Tension for the Enhancement of Oil Recovery

  Kayode S. Ekun, L.S Kuburi, Y. Ibrahim

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp.43-52, Sep-2023

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  The mechanism of interfacial tension (IFT) between crude oil, base fluids, and Zeolite nanofluids was studied by the pendant dropped method with Dropped Shape Analysis System (DSA-2 software), after core flooding experiments for the enhancement of oil recovery from different nine core plugs with three base fluids(Brine, Ethanol, and Distilled water) of 3.0wt% concentration, and developed Zeolite nanofluids (ZNPB, ZNPD, ZNPE) from base brine, distilled water, and ethanol at a concentration of 0.005wt.%, 0.001wt.%, and 0.015wt.%. two sets of experiments were conducted for all the fluids obtained from nine cores after the flooding process to determine the effect of zeolite nanofluids on IFT, IFT Data before and after the application of zeolite nanofluids was obtained. The result demonstrates that IFT can be decreased by boosting nanofluid concentrations in core samples by the range of 0.005 weight percent, 0.010 weight percent, and 0.015 weight percent. IFT between oil and brine was 20.82 mN/m when only brine was injected; as zeolite nanofluids were applied, IFT between oil and Zeolite nanofluid (ZNPB) decreased to 16.50 mN/m, 10.89 mN/m, and 7.59 mN/m from DSA data obtained; the result of the second fluid tested (distilled water only) before nanofluid application shows that IFT between oil and distilled when ethanol is used the IFT Between oil & Ethanol only Before Application of ZNPE, tested to be 25.38mN/m, 27.50mN/m, 38.82mN/m from core CC1 to CC3, and with nanofluids application, IFT between ZNPE &Oil drastically Dropped to 2.7 mN/m, 2.55mN/m, and 1.85mN/m, the report has shown from this study that base fluids concentration and nanofluid’s concentration are the main parameters that impact IFT reduction under the confining pressure of 400psi and constant temperature of 65°C.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Zeolite nanoparticles, Zeolite Nanofluids, enhancement of oil recovery, Interfacial tension mechanism, base fluids, cores samples, core flooding, dropped shape analysis.

  References
  [1] Abbas, A.H., Wan Sulaiman, W.R., Zaidi, J.M., and Agi, A.A.“Anionic surfactant adsorption: insight for enhanced oil recovery”. Recent. Adv. Petrochem. Sci. 1, 5, 2017.
  [2] Amin, R. & Smith, T. N., “Interfacial Tension and Spreading Coefficient under Reservoir Conditions. Fluid Phase Equilib”. 142, 231-241, 1998.
  [3] Bera A, Ojha K, Mandal A, and Kumar T. “Interfacial tension and phase behavior of surfactantbrine-oil system. Colloids Surf A”, Physicochem Eng Asp 383:114–9, 2011.
  [4] Cheraghian, G., and Hendraningrat, L. “A review on applications of nanoparticles in the enhanced oil recovery part a: efect of nanoparticles on interfacial intension”. Int. Nano Lett. 6(2), 129–138 , 2016.
  [5] D.W. Green and G.P. Willhite, “Enhanced oil recovery SPE Textbook Series Wei, in: Experimental Investigation of Dynamic Interfacial Interactions at Reservoir Conditions”, Louisiana State University, 6, USA, 262 7. X., 1998.
  [6] E. Joonaki and S. Ghanaatian, “The application of nanofluids for enhanced oil recovery: Effects on interfacial tension and coreflooding process,” Petroleum Science and Technology, vol. 32, no. 21, pp. 2599–2607, 2014.
  [7] Firoozabadi, Abbas, Katz, Donald L., Soroosh, Hossein, and Vali A. Sajjadian. "Surface Tension of Reservoir Crude-Oil/Gas Systems Recognizing the Asphalt in the Heavy Fraction”. SPE Res Eng 3 265–272, 1988.
  [8] Gardas RL and Coutinho JA. “Applying a QSPR correlation to the prediction of surface tensions of ionic liquids, Fluid Phase Equilib”. 265:57–65, 2008.
  [9] Hamidi H, Mohammadian E, Rafati R, Azdarpour A, and Ing J. “The effect of ultrasonic waves on the phase behavior of a surfactant–brine–oil system”, Colloids Surf A: Physicochem Eng Asp ;482:27–33, 2015.
  [10] Hendraningrat, L., Li, S., & Torsater, O. “ Effect of some parameters influencing enhanced oil recovery process using silica nanoparticles: an experimental investigation”, In SPE Reservoir Characterization and Simulation Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2013.
  [11] Hu Z., Siddeequah M.A., Ghulam R., Paul W.J.G., and Dongsheng W. “Nanoparticle-assisted water-?ooding in Berea sandstones”, Energy Fuels 30, 4, 2791–2804, 2016.
  [12] Hussain SS., and Kamal MS. “Effect of large spacer on surface activity, thermal, and rheological properties of novel amido-amine cationic gemini surfactants”. J Mol Liq ;242:1131–7. 19, 2017.
  [13] J. Buckley and T. Fan, “Crude Oil/Brine Interfacial tension”, The Society of Core Analysts Symposium 48, 2005.
  [14] José-Alberto MH., and Jorge A. “Current knowledge and potential applications of ionic liquids in the petroleum industry. Ionic liquids: Applications and perspectives”, InTech, 2011.
  [15] Ju, B., Fan, T., & M. Ma, “Enhanced oil recovery by flooding with hydrophilic nanoparticles”, China Particuology, 4(1), 41-46, 2006.
  [16] Kharazi M, Saien J., and Asadabadi S. “Review on amphiphilic ionic liquids as new surfactants: From Fundamentals to applications”< Top Curr Chem; 380:1–44, 2022.
  [17] Kharazi M, Saien J, Torabi M., and Zolfigol MA. “Molecular Design and Application of a New Nano Tripodal Surface Active Ionic Liquid for Improving the Crude Oil–Water Behavior”, SSRN;4100530, 2022.
  [18] Kharazi M, Saien J, Yarie M, aand Zolfigol MA. “Different spacer homologs of gemini imidazolium ionic liquid surfactants at the interface of crude oil-water”. J Mol Liq ;296:111748, 2019.
  [19] Kharazi M, Saien J, Yarie M, & Zolfigol MA. “The superior effects of a long chain gemini ionic liquid on the interfacial tension, emulsification and oil displacement of crude oil-water”, J Pet Sci Eng ;195:107543, 2020.
  [20] Kharazi M, and Saien J. “Temperature Effects on the Enhanced Oil Recovery with Gemini Ionic Liquids”, The 7th National Congress on Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Iran emphasizing Iranian native technologies, 2020.
  [21] Kharazi M., & Saien J. Salts, “Ph Effects on the Enhanced Oil Recovery with a Homologous Series of Gemini Surface Active Ionic Liquids”, SSRN; 3911216, 2021.
  [22] Klomfar J, Sou?ková M, & Pátek J. “Surface tension measurements with validated accuracy for four 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium based ionic liquids”. J Chem Thermodyn ;42:323–9, 2010.
  [23] KRUSS, Nikhil Bagalkot, Aly A. Hamouda, and Ole Morten Isdahl, “Dynamic interfacial tension measurement method using axisymmetric drop shape analysis; Pendant Drop”, Methods X, Volume 5, Pages 676-683, ISSN 2215-0161, 2018.
  [24] Kumar B. “Effect of salinity on the interfacial tension of model and crude oil systems”, University of Calgary; 2012
  [25] Kumar S, Mandal A. “Studies on interfacial behavior and wettability change phenomena by ionic and nonionic surfactants in presence of alkalis and salt for enhanced oil recovery”. Appl Surf Sci; 372:42–51, 2016.
  [26] L. Schramm, N. Stasiuk and D. Gerrard Marangoni, “Surfactants and their applications”, Annual Reports Section “C’ (Physical Chemistry) 99, 10, 2003.
  [27] M. Ali Ahmadi, Y. Arabsahebi , S. Reza Shadizadeh, & S. Shokrollahzadeh Behbahani, “Preliminary evaluation of mulberry leaf-derived surfactant on interfacial tension in an oil-aqueous system EOR application”, Fuel 117, 749–755, 2014.
  [28] Moradi B., Pourafshary P., Farahani F.J., Mohammadi M., & Emadi M.A. “Application of SiO2 nano particles to improve the performance of water alternating gas EOR process in SPE Oil & Gas India Conference and Exhibition”, Society of Petroleum Engineers, SPE 178040, 2015.
  [29] Pal N, Saxena N, and Mandal A. “Studies on the physicochemical properties of synthesized tailormade gemini surfactants for application in enhanced oil recovery”. J Mol Liq; 258:211– 24, 2018.
  [30] Saien J, Kharazi M, Pino V, and Pacheco-Fernández I. “Trends offered by ionic liquid-based surfactants: Applications in stabilization, separation processes, and within the petroleum industry”, Sep Purif Rev;1–29, 2022.
  [31] Sakthivel S, Chhotaray PK, Velusamy S, Gardas RL, and Sangwai JS. “Synergistic effect of lactam, ammonium and hydroxyl ammonium based ionic liquids with and without NaCl on the surface phenomena of crude oil/water system Fluid Phase Equilib”, 398:80–97, 2015.
  [32] Sakthivel S, Velusamy S, Gardas RL, and Sangwai JS. “Eco-efficient and green method for the enhanced dissolution of aromatic crude oil sludge using ionic liquids”, RSC Adv; 4:31007–18, 2014.
  [33] Sheng J.J, “Modern Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery: theory and practice”, Gulf Professional Publishing , 2011.
  [34] Suleimanov, B.A., Ismailov, F.S., and Veliyev, E.F. “Nanofuid for enhanced oil recovery”. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 78(2), 431–437, 2011.
  [35] Taber, J. J., “Dynamic and Static Forces Required to Remove a Discontinuous Oil Phase from Porous Media Containing Both Oil and Water”, SPE European Regional Meeting – Milano, Italy. SPE 2098, 1969.
  [36] Verga F., Lombardi M., Maddinelli G., and L. Montanaro, “Introducing core-shell technology for conformance control”, Oil Gas Sci. Technol. - Rev. IFP Energies nouvelles 72, 1, 5, 2017.
  [37] Y. P. Zhang, S.G. Sayegh and S. Huang, “Effect of Oil/Brine Ratio on Interfacial Tension in Surfactant Flooding”, Canadian International Petroleum Conference, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 12-14, June 2007.
  [38] Zeinolabedini Hezave A, Dorostkar S, Ayatollahi S, Nabipour M, and Hemmateenejad B. “Effect of different families (imidazolium and pyridinium) of ionic liquids-based surfactants on interfacial tension of water/crude oil system”. Fluid Phase Equilib;360:139–45, 2013.
  [39] Zhang H., Nikolov A., and Wasan D, “Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) using nanoparticle dispersions: Underlying mechanism. and imbibition experiments”, Energy Fuels 28, 5, 3002–3009, 2014a.
  [40] Zhang, H., Nikolov, A., & D. Wasan, “Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) using nanoparticle dispersions: underlying mechanism and imbibition experiments”, Energy & Fuels, 28(5), 3002-3009, 2014.

  Citation
  Kayode S. Ekun, L.S Kuburi, Y. Ibrahim, "Zeolite-Nanofluids Performance Evaluation on Mechanism of Interfacial Tension for the Enhancement of Oil Recovery," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.10, Issue.3, pp.43-52, 2023

• Open Access   Article

  Design, Fabrication, and Performance Evaluation of a Petrol-Driven Refrigerating System for Effective Vaccine Storage in Remote Areas

  Ojo Benson

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp.53-63, Sep-2023

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Refrigeration, encompassing diverse methods of heat removal, plays a pivotal role in modern industrial and domestic applications. Among these methods, the vapour-compression system stands as the most widely employed technique due to its efficiency and versatility. This study centers on the comprehensive design, fabrication, and performance evaluation of a novel refrigerating system driven by a Gx 160 petrol engine, seamlessly integrating Nissan Micra AC components. The devised refrigerating system attains a notable weight of 982N, indicative of its robust construction, coupled with an impressive COPmax (Coefficient of Performance at maximum efficiency) value of 12.2. This exceptional COPmax underscores the system`s adeptness at transforming energy input into effective cooling output. Operating within a temperature range of 31°C to 8°C, the system demonstrates its aptitude in preserving vaccines, substances pivotal in stimulating antibody production for disease protection in humans and animals. Crucially, the petrol-driven engine powering the system exhibits an efficient fuel consumption rate, utilizing a mere 0.8 litters of petrol during an 18.35-minute cooling cycle to reach the target temperature of 8°C. The results of this study unveil the potential of this petrol-driven refrigerating system as a viable solution for remote areas lacking reliable power grids, facilitating efficient vaccine preservation and contributing to enhanced healthcare outcomes. Overall, this research underscores the synergy between innovative design, meticulous fabrication, and rigorous performance assessment in creating effective refrigeration solutions. The system`s robust characteristics, efficient cooling, and eco-friendly fuel consumption hold promise for a wide spectrum of applications beyond vaccine storage, impacting diverse sectors requiring dependable and energy-efficient refrigeration solutions.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Refrigeration, Heat Removal, Vapor-Compression System, Design, Fabrication, Vaccine Preservation, Innovative design

  References
  [1]. Sahoo, M. and Rout, I. S.. “Design, fabrication and performance analysis of solar PV air conditioning system”, International Journals of Scientific and Research Publications, Vol.6, Issue.10, pp.277-282, 2016.
  [2]. Yudhveer Kumar Verma, Ajay Singh and Ashish Verma, “Experimental Analysis of Capillary Tube and Thermostatic Expansion Valve in Domestic Refrigerator Using Eco-Friendly Refrigerant” World Academic Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.18-21, 2020.
  [3]. R. Naskar, A. Ghosh, R. Mandal, “Design and New Development of Solar Air Conditioner’’, World Academic Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.4, issue.6, pp.19-23, 2018.
  [4]. Selvaraj M Elavarasan E, Babloo Kumar Sah , Chandan Kumar, Dhananjay Kumar Ram, Krishn Pratap Singh, “ Design and Fabrication of Mini Solar Refrigerator,” International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, Vol.6, Issue.10, pp.1-4, 2018.
  [5]. Oghoghome Oghenkevwe and Okonma John, “ Design and Fabrication of Thermoelectric Refrigerator,” Global Scientific Journals, Vol.4, Isuue.3, pp. 265-277, 2023.
  [6]. Kamsuk, K & Damrongsak, D & Tippayawong, Nakorn. ‘’Design and Performance Analysis of a Biodiesel Engine Driven Refrigeration System for Vaccine Storage,’’ International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, Vol.2, Issue.2, pp.117-124, 2013.
  [7]. Y. 1, Tambe, and N. Ghuge, “Waste Heat Recovery of 80 CC Petrol Engine for Refrigeration with VAC System, “International Engineering Research Journal (IERJ)”, Issue.2, pp.4906-4909, 2015.
  [8]. J. Chandramouli, C. Sreedhar, E. Subbareddy, and P. Student, “Design, Fabrication and Experimental Analysis of Vapour Compression Refrigeration System with Ellipse shaped Evaporator coil,” International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, An ISO, vol. 3297, Issue.8, pp.7775-7782 , 2015.
  [9]. Chow L.C., Ashraf N.S., Carter III H.C., Casey K., Corban S., Drost M.K., Gumm A.J., Hao Z., Hasan A.Q., Kapat J.S., Kramer L., Newton M., Sundaram K.B., Vaidya J., Wong C.C., Yerkes K., "Design and analysis of a mesoscale refrigerator," Proceedings of the ASME International Mech. Eng. Congr. and Expos., ASME, pp.1-8, 1999.
  [10]. Phelan P.E., Swanson J., Chiriac F., Chiriac V., "Designing a mesoscale vapor-compression refrigerator for cooling high-power microelectronics," 93 Proceedings of the Inter Society Conference on Thermal Phenomena, IEEE, pp.218-23, 2020.
  [11]. Naik Mohamed Shoaib M., Kalu Sanet, Malapara Shabbir3, Tiwari Shubham., " Design of car air conditioning using exhaust gas International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, Issue.7, pp.2150-2155, 2020.
  [12]. Heydari A., "Miniature vapor compression refrigeration systems for active cooling of high-performance computers," Proceedings of the Inter Society Conference on Thermal Phenomena, IEEE, pp.371-378, 2019.

  Citation
  Ojo Benson, "Design, Fabrication, and Performance Evaluation of a Petrol-Driven Refrigerating System for Effective Vaccine Storage in Remote Areas," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.10, Issue.3, pp.53-63, 2023