Volume-2 , Issue-2 , Apr 2015, ISSN 2347-7520 (Online) Go Back

• Open Access   Article

  Production, Purification and efficacy determination of Epsilon toxin from Clostridium perfringens type ‘D’ IVRI native culture

  Richa Tiwari, Geetika Bakshi, Niranjan Tiwari and Nitin Puranik

  Research Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp.1-4, Mar-2015

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Epsilon toxin of C.perfringens type ‘D’ IVRI native strain was produced by Batch type flask culture and further purified by using APS salt precipitation, Dialysis, DEAE sepharose separation and SDS PAGE analysis. It was also subjected to determine the toxicity by sing mouse toxicity test. Purified toxin showed the potent toxicity even at lowest dilution of 1:10,00,000 (toxin:Phosphate buffered saline).These findings suggested that purification increases the potency of toxin and thus lower the need of dose of vaccine administration which produced by the conversion of this toxin to toxoid. After purification a band of 32 kDA was obtained in SDS acrylamide gel autoradiograph showed the homogeneity with previously obtained results in this area of work. Epsilon toxin can penetrate the blood brain barrier so it could be prove as a potent vehicle for drug delivery system.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  C.perfringens type ‘D’, Enterotoxaemia, Epsilon toxin, DEAE sepharose purification, Mouse toxicity test

  References
  [1]. Farrell DH, Crosa JH. 1991. Purification and characterization of a secreted protease from the pathogenic marine bacterium Vibrio anguillarum. Biochemistry. Apr 9;30(14):3432-6.
  [2]. Hughes M L, Poon R, Adams V, Sayeed S, Saputo J, Uzal F A, McClane B A,and Rood J I. 2007. Epsilon-Toxin Plasmids of Clostridium perfringens Type D Are Conjugative. J Bacteriol.; 189(21): 7531–7538.
  [3]. IVRI Blue book. Production of anaerobic killed bacterial vaccines 2004.
  [4]. Javed S, Rafeeq M M Tariq, Awan MA, Rashid N and Ali M. 2012. Study on in-vitro Biochemical Growth Characterization and Assessment of Hemolytic Toxin of Clostridium perfringens Type B and D. Pakistan J. Zool., vol. 44(6), pp. 1575-1580,.
  [5]. McClain M S and Cover TL. 2007 Functional Analysis of Neutralizing Antibodies against Clostridium perfringens Epsilon-Toxin. Infect. Immun. vol. 75 no. 4 1785-1793
  [6]. Miyamoto O, Minami J, Toyoshima T, Nakamura T, Masada T, Nagao S, Negi T, Itano T, and Okabe A. 1998. Neurotoxicity of Clostridium perfringens Epsilon-Toxin for the Rat Hippocampus via the Glutamatergic System. Infect Immun.; 66(6): 2501–2508.
  [7]. Payne, D., and E. Oyston. 1997. The Clostridium perfringens ε-toxin, p. 439–447. In J. I. Rood, B. A. McClane, J. G. Songer, and R. W. Titball (ed.), The clostridia: molecular biology and pathogenesis. Academic Press, London, United Kingdom
  [8]. Petit L, Gibert M, Gillet D, Laurent-Winter C, Boquet P, Popoff MR. 1997. Clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin acts on MDCK cells by forming a large membrane complex. J Bacteriol. 179 (20):6480-7.
  [9]. Rahaman M S, Akter M R, Abdullah M, Sayed Khan M A, Jahan M S, ZiaulHaque A.K.M., Lutful Kabir S.M.. 2013 Isolation, identification and characterization of Clostridium perfringens from lamb dysentery in Dinajpur district of Bangladesh.Scientific Journal of Microbiology. 2(4) 83-88
  [10]. Shekarsaraei AG, Hasannia S, Pirooznia N, Ataiee F. 2014. The investigation of epsilon toxin effects on different cancerous cell lines and its synergism effect with methotrexate. J Cancer Res Ther.;10(1):15-20.
  [11]. Sydney M. Finegold. 1996.Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli. Medical Microbiology. 4th edition. University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston;. ISBN-10: 0-9631172-1-1
  [12]. Voidarou C, Bezirtzoglou E, Alexopoulos A, Plessas S, Stefanis C, Papadopoulos I, Vavias S, Stavropoulou E, Fotou K, Tzora A, Skoufos I. 2011. Occurrence of Clostridium perfringens from different cultivated soils. Anaerobe.; 17(6):320-4.
  [13]. W. Turner and W. Rodwell The epsilon toxin of cl. Welchii type d mechanism of its development in cultures through the Action of extracellular proteinases upon e prototoxin.
  [14]. Wells C L. and Wilkins T D. 1996. Clostridia: Sporeforming Anaerobic Bacilli. Samuel Baron,Medical
  

  Citation
  Richa Tiwari, Geetika Bakshi, Niranjan Tiwari and Nitin Puranik, "Production, Purification and efficacy determination of Epsilon toxin from Clostridium perfringens type ‘D’ IVRI native culture," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.2, Issue.2, pp.1-4, 2015

• Open Access   Article

  Study of the effect of cadmium on the testes of the fish Puntius ticto and the cal localization of the cadmium

  Rekha Pundir

  Review Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp.5-8, Mar-2015

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  When specimens of P. ticto were exposed dor 15 and 30 days to a safe cadmium acetate concentration , histo-physiological abnormalities were found in their testes. The changes included marked vacuolation of the cells in the seminiferous lobules and the deformation of the lobules themselves. The interstitial cells displayed necrosis . The sperm duct were thickened by fibrous tissues, so that its structure and function were affected. The gonadosomatic indexes in the treated group decreased significantly . The percentage of earlier spermatogenic cysts decreased , while the percentage of atertic apermatophore increased. Histochemical localization of calcium in the testes of P. ticto was also observed. The physiochemical parameters of the water were determined.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Fish, Cadmium testes , Physiocemical parameters

  References
  [1]. American public health Association , American Waters Works and Water Pollution Control Federation : Standard method for the analysis of water , sewage and industrial wastes. Inc. New York.
  [2]. DAS, P; Chatterjee, J.G. , Mandall , A.B. and Chakraborty, D.P. : Prospects of Carp culture in lower sunderbans.In symposium on Inland Agriculture. Fet 12-14. Central inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, 59(1979)
  [3]. HART , WB ; DOUDOROFF , P and GreenBank , J : The evaluation of the toxicity of industrial wastes , chemicals and other substances to freshwater fishes and Philadelphia Pa: The Atlantic Refining Co. pp 317 (1945) .
  [4]. KOPP, J F and Kroner , R C : Trace metals in waters of the united states fed. Water Pollution Control. Admin. U.S Dep. Interior Cincinnati , Ohio. P: 212 (1970).
  [5]. LITCHFIELD , J.T. and WILCOXON . F. : A simple method of evaluating dose effect experiments. J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 96 : 99-173 (1949).
  [6]. LOVETT ,R. J. , GUTENNMAN , W. H. ,PAKKALA , I.S. Youngs., W. D. , LISK,D.J. and HARRIS , E. J. A survey of total cadmium content of 406 fish from new York state frsh waters J.Fish . Res. Board Can. 29 : 1283-1290 (1972).
  [7]. PEARSE, A.G.E. Histochemistry ,Theoretical and applied Vol. 2. Third Edition publ. Churchil Livingstone, London (1972).
  [8]. Pundir, R. (1989) : Acute toxicity levels of cadmium, lead, zinc and molybdenum to stone loach N.botia. J.Hydrobiol. 1:23-27.
  [9]. Pundir, R. and Saxena , A. B. (1990) : Seasonal changes in testes of P. ticto. and their relation to heavy metal toxicity. Bull , Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 45: 288-293.
  [10]. Pundir Rekha (1993) : Aspects of water quality and the toxicity of ammonium molybdate to fish L.reticulatus (Peter). J. Hydrobiol. Vol.1x no. 1. , 11-16.
  [11]. SANGALANG , G. B. AND O’HALLORAN, M. J. :Cadmium induced testicular injury and alterations of androgen synthesis in brook trout. Nature 240 : 470-471 (1972).
  [12]. SPEHAR R. L. , CARLSON , R. W. , LEMKE , A. E. , MOUNT , D. I. , PICKRING , Q.H., SNARSKI, V. M. (1980) : Effect of pollution on fresh water fish . J.Wat. Poll. Cont. fed. 52, 1703-1768.
  [13]. SEHGAL , R. AND SAXENA A.B. (1986) : Studies on toxicities of cadmium and zinc to a freshwater teleost P.ticto. J. Hydrobiol. 2: 33-35.
  [14]. SEHGAL , R. AND PANDEY, A.K. :Effect of cadmium chloride on testicular activities in guppy , Lebistes reticulates Comp. Physiol. Ecol. 9: 225-230 (1984).
  [15]. SEHGAL , R. TOMAR , V. AND PANDEY, A.K. (1984) : Comparative effects of two heavy metallic salts on the testes of viviparous teleost Lebistes reticulates (Peters) J.Environ. boil. 5: 185-192 (1984).
  [16]. SHUKLA , J. P. AND PANDEY, A.K. Impaired spermatogenesis in assenic treated freshwater fish , Colisa fasciatus. Toxicol. Lett(AMST) 21 : 191-196 (1984).
  

  Citation
  Rekha Pundir, "Study of the effect of cadmium on the testes of the fish Puntius ticto and the cal localization of the cadmium," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.2, Issue.2, pp.5-8, 2015

• Open Access   Article

  Physico-chemical Soil Quality Indicators as Influenced by Different Soil Management Practices in Central India

  Namrata Yadav

  Review Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp.9-15, Mar-2015

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  The concepts of soil quality and health imply an assessment to how well soil functions in improving the crop production and environment. The present research brought out the effect of different soil management practices on soil physical and chemical parameters and help in improving quality of Vertisols. The study was conducted in Central India covering regions of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh and the management history of traditionally followed cropping systems under tillage practices (Conservation and conventional), with nutrient management through inorganic and integrated management practices. The soil quality indicators such as bulk density, water holding capacity, soil pH, EC, organic carbon and available N, P, K, S were analyzed in the rhizosphere surface (0-15 cm) soil samples from stated regions. Conservation tillage practices decreased the soil bulk density (1.07±0.06g/cc) and improved the total water holding capacity (56.06±5.73%) of soil as compared to conventional tillage (1.38±0.12g/cc and 48.36±6.59 %, respectively). The integrated use of fertilizers and manures (either poultry manure or FYM) helped in elevating these two parameters (1.21±0.14 g/cc and 50.42±4.22%, respectively) as compared to inorganic fertilization alone (1.55±10 g/cc and 32.74±3.45% respectively). Integrated use of FYM/ poultry manure with fertilizers was also found to be influential in raising the organic carbon storage of soil (11.53±1.22-18.50±9.82Mgha-1) under conservation tillage as compared to inorganic fertilization with either conservation or conventional tillage (8.38±0.93-13.34±3.60Mgha-1). The practice of integrated nutrient management with conservation tillage in different traditionally followed cropping systems as well increased the contents of available N (137±15.28 µg g-1 soil), P (16.7±3.12 µg g-1 soil), K (251±107.39 µg g-1 soil), and S (13.0±8.35 µg g-1 soil) in soils. Our results indicated that integrated nutrient management (inorganic fertilization with FYM or poultry manure) of these cropping systems under conservation tillage and integrated nutrient management enhances the soil physico-chemical quality indicators.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Soil Physico-Chemical Quality Indicators, Inorganic Fertilization with FYM

  References
  [1]. Abbasi, M.K., Tahir, M.M., 2012. Economizing nitrogen fertilizer in wheat through combinations with organic manures in Kashmir, Pakistan. Agron. J. 104, 169–177.
  [2]. Abbasi, M.K., Khaliq, A., Shafiq, M., Kazmi, M., Ali, I., 2010. Comparative effectiveness of urea N, poultry manure and their combination in changing soil properties and maize productivity under rainfed conditions in Northeast Pakistan. Exp. Agric. 46, 211–230.
  [3]. Acharya, C. L., Bishnoi, S. K. and Aduvanshi, H. S. 1988. Effect of long-term application of fertilizers and organic and inorganic amendments under continuous cropping on soil physical and chemical properties in an Alfisol. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 58: 509-516.
  [4]. Agele SO (2007). Efficacy of organic amendments on the establishment and biomass yield of grass species on adegarded alfisol. J. Plant Interactions, 2(3): 195-201
  [5]. Bandyopadhyay, K.K., Misra, A.K., Ghosh, P.K., Hati, K.M., 2010. Effect of integrated use of Farmyard manure and chemical fertilizers on soil physical properties and productivity of soybean. Soil Tillage Res. 110, 115–125.
  [6]. Bhandari AL, Ladha JK, Pathaka H, Padre AT, Dawe D, Gupta RK (2002). Yield and soil nutrient changes in long-term Rice-Wheat Rotation in India. Soil Sci Soc Am J. 66:162 – 170.
  [7]. Bhatia K. S. and K. K. Shukla, 1982. Effect of continuous application of fertilizers and manures on some physical properties of alluvialsoil. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 30: 33-36.
  [8]. Bhriguvanshi, S.R. 1988. Long-term effect of high doses of farmyard manure on soil properties and crop yield. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 36: 784-786.
  [9]. Blevins, R.L., Thomas, G.W., Smith, M.S., Frye, W.W., 1983. Changes in soil properties after 10 years of no-tillage and conventionally tilled corn. Soil Tillage Res. 3, 135–146.
  [10]. Bloem,J.,Hopkins,D.W.,Benedetti,A.,2006a. Microbiological Methods for Assessing Soil Quality. CABI Publishing, Oxfordshire, UK
  [11]. Brady NC (1990). Soil organic matter and organic soils. The nature and properties of soils. Macmillan Publishing Co. New York, p. 279-313.
  [12]. Bennie ATP, Botha FJP, (1986). Effect of deep tillage and controlled traffic on root growth, water use efficiency, and yield of irrigated wheat and maize. Soil Till. Res. 17: 85-95.
  [13]. Boddey, R.M.; Jantalia, C.P.; Conceição, P.C.; Zanatta, J.A.; Bayer, C.; Mielniczuk, J.;Dieckow, J.; Santos, H.P.; Denardin, J.E.; Aita, C.; Giacomini, S.J.; Alves, B.J.R.; Urquiaga, S. 2010. Carbon accumulation at depth in Ferralsols under zero-till subtropical agriculture. Global Change Biology 16:784-795.
  [14]. Chesnin, L. and Yien, C. N. 1950. Turbidimetric determination of available sulphur in soil. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 15: 149-151.
  [15]. Cooke, 1975 Cook, R.J., L.S. Thomashow, D.M. Weller, D. Fujimoto and M. Mazzola. 1995.Molecular mechanisms of defense by rhizobacteria against root disease. Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:4197-4201.
  [16]. Craswell, E.T. and Lefroy, R.D.B. 2001. The role and function of organic matter in tropical soils. Nutrient Cycling Agroecosystems. 61: 7-18.
  [17]. Dexter, A. R. 2004. Soil physical quality - Preface. Soil and Tillage Researh 79: 129-130.
  [18]. Dick, W.A., 1983. Organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus concentration and pH in the soil profiles as affected by tillage intensity. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 47, 102–107.
  [19]. Eghball, B., Ginting, D., Gilley, J.E., 2004. Residual effect of manure and compost applications on corn production and soil properties. Agron. J. 96, 442–447.
  [20]. Ferris, H., Venette, R.C., Scow, K.M., 2004. Soil management to enhance bacterivore and fungivore nematode populations and their nitrogen mineralisation function. Applied Soil Ecology 25, 19–35.
  [21]. Fox, R.H., Hoffman, L.D., 1981. The effect of N fertilizer source on grain yield, N uptake, soil pH, and lime requirement in no-till corn. Agron. J. 73, 891–895.
  [22]. Hanway, J. J. and H. Heidel, 1952. Soil analysis method as used in Iowa State College. Agric. Bull., 57: 1-13.
  [23]. J. E. Herrick, R. Lal 1995. Soil Physical Property Changes during Dung Decomposition in a Tropical Pasture. Soil Science Society of America Journal - SSSAJ , 59, 3.
  [24]. Hueso S, Hernández T, García C 2011. Resistance and resilence of the soil microbial biomass to severe drought in semiarid soils: The importance of organic amendments. Appl Soil Ecol 50:27–36
  [25]. Ismail, L., Blevins, R.L., Frye, W.W., 1994. Long-term no-tillage effects on soil properties and continuous corn yields. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58, 193–198.
  [26]. Jackson, M. L. 1967. Soil Chemical Analysis, 498 pp. Prentice Hall of Index Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, India
  [27]. Kanamori T, Yasuda T (1979). Immobilisation, mineralisation and the availability of the fertilizer nitrogen during the decomposition of organic matter applied to soil. Plant Soil, 52: 215-229.
  [28]. Karlen, D. L., Mausbach, M. J., Doran, J. W., Cline, R. G., Harris, R. F. and Schuman, G. E.1997. Soil Quality: concept, rationale, and research needs. Soil Science Society of America Journal 60: 4-10.
  [29]. Karlen, D. L. 2004. Liquid swine manure management challenges on tile-drained soils. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 20(5): 693-699.
  [30]. Klute, A., 1982. Tillage effects on hydraulic properties of soil. A review. In: Predicting Tillage Effects on Soil Physical Properties and Processes. P.W. Unger and Van Doren, D.M. (eds.) ASA Special Publication No.44:29-43.
  [31]. Ladha, J.K., H. Pathak, A. Tirol-Padre, D. Dawe, and R.K. Gupta. 2003. In Improving the productivity and sustainability of rice-wheat systems: Issues and Impacts. Ed. J.K. Ladha et al. pp. 45-76. Am. Soc. Agron., Spl. Publ. 65, Madison, Wisconsin
  [32]. Lal R (1984). Mechanized tillage system effects on soil erosion from an Alfisol in water sheds cropped to maize. Soil Till. Res., 4:349-360.
  [33]. Lal R (1976). No-tillage effect on soil properties under different crops in western Nigeria. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 40: 762-768.
  [34]. Lal, R. 2007. Carbon Management in Agricultural Soils: Mitigation and Adaption Strategies for Global Change. Springer, Vol. 12(2), pp. 303-322.
  [35]. Liebig, M.A., Tanaka, D.L., Wienhold, B.J., 2004. Tillage and cropping effects on soil quality indicators in the northern Great Plains. Soil & Tillage Research 78, 131–141.
  [36]. Lindwall C.W., Anderson, D.T., 1981. Agronomic evaluation of minimum tillage systems for summer fallow in southern Alberta. Can. J. Plant Sci. 61, 247-353.
  [37]. Marzaioli, R.; D`ascoli, R.; Pascale, R.D. & Rutigliano, F. 2010. Soil quality in a Mediterranean area of Southern Italy as related to different land use types. Appl. Soil Ecol., 44:205-212.
  [38]. Manna, M.C., Swarup, A., Wanjari, R.H., Ravankar, H.N., Mishra, B., Saha, M.N., Singh, Y.V., Sahid, D.K. and Sarap, P.A. 2005. Long-term effect of fertilizer and manure application on soil organic carbon storage, soil quality and yield sustainability under sub-humid and semi-arid tropical India. Field Crops Res., 93, 264-280.
  [39]. Melero, S., L´opez-Garrido, R., Murillo, J. M. and Moreno, F. 2009. Conservation tillage: Short- and long-term effects on soil carbon fractions and enzymatic activities under Mediterranean conditions. Soil and Tillage Research 104: 292–298.
  [40]. Minoshima, H., Jackson, L.E., Cavagnaro, T.R., Sanchez-Moreno, S., Ferris, H., Temple, S.R., Goyal, S., Mitchell, J.P., 2007. Soil food web and carbon dynamics in response to conservation tillage in California. Soil Science Society of America Journal 71, 952–963.
  [41]. Mirsky, S. B., Lanyon, L. E. and Needelman, B. A. 2008. Evaluating soil management using particulate and chemically labile soil organic matter fractions. Soil Science Society of America Journal 72: 180–185.
  [42]. Ojeniyi SO, Agboola AA (1995). A review of tillage requirement of crops in Africa Soils 28, 259-266.
  [43]. Olsen, S. R., Cole, C. V., Watanabe, F. S. and Dean, L. A. 1954. Estimation of available P in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonates. Circular U.S. Department of agriculture 939: 1-19.
  [44]. Piper, C. S. 1966. Soil and Plant Analysis. Hans publishing house, Bombay, India
  [45]. Ravindran, V., G. Ravindran and S. Sivalogan. 1994. Total and phytate phosphorus contents of various foods and feedstuffs of plant origin. Food Chem. 50:133-136.
  [46]. Raymond WM, Roy LD (1992). Organic Matter and Container Media Soils: An Introduction to soils and Plant Growth, 6th edn. (Delhi: Prentice Hall), pp. 181-224.
  [47]. Reeves, D.W. 1997. The role of soil organic matter in maintaining soil quality in continuous cropping systems. Soil Tillage Research. 43: 131-167.
  [48]. Sharma et al., (2000) Sharma B.D., Mukhopadhyay S.S., Sidhu P.S., Katyal J.C. 2000. Pedospheric attributes in distribution of total and DTPAextractable Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe in Indo-Gangetic plains. Geoderma, 96: 131–151.
  [49]. Schwab, A.P., Ransom, M.D., Owensby, C.E., 1989. Exchange properties of an Agriustoll: effects of long-term ammonium nitrate fertilization. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53, 1412–1417.
  [50]. Sobulo, R.A., Osiname, O.A. 1986. Soil properties and Crop yields under continuous cultivation with different management system. In: R. Lal,P.A. Sanchez and R. W. Cunnings (eds). Land clearing and development in the tropics. A. A. Balkama, Rotterdam, Boston, pp. 363-370.
  [51]. Sombrero, A. and Benito, A. 2010. Carbon accumulation in soil: Ten-year study of conservation tillage and crop rotation in a semi-arid area of Castile-Leon, Spain. Soil and Tillage Research 107(2): 64-70.
  [52]. Soumare, M., Tack, F., Verloo, M.G., 2003. Effects of a municipal solid waste compost and mineral fertilization on plant growth in two tropical agricultural soils of Mali.Bioresour.Technol. 86, 15–20.
  [53]. Subbiah, B. V. and Asija, G. C. 1956. A rapid procedure for determination of available nitrogen in soil. Current Science 25: 259-260.
  [54]. Wong MH, Wong JWC (1989). Germination and seedling growth of vegetable crops in fly ash amended soil. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 26: 232-235.
  [55]. Yeomans, J. C. and Bremner, J. M. 1988. A rapid and precise method for routine determination of organic carbon in soils. Communication in Soil science and Plant Analysis 19: 1467-1476.
  

  Citation
  Namrata Yadav, "Physico-chemical Soil Quality Indicators as Influenced by Different Soil Management Practices in Central India," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.2, Issue.2, pp.9-15, 2015

• Open Access   Article

  Antibacterial Sctivity of Fresh Juices of Lemon, Onion, Bottle Gourd and Tomato Against Multiple Drug Resistant Bacteria such as E.Coli, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Klebsiella and Salmonella

  Neha Sharma

  Research Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp.16-20, Mar-2015

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Antibiotic resistant bacteria are one of the major problems challenging the health care system. Over three-quarter of the world’s population is using herbal medicines with an increasing trend globally. Plant medicines may be beneficial but are not completely harmless. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of different vegetables against different microbial cultures. In this experiment undiluted crude extract and aqueous suspensions (1:10) of Allium cepa (onion), Citrus lemon (lemon), Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd), lycopersicon esculentum (Tomato) extracts were selected for anti-microbial activity using agar-well diffusion method. It is tested against Staphylococcus, E.coli, klebsiella, bacillus and Salmonella. All the bacteria are susceptible to all above extracts with the diameter of zones of inhibition ranging from 11mm –29mm. The juice of lemon has antimicrobial activities more than other types of extracts whereas juice of bottle gourd does not show any antimicrobial activity against drug-resistant bacteria. Their activity against test bacteria found in following order- Lemon, onion, tomato and bottle gourd. All pathogens are susceptible. The antimicrobial activity has been checked in terms of MIC by using different dilutions. All the extracts (Lemon, Tomato, Onion and Gourd) possess anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory activity. It could be therefore concluded that the consumption of these vegetables would exert both nutritional and health benefits by virtue of their antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity. In this review article I have tried to provide a survey of the literature on the scientific researches of antimicrobial properties of these wonderful herbal drugs.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Agar Well Diffusion, Culture, Antimicrobial Activity, Resistant

  References
  [1]. Ahmad, M.M., Z. Salim-ur-Rehman, F.M. Iqbal-Anjumand J.I. Sultan, 2006. Genetic variability to essentialoil composition in four citrus fruit species. Pak. J.Bot., 38(2): 319-324.
  [2]. Al-Shuneigat, J., S.D. Cox and J.L. Markham, 2005.Effects of a topical essential oil containing formulation on biofilm-forming coagulase-negative staphylococci. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 41: 52-55.
  [3]. Burt, S.A., 2004. Essential oils: Their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods: Areview. Inter. J. Food Microbiol., 94: 223-253.
  [4]. Dorman, H.J. and S.G. Deans, 2000. Antimicrobial agents from plant: Antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. J. Appl. Microbiol., 88: 308-316.
  [5]. Duthie, G. and A. Crozier, 2000. Plant-derived phenolic antioxidants. Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 11: 43-47.
  [6]. Gislene, G.F., N.J. Locatelli, C.F. Paulo and L.S. Giuliana, 2000. Antibacterial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals on antibiotic resistant bacteria. Braz. J. Microbiol., 31: 247-256.
  [7]. Kawaii, S., T. Yasuhiko, K. Eriko, O. Kazunori,Y. Masamichi, K. Meisaku, ChihiroIto and F. Hiroshi, 2000. Quantitative study of flavonoids in leaves of Citrus plants J. Agric. Food Chem., 48:3865-3871.
  [8]. Gerber C, History of herbal medicine, Modified September 30, 2008. [cited2010Oct13]. Available at :http://herbs.lovetoknow.com/History_HerbalMedicine.
  [9]. Grunnet J, Advantages and disadvantages of herbal medicine, Modified May13, 2010,.Available at :http://herbs.lovetoknow.com/Advantages_and_Disadvantages_of_Herbal_Medicine
  [10]. Akesbi, N. (2006) évolution et perspectives de l’agriculture marocaine. Rapport 50 Ans De Développement Humain Et Perspectives, 2025, 85-198.
  [11]. Hernández Suárez, M., Rodríguez Rodríguez, E.M. and Díaz Romero, C. (2008) Chemical composition of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) from Tenerife, the Canary Islands. Food Chemistry, 106, 1046-1056. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.07.025
  [12]. Olaniyi, J.O., Akanbi, W.B., Adejumo, T.A. and Akande, O.G. (2010) Growth fruit yield and nutritional quality of tomato varieties. African Journal of Food Science, 4, 398-402.
  [13]. Bashan, Y. and De-Bashan, L.E. (2002) Protection of tomato seedlings against infection by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato by using the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68, 2637-2643. doi:10.1128/AEM.68.6.2637-2643.2002
  [14]. Alipourfard, I., Yeasmin, N.N. (2010).Antibiogram of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from hospital samples. Bangladesh J Med Microbiol, 04(01):32-36.
  [15]. Bergey, D.H., John, G.H. (1994). Bergey’s manual of deter-minative biology, William and Wilkins, 9 ed., Chapter 4, Pp. 181-186.
  [16]. Jahan, T., Begum, Z.A., and Sultana, S. (2007). Effect of neem oil on some pathogenic bacteria. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology. 2 (2): 71-72
  [17]. Batista, O., Duarte,A., Nascimento, J. and Simones, M.F. (1994). Structure and antimicrobial activity of diterpenes from the roots of Plectranthus hereroensis. J. of Nat. Product.57: 858-861.
  [18]. Chopra. R. N., Nayar. S. L. and Chopra, I. C. (1986). Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants (Including the Supplement). Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi.
  [19]. Cichewicz, R.H. and P.A. Thorpe (1996). the antimicrobialproperties of the chile pepers (Copsicum species) and their uses in Mayan Medicine. J. Ethanopharmacol., 52: 61-70.
  [20]. Decker-Walters, D.S., Wilkins-Ellert, M., Chung, S.-M. and Staub, J.E. (2004). Discovery and genetic assessment of wild bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria Standley, Cucurbitaceae] from Zimbabwe . Economic Botany, 58: 501-508.
  [21]. Deshponde, J.R., A.A. Choudhari, M.R.Mishra, V.S. Meghre,S.G.Wadodkar and A. K. Dorle (2008). Beneficial effects of Legenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standley fruit epicarp in animal models. Ind. J. of Exptl. Biol. 46: 234-242
  [22]. Warrier P.K., Nambiar, V. P. K and Ramnkutty, C. (1995). Legenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standley, in indian medicinal plants. Vol. 3, 292. Orient Longman Limited, Madras, India
  [23]. Azu,N.c, and Onyeagba,R.A. (2007). Antimicrobial properties of extract of Allium cepa (onions) and Zingiber officinale (ginger) on Escherichia coli, Sallmonella typhi, Bacillus subtillus. The interned j. of tropical medicine.3.2.
  [24]. Cavallito,C.J. & Bailey.J.H. (1944). Allium the antibiotic principle of allium sativum.isolation,physical properties & antibacterial action.J.Am.Soc.66:190 –195.
  [25]. Chen,H.C., Chang,T.J. (1985). Antibacterial properties of some spice plant before and after heat treatment. Pubmed, 18(3):190 –195
  [26]. Hughes,B.G. & Lawson,L. (1991). Antimicrobial effects of allium sativum & allium cepa, garlic compound & commercial garlic supplement product. phytother Res; 5:154 –158
  [27]. De Castillo, M.C.; De Allori, C.G.; De Gutierrez, R.C.; De Saab, O.A.; De Fernandez, N.P.; De Ruiz, C.S.; De Ruiz Holgado, A.P. and De Nader, OM. (2000). Bactericidal activity of Lemon juice and Lemon derivatives against Vibrio cholerae. Boil. Pharm. Bull.,23:1235-1238.
  [28]. Anesini,E. and Perez, C. (1993). Screening of plants used in Argentine folk medicine for antimicrobial activity. J. Ethnopharmacol. 39: 119-128.
  

  Citation
  Neha Sharma, "Antibacterial Sctivity of Fresh Juices of Lemon, Onion, Bottle Gourd and Tomato Against Multiple Drug Resistant Bacteria such as E.Coli, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Klebsiella and Salmonella," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.2, Issue.2, pp.16-20, 2015