Volume-8 , Issue-4 , Aug 2021, ISSN 2347-7520 (Online) Go Back

• Open Access   Article

  Conceptual Framework and Advances in CRISPR-Cas Based and BRED Phage Engineering

  Riya Manas Sharma

  Review Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp.1-5, Aug-2021

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  The increased proliferation of multi-antibiotic resistant bacterial pathogens necessitates the development of alternate and supportive therapies to antibiotics. Being natural predators of bacteria, bacteriophages have garnered recent attention for their untapped potential to mitigate the public health problem. Progress in synthetic biology has led to the genetic engineering of phages to ameliorate their efficacy and precision via methods such as genome editing, modification of tail fibers, and treatment with chemical mutagens. This review will elucidate two promising genetic engineering strategies, CRISPR-Cas and Bacteriophage Recombineering of Electroporated DNA (BRED), as well as the advances and potential future developments in the field.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Bacteriophages, Genetic Engineering, CRISPR-Cas systems, BRED Phage Engineering

  References
  [1] G. F. Hatfull, “Bacteriophage genomics,” Current Opinion in Microbiology, vol. 11, no. 5, Oct. 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2008.09.004.
  [2] L. J. Piddock, “The crisis of no new antibiotics—what is the way forward?,” The Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol. 12, no. 3, Mar. 2012, doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70316-4.
  [3] D. M. Lin, B. Koskella, and H. C. Lin, “Phage therapy: An alternative to antibiotics in the age of multi-drug resistance,” World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol. 8, no. 3, 2017, doi: 10.4292/wjgpt.v8.i3.162.
  [4] R. T. Schooley et al., “Development and Use of Personalized Bacteriophage-Based Therapeutic Cocktails To Treat a Patient with a Disseminated Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Infection,” Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol. 61, no. 10, Oct. 2017, doi: 10.1128/AAC.00954-17.
  [5] A. P. Sagona, A. M. Grigonyte, P. R. MacDonald, and A. Jaramillo, “Genetically modified bacteriophages,” Integrative Biology, vol. 8, no. 4, 2016, doi: 10.1039/C5IB00267B.
  [6] R. Marzari, D. Sblattero, M. Righi, and A. Bradbury, “Extending filamentous phage host range by the grafting of a heterologous receptor binding domain,” Gene, vol. 185, no. 1, Jan. 1997, doi: 10.1016/S0378-1119(96)00623-3.
  [7] K. Yehl et al., “Engineering Phage Host-Range and Suppressing Bacterial Resistance through Phage Tail Fiber Mutagenesis,” Cell, vol. 179, no. 2, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.09.015.
  [8] P. Lucchesi, M. Carraway, and M. G. Marinus, “Analysis of forward mutations induced by N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in the bacteriophage P22 mnt repressor gene,” Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 166, no. 1, Apr. 1986, doi: 10.1128/jb.166.1.34-37.1986.
  [9] A. M. Grigonyte et al., “Comparison of CRISPR and Marker-Based Methods for the Engineering of Phage T7,” Viruses, vol. 12, no. 2, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.3390/v12020193.
  [10] M. M. Jore, S. J. J. Brouns, and J. van der Oost, “RNA in Defense: CRISPRs Protect Prokaryotes against Mobile Genetic Elements,” Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, vol. 4, no. 6, Jun. 2012, doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a003657.
  [11] J. Bondy-Denomy, A. Pawluk, K. L. Maxwell, and A. R. Davidson, “Bacteriophage genes that inactivate the CRISPR/Cas bacterial immune system,” Nature, vol. 493, no. 7432, Jan. 2013, doi: 10.1038/nature11723.
  [12] K. S. Makarova et al., “Evolutionary classification of CRISPR–Cas systems: a burst of class 2 and derived variants,” Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol. 18, no. 2, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.1038/s41579-019-0299-x.
  [13] A. Hatoum-Aslan, “Phage Genetic Engineering Using CRISPR–Cas Systems,” Viruses, vol. 10, no. 6, Jun. 2018, doi: 10.3390/v10060335.
  [14] R. Kiro, D. Shitrit, and U. Qimron, “Efficient engineering of a bacteriophage genome using the type I-E CRISPR-Cas system,” RNA Biology, vol. 11, no. 1, Jan. 2014, doi: 10.4161/rna.27766.
  [15] A. A. Gomaa, H. E. Klumpe, M. L. Luo, K. Selle, R. Barrangou, and C. L. Beisel, “Programmable Removal of Bacterial Strains by Use of Genome-Targeting CRISPR-Cas Systems,” mBio, vol. 5, no. 1, Feb. 2014, doi: 10.1128/mBio.00928-13.
  [16] B. Martel and S. Moineau, “CRISPR-Cas: an efficient tool for genome engineering of virulent bacteriophages,” Nucleic Acids Research, vol. 42, no. 14, Aug. 2014, doi: 10.1093/nar/gku628.
  [17] M. Jinek, K. Chylinski, I. Fonfara, M. Hauer, J. A. Doudna, and E. Charpentier, “A Programmable Dual-RNA-Guided DNA Endonuclease in Adaptive Bacterial Immunity,” Science, vol. 337, no. 6096, Aug. 2012, doi: 10.1126/science.1225829.
  [18] K. S. Makarova, N. v Grishin, S. A. Shabalina, Y. I. Wolf, and E. v Koonin, “A putative RNA-interference-based immune system in prokaryotes: computational analysis of the predicted enzymatic machinery, functional analogies with eukaryotic RNAi, and hypothetical mechanisms of action,” Biology Direct, vol. 1, no. 1, 2006, doi: 10.1186/1745-6150-1-7.
  [19] S. J. J. Brouns et al., “Small CRISPR RNAs Guide Antiviral Defense in Prokaryotes,” Science, vol. 321, no. 5891, Aug. 2008, doi: 10.1126/science.1159689.
  [20] L. J. Marinelli et al., “BRED: A Simple and Powerful Tool for Constructing Mutant and Recombinant Bacteriophage Genomes,” PLoS ONE, vol. 3, no. 12, Dec. 2008, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003957.
  [21] D. L. Court, J. A. Sawitzke, and L. C. Thomason, “Genetic Engineering Using Homologous Recombination,” Annual Review of Genetics, vol. 36, no. 1, Dec. 2002, doi: 10.1146/annurev.genet.36.061102.093104.
  [22] K. C. Murphy, “Use of Bacteriophage ? Recombination Functions To Promote Gene Replacement in Escherichia coli,” Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 180, no. 8, Apr. 1998, doi: 10.1128/JB.180.8.2063-2071.1998.
  [23] D. Yu, H. M. Ellis, E.-C. Lee, N. A. Jenkins, N. G. Copeland, and D. L. Court, “An efficient recombination system for chromosome engineering in Escherichia coli,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 97, no. 11, May 2000, doi: 10.1073/pnas.100127597.
  [24] H. M. Ellis, D. Yu, T. DiTizio, and D. L. Court, “High efficiency mutagenesis, repair, and engineering of chromosomal DNA using single-stranded oligonucleotides,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 98, no. 12, Jun. 2001, doi: 10.1073/pnas.121164898.
  [25] S. Datta, N. Costantino, and D. L. Court, “A set of recombineering plasmids for gram-negative bacteria,” Gene, vol. 379, Sep. 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2006.04.018.
  [26] Y. Zhang, F. Buchholz, J. P. P. Muyrers, and A. F. Stewart, “A new logic for DNA engineering using recombination in Escherichia coli,” Nature Genetics, vol. 20, no. 2, Oct. 1998, doi: 10.1038/2417.
  [27] J. P. P. Muyrers, Y. Zhang, and A. F. Stewart, “Techniques: Recombinogenic engineering–new options for cloning and manipulating DNA,” Trends in Biochemical Sciences, vol. 26, no. 5, May 2001, doi: 10.1016/S0968-0004(00)01757-6.
  [28] D. Manna, S. Deng, A. M. Breier, and N. P. Higgins, “Bacteriophage Mu Targets the Trinucleotide Sequence CGG,” Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 187, no. 10, May 2005, doi: 10.1128/JB.187.10.3586-3588.2005.
  [29] A. B. Oppenheim, A. J. Rattray, M. Bubunenko, L. C. Thomason, and D. L. Court, “In vivo recombineering of bacteriophage ? by PCR fragments and single-strand oligonucleotides,” Virology, vol. 319, no. 2, Feb. 2004, doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2003.11.007.
  [30] L. J. Marinelli, G. F. Hatfull, and M. Piuri, “Recombineering,” Bacteriophage, vol. 2, no. 1, Jan. 2012, doi: 10.4161/bact.18778.
  [31] S. K. Sharan, L. C. Thomason, S. G. Kuznetsov, and D. L. Court, “Recombineering: a homologous recombination-based method of genetic engineering,” Nature Protocols, vol. 4, no. 2, Feb. 2009, doi: 10.1038/nprot.2008.227.
  [32] D. P. Pires, S. Cleto, S. Sillankorva, J. Azeredo, and T. K. Lu, “Genetically Engineered Phages: a Review of Advances over the Last Decade,” Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, vol. 80, no. 3, Sep. 2016, doi: 10.1128/MMBR.00069-15.
  [33] W. C. Summers, “Bacteriophage Therapy,” Annual Review of Microbiology, vol. 55, no. 1, Oct. 2001, doi: 10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.437.
  [34] T. M. Viertel, K. Ritter, and H.-P. Horz, “Viruses versus bacteria--novel approaches to phage therapy as a tool against multidrug-resistant pathogens,” Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol. 69, no. 9, Sep. 2014, doi: 10.1093/jac/dku173.
  [35] F. L. Gordillo Altamirano and J. J. Barr, “Phage Therapy in the Postantibiotic Era,” Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol. 32, no. 2, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.1128/CMR.00066-18.
  [36] A. M. Box, M. J. McGuffie, B. J. O’Hara, and K. D. Seed, “Functional Analysis of Bacteriophage Immunity through a Type I-E CRISPR-Cas System in Vibrio cholerae and Its Application in Bacteriophage Genome Engineering,” Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 198, no. 3, Feb. 2016, doi: 10.1128/JB.00747-15.
  [37] J. Shen, J. Zhou, G.-Q. Chen, and Z.-L. Xiu, “Efficient Genome Engineering of a Virulent Klebsiella Bacteriophage Using CRISPR-Cas9,” Journal of Virology, vol. 92, no. 17, Sep. 2018, doi: 10.1128/JVI.00534-18.
  [38] P. Tao, X. Wu, W.-C. Tang, J. Zhu, and V. Rao, “Engineering of Bacteriophage T4 Genome Using CRISPR-Cas9,” ACS Synthetic Biology, vol. 6, no. 10, Oct. 2017, doi: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00179.
  [39] S. J. Yaung, K. M. Esvelt, and G. M. Church, “CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Phage Resistance Is Not Impeded by the DNA Modifications of Phage T4,” PLoS ONE, vol. 9, no. 6, Jun. 2014, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098811.
  [40] F. Hoshiga, K. Yoshizaki, N. Takao, K. Miyanaga, and Y. Tanji, “Modification of T2 phage infectivity toward Escherichia coli O157:H7 via using CRISPR/Cas9,” FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol. 366, no. 4, Feb. 2019, doi: 10.1093/femsle/fnz041.
  [41] S. M. N. Bari, F. C. Walker, K. Cater, B. Aslan, and A. Hatoum-Aslan, “Strategies for Editing Virulent Staphylococcal Phages Using CRISPR-Cas10,” ACS Synthetic Biology, vol. 6, no. 12, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00240.
  [42] T. Fehér, I. Karcagi, F. R. Blattner, and G. Pósfai, “Bacteriophage recombineering in the lytic state using the lambda red recombinases,” Microbial Biotechnology, vol. 5, no. 4, Jul. 2012, doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2011.00292.x.
  [43] J. L. da Silva et al., “Application of BRED technology to construct recombinant D29 reporter phage expressing EGFP,” FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol. 344, no. 2, Jul. 2013, doi: 10.1111/1574-6968.12171.
  [44] S. Datta, N. Costantino, X. Zhou, and D. L. Court, “Identification and analysis of recombineering functions from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and their phages,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 105, no. 5, Feb. 2008, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0709089105.
  [45] R. M. Dedrick, C. A. Guerrero Bustamante, R. A. Garlena, R. S. Pinches, K. Cornely, and G. F. Hatfull, “Mycobacteriophage ZoeJ: A broad host-range close relative of mycobacteriophage TM4,” Tuberculosis, vol. 115, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.01.002.
  [46] R. M. Dedrick et al., “Engineered bacteriophages for treatment of a patient with a disseminated drug-resistant Mycobacterium abscessus,” Nature Medicine, vol. 25, no. 5, May 2019, doi: 10.1038/s41591-019-0437-z.
  [47] K. S. Wetzel et al., “CRISPY-BRED and CRISPY-BRIP: efficient bacteriophage engineering,” Scientific Reports, vol. 11, no. 1, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-86112-6.
  [48] “Antimicrobial Resistance: Tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations,” Dec. 2014. Accessed: Jul. 08, 2021. [Online]. Available: http://www.jpiamr.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/AMR-Review-Paper-Tackling-a-crisis-for-the-health-and-wealth-of-nations_1-2.pdf
  [49] X. Huang, X. Wang, J. Zhang, N. Xia, and Q. Zhao, “Escherichia coli-derived virus-like particles in vaccine development,” npj Vaccines, vol. 2, no. 1, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.1038/s41541-017-0006-8.
  [50] P. Tao, J. Zhu, M. Mahalingam, H. Batra, and V. B. Rao, “Bacteriophage T4 nanoparticles for vaccine delivery against infectious diseases,” Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, vol. 145, May 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.06.025.
  [51] I. Kim, J.-S. Moon, and J.-W. Oh, “Recent advances in M13 bacteriophage-based optical sensing applications,” Nano Convergence, vol. 3, no. 1, Dec. 2016, doi: 10.1186/s40580-016-0087-5.
  [52] D. M. C. Leite, X. Brochet, G. Resch, Y.-A. Que, A. Neves, and C. Peña-Reyes, “Computational prediction of inter-species relationships through omics data analysis and machine learning,” BMC Bioinformatics, vol. 19, no. S14, Nov. 2018, doi: 10.1186/s12859-018-2388-7.
  [53] C. Howard-Varona, K. R. Hargreaves, S. T. Abedon, and M. B. Sullivan, “Lysogeny in nature: mechanisms, impact and ecology of temperate phages,” The ISME Journal, vol. 11, no. 7, Jul. 2017, doi: 10.1038/ismej.2017.16.

  Citation
  Riya Manas Sharma, "Conceptual Framework and Advances in CRISPR-Cas Based and BRED Phage Engineering," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.4, pp.1-5, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Ecological Study about Long-Tailed Macaques (Macaca Fascicularis Raffles) As Potential Tourism Spot in Kalisalak, Kebasen, Banyumas, Indonesia

  Erie Kolya Nasution, Siti Rukayah, Rosyid Ridlo Al Hakim

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp.6-11, Aug-2021

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Kalisalak is the name of the sub-district in Kebasen District, Banyumas Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The region of Kalisalak consisted of plain area and hills region, and one of the villages named Karangbanar Village. This particular village has a religious spot named “Makam Kramat Karangbanar or Mbah Agung Religious Tomb” that has not been developed by the government, it would potentially be a tourism spot so with that being said it needs some development especially when it comes to long-tailed macaques. This study is to comprehend the ecological study of long-tailed macaques within Karangbanar Village. The methodology is through the survey method. To recognize the diversity of plantations, trees, saplings, to analyze those objects with an Important Value Index (IVI). To comprehend the population of long-tailed macaques, through census, and the daily activity, with descriptive analysis. Also, proximate analysis to arrange the feeding quality. The result of environmental factors in Karangbanar Village is covering the temperature, humidity, wind velocity, topography, plant diversity that supports a sustainable life of long-tailed macaques. The result of proximate analysis of leaves as frequently daily food covers the melinjo leaves, sohan-sohan leaves, and nagasari leaves because they highly consisted of protein and fiber.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Ecology Study, Kalisalak, Kebasen, Long-Tailed Macaque, Tourism

  References
  [1] N. Marlina, “Kemandirian masyarakat desa wisata dalam perspektif community based tourism: Studi kasus Desa Ketengger, Kabupaten Banyumas,” J. Ilm. Ilmu Pemerintah., Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 17, 2019, doi: 10.14710/jiip.v4i1.4735.
  [2] T. Ahdiati and O. C. Pratiwi, “One-Gate Public Service for Developing Local Wisdom-based Tourism in Banyumas, Central Java: An Alternative Solution,” Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 98–104, 2014, doi: 10.2991/icpm-14.2014.18.
  [3] S. Priyadi, “Banyumas 1571-1937,” Paramita Hist. Stud. J., Vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 92–104, 2018, doi: 10.15294/paramita.v28i1.13925.
  [4] R. R. Al Hakim, “Perbandingan Tingkah Laku Harian Alpha-male Monyet Ekor Panjang (Macaca fascicularis) dengan Jantan Lain Di TWR Makam Mbah Agung Karangbanar,” Thesis, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto, Indonesia, 2021.
  [5] R. R. Al Hakim and E. K. Nasution, “Psychological Stressor Caused Alpha-Male Non-Human-Primate Macaca fascicularis to Become Agonistic When Struggling Over Food,” J. Psychol. Perspect., Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 41–45, 2021, doi: 10.47679/jopp.311152021.
  [6] D. Hernawati, M. H. Irawati, and F. Rochman, “Perilaku Macaca fascicularis Pasca Invasive Manusia di Hutan Wisata Pangandaran,” J. Pendidik. Biol., Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 1–9, 2016.
  [7] L. J. Gilhooly, “Ethnoprimatology and Nature-Based Tourism: An Exploration of Macaque Ecology and Behaviour at the Sepilok Orang-utan Rehabilitation Center in Sabah, Malaysia.” PhD Dissertation, Western University, London, 2020.
  [8] N. Santoso, “Habitat Analysis and Dietary Potential of Long Tailed Macaques (Macaca Fascicularis, Raffles) in Tinjil Island,” Media Konserv., Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 5-9, 1996, doi: 10.29243/medkon.5.1.%p.
  [9] S. Nila, B. Suryobroto, and K. A. Widayati, “Dietary Variation of Long Tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Telaga Warna, Bogor, West Java,” HAYATI J. Biosci., Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 8–14, 2014, doi: 10.4308/hjb.21.1.8.
  [10] N. Kassim, K. Hambali, and A. Amir, “Nutritional composition of fruits selected by long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Kuala Selangor, Malaysia,” Trop. Life Sci. Res., Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 91–101, 2017, doi: 10.21315/tlsr2017.28.1.6.
  [11] T. Gruber, L. Luncz, J. Mörchen, C. Schuppli, R. L. Kendal, and K. Hockings, “Cultural change in animals: a flexible behavioural adaptation to human disturbance,” Palgrave Commun., Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 1–9, 2019, doi: 10.1057/s41599-019-0271-4.
  [12] M. F. Hansen et al., “Comparative home range size and habitat selection in provisioned and non-provisioned long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Baluran National Park, East Java, Indonesia,” Contrib. to Zool., Vol. 89, No. 4, pp. 393–411, 2020, doi: 10.1163/18759866-bja10006.
  [13] A. Pal, H. N. Kumara, P. S. Mishra, A. D. Velankar, and M. Singh, “Between-group encounters in Nicobar long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis umbrosus),” Ethol. Ecol. Evol., Vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 582–599, 2018, doi: 10.1080/03949370.2018.1459866.
  [14] E. K. Nasution and S. Rukayah, “Daily Activities of Long Tail Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis Raffles) in Cikakak Tourist Resort Wangon Banyumas (a Conservation Effort),” in The SEA+ Conference on Biodiversity and Biotechnology 2018, Purwokerto, Indonesia, pp. 1–5, 2018, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/593/1/012004.
  [15] K. Hambali, A. Ismail, and B. M. Md-zain, “Daily Activity Budget of Long-tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Kuala Selangor Nature Park,” Int. J. Basic Appl. Sci. IJBAS-IJENS, Vol. 12, No. 04, pp. 47–52, 2012.
  [16] J. Altmann, “Observational Study of Behavior: Sampling Methods,” Behaviour, Vol. 49, No. 3–4, pp. 227–266, 1974, doi: 10.1163/156853974X00534.
  [17] C. G. G. J. Van Steenis, "Flora," Pradya Paramita, Jakarta-Indonesia, 2003.
  [18] D. Mueller-Dombois and H. Ellenbergh, "Ekologi Vegetasi: Tujuan dan Metode," LIPI Press, Bogor-Indonesia, 2016.
  [19] N. Rowe and M. Myers, "All the World’s Primates," Pogonias Press, Rhode Island-USA, pp. 404-406, 2016.
  [20] R. Djuwantoko and N. U. Wiryono, “Perilaku Agresif Monyet (Macaca fascicularis Raffles,1821) Terhadap Wisatawan di Hutan Wisata Alam Kaliurang, Yogyakarta,” Biodiversitas, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 301–305, 2008.
  [21] A. Purbatrapsila, E. Iskandar, and J. Pamungkas, “Pola Aktivitas dan Stratifikasi Vertikal oleh Monyet Ekor Panjang (Macaca fascicularis Raffles, 1821) di Fasilitas Penangkaran Semi Alami Pulau Tinjil,” Zoo Indonesia, Vol. 21, Issue. 1, 2012. doi: 10.52508/ZI.V21I1.2349.
  [22] G. H. Lee, J. P. Thom, K. L. Chu, and C. M. Crockett, “Comparing the relative benefits of grooming-contact and full-contact pairing for laboratory-housed adult female Macaca fascicularis,” Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., Vol. 138, No. 1–2, pp. 157–165, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2011.08.013.
  [23] A. N. Wirdateti, A. N. Pratiwi, D. Diapari, and S. Tjakradidjaja, “Perilaku Harian Lutung (Trachypithecus cristatus, Raffles 1812) Di Penangkaran Pusat Penyelamatan Satwa Gadog, Ciawi-Bogor,” Zoo Indones., Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 33-40, 2009, doi: 10.52508/ZI.V18I1.135.
  [24] K. G. W. Saputra, N. L. Watiniasih, and I. K. Ginantra, “Aktivitas Harian Kera Ekor Panjang (Macaca fascicularis) di Taman Wisata Alam Sangeh, Kabupaten Badung, Bali,” J. Biol. Udayana, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 14–18, 2014.
  [25] A. Zairina, B. Yanuwiadi, and S. Indriyani, “Pola Penyebaran Harian Dan Karakteristik Tumbuhan Pakan Monyet Ekor Panjang (Macaca fascicularis R.) Di Hutan Rakyat Ambender, Pamekasan, Madura,” Indones. J. Environ. Sustain. Dev., Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 1-12, 2015.
  [26] S. N. Kamilah, D. Saprianto, and Jarulis, “Perilaku grooming Macaca fascicularis Raffles, 1821 di taman hutan raya rajolelo bengkulu,” Konserv. Hayati, Vol. 09, No. 02, pp. 1–6, 2013.
  [27] A. Setiawan, M. Kanedi, E. L. Rustiati, and R. H. P. Panjaitan, “Karakteristik Pohon untuk Tidur Monyet Ekor Panjang (Macaca fascicularis) di Kawasan Youth Camp Taman Hutan Raya Wan Abdul Rachman Lampung,” J. Ilm. Biol. Eksperimen dan Keanekaragaman Hayati, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 40–43, 2013.

  Citation
  Erie Kolya Nasution, Siti Rukayah, Rosyid Ridlo Al Hakim, "Ecological Study about Long-Tailed Macaques (Macaca Fascicularis Raffles) As Potential Tourism Spot in Kalisalak, Kebasen, Banyumas, Indonesia," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.4, pp.6-11, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Acute Effect of Cadmium Chloride on the Histological Structure of Liver in Japanese Quail Coturnix coturnix japonica

  Hind A. Mohammed, Ameer M. Taha

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp.12-17, Aug-2021

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Cadmium is one of the most dangerous heavy metals for its long life and its acute and chronic effects. The current research aims to identify the effect of acute exposure to cadmium chloride on the histological structure of the liver in one of the economic birds, which is the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica. The study included two groups, a control group, and an experimental group. The birds of the experimental group were dosed to a concentration of 50mg/kg for four continuous days. The birds were sacrificed 4,15,30,60 days after the start of the experiment. The results of the histological examination of the liver showed the emergence of many lesions in the four periods, to varying degrees between them. Among the most prominent of these is the appearance of necrosis, vacuolation, hemorrhage, ballooning swelling, congestion, infiltration of inflammatory cells, as well as enlargement of the sinuses and Kupffer cells hyperplasia. The study concluded that the cadmium chloride causes much tissue damage to the body of the quail bird and that it is necessary to take into account not to be exposed to this element to maintain its economic value.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Cadmium chloride; Japanese quail; Liver

  References
  [1] P.B. Tchounwou, C.G. Yedjou, A.K. Patlolla, D.J. Sutton, "Heavy Metal Toxicity and the Environment," Mole. Cline. and Environ. Toxic., 133–164, 2012.
  [2] J.J. Kim, Y.S. Kim, V.Kumar, "Heavy metal toxicity: An update of chelating therapeutic strategies," J. of trace elements in med. & bio;Vol. 54,ppm226–231. 2019.
  [3] L .Järup, " Hazards of heavy metal contamination,` British med. Bull,Vol. 68,pp,167–182, 2003.
  [4] K. Rehman, F. Fatima, I. Waheed, M. Akash," Prevalence of exposure of heavy metals and their impact on health consequences," J. of cell. biochem., Vol.119, Issue. 1, pp.157-184, 2018.
  [5] X. Wu, S.J. Cobbina, G. Mao, H. Xu, Z. Zhang, L.Yang, "A review of toxicity and mechanisms of individual and mixtures of heavy metals in the environment,". Environ. Sci. & Poll. Res. Interm Vol.23, Issue. 9, pp.8244-8259, 2016.
  [6] A.F. Khafaga, M.E. Abd El-Hack, A.E. Taha, S.S. Elnesr, "Alagawany M. The potential modulatory role of herbal additives against Cd toxicity in human, animal, and poultry: a review," Environ. Sci. & Poll. Res. Inter., Vol.26, Issue. 5, pp.4588-4604, 2019.
  [7] M. Nishijo, H. Nakagawa, Y. Suwazono, K. Nogawa, T. Kido , "Causes of death in patients with Itai-itai disease suffering from severe chronic cadmium poisoning: a nested case-control analysis of a follow-up study in Japan," BMJ open, Vol.7, Issue. 7, pp.e015694, 2016.
  [8] J. Li, C. Zhang, J. Lin, J. Yin, J. Xu, Y.Chen, " Evaluating the bioavailability of heavy metals in natural-zeolite-amended aquatic sediments using thin-film diffusive gradients,". Aqua. & fish., Vol.3, Issue. 3, pp.122-128, 2018.
  [9] R. Mallya, P.K. Chatterjee, N.A. Vinodini, Chatterjee P, P. Mithra,"Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract: Beneficial Effects on Cadmium Induced Toxicities – A Review," JCDR., Vol.11, Issue. 4, pp.CE01-CE04, 2017.
  [10] M. Mizutani, "Establishment of inbred strains of chicken and Japanese quail and their potential as animal models," Expert. Anim, Vol.51, Issue. 5, pp.417-429, 2002.
  [11] D, Huss, G. Poynter, R. Lansford, "Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) as a laboratory animal model" Lab animal, Vol.37, Issue. 11, pp.513-519, 2008.
  [12] H.K. Zorab, K.A. Salih, "Development of the wing bones in quail’s embryo; Coturnix japonica," Iraqi J. Vet. Sci. M Vol.35, Issue. 1, pp.129-137, 2021.
  [13] A.A. Al-Kshab, O.Q.Yehya, "Determination of the lethal concentration 50% (LC50) of lead chloride and its accumulation in different organs of Gambusia affinis fish," Iraqi J. Vet. Sci. , Vol.35, Issue. 2, pp.361-367, 2021.
  [14] H.A. Al-Hajj, "Optical Microscopy, Theory and Practice,". 4th ed. Al-Masirah House for Publishing, Distribution, and Printing , Jordan, pp. 238 , 2015.
  [15] H.H. Hamid, A.M. Taha, "Anatomical and histological structure of the cornea in Sparrow hawk Accipiter nisus," Iraqi J. Vet. Sci. Vol.35, Issue. 3, pp.437-442, 2021.
  [16] Taha AM. Comparative histological and histochemical study of the ileum in two different birds.," Iraqi J. Vet. Sci. Vol.35, Issue. 3, pp.479-487, 2021.
  [17] X. Dai, C. Xing, H. Cao, J. Luo, T. Wang, P. Liu, X. Guo, G. Hu, C. Zhang, "Alterations of mitochondrial antioxidant indexes and apoptosis in duck livers caused by Molybdenum or/and cadmium," Chemosphere, Vol.193, pp.574-580, 2018.
  [18] C. Tao, B. Zhang, X. Wei, M. Zhao, Z. Sun, S. Wang, J. Bi, D. Qi, L. Sun, N. Zhang, "Effects of dietary cadmium supplementation on production performance, cadmium residue in eggs, and hepatic damage in laying hens", Environ. Sci. & Poll. Res. Inter., Vol.27, Issue. 26, pp.33103-33111, 2020.
  [19] A. Rani, A. Kumar, A. Lal, M. Pant, " Cellular mechanisms of cadmium-induced toxicity: a review," Inter. J. of environ. Heal. res., Vol.24, Issue. 4, pp.378-399, 2014.
  [20] B.I. AL-Kaisie, "Pathological & Residues study of Cadmium Chloride in rabbits,". Iraqi J. of Veter. Med, Vol.32, Issue. 2, pp.207-213, 2008.
  [21] A.S. Farhan, S.T.Jasim, "Cadmium Toxicity and some Target Organs: A Review," Al-Anbar J. of Veter. Sci., Vol.13, Issue. 2, pp.17-26, 2020.?
  [22] R. Zhang, Y. Liu, L. Xing, N. Zhao, Q. Zheng, J. Li, J.Bao, "The protective role of selenium against cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity in laying hens: expression of Hsps and inflammation-related genes and modulation of elements homeostasis,". Eco. & environ. safe., Vol.159,pp.159-205, 2018.
  [23] J. Ge, C. Zhang, Y.C. Sun, Q, Zhang, M.W. Lv, K. Guo, J.L. Li, "Cadmium exposure triggers mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in chicken (Gallus gallus) kidney via mitochondrial UPR inhibition and Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defense activationm" Sci. of the total environ, Vol.689, pp.1160-1171, 2019.

  Citation
  Hind A. Mohammed, Ameer M. Taha, "Acute Effect of Cadmium Chloride on the Histological Structure of Liver in Japanese Quail Coturnix coturnix japonica," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.4, pp.12-17, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Comparative Study & Efficacy of Commonly Used Disinfectant against Human Pathogens

  Minal A. Deolekar, Shraddha Khapekar

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp.18-23, Aug-2021

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Disinfection is the process of elimination of virtually all pathogenic organism on inanimate objects & surfaces thereby reducing the level of microbial contamination to safe level.The study aimed to evaluate sensitivity of some clinical organisms used for the tests are S. aureus, Klebshiella , Pseudomonas, E. coli, Bacillus with the activity of some selected commercial disinfectants used are Dettol, Lysol, Ultraclean, Phenyl & Phenol. All the disinfectants used in this study have bactericidal effect against the test organisms whereas Phenol Coefficient test was carried out to compare sensitivity of disinfectants to that of phenol under experimental method so as to determine the disinfectant efficacy. Phenol & Dettol showed highest antimicrobial activity against all test organisms. Ultraclean also showed high antimicrobial activity except Pseudomonas aeuroginosa. Phenol coefficient test was used for Staphylococcus appear as Lysol is the most potent disinfectant than all other disinfectant and for Bacillus appear as Dettol is more effective than other disinfectant used in this study.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Disinfectants, Kirby-Bauer method, S. aureus, Klebshiella, Pseudomonas, E. coli, Bacillus, Phenol coefficient test.

  References
  [1] Lineback, C.B, Nkemngong, C.A et al. “Hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite disinfectants are more effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms than quaternary ammonium compounds”, Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control 7, 154, 2018.
  [2] Quinn, M.M.; Henneberger, P.K.; Braun, B.; Delclos, G.L.; Fagan, K.; Huang, V.; Knaack, J.L.; Kusek, L. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH); National occupational research agenda (NORA) cleaning and disinfecting in healthcare working group; et al. “Cleaning and disinfecting environmental surfaces in health care: Toward an integrated framework for infection and occupational illness prevention” , Am. J. Infect. Control, 43, pp no. 424–434, 2015.
  [3] Olowe,O.A, A.B.Olayemi, K.T.Eniola and O.A.Adeyeba “Antimicrobial activity of some selected disinfectants regularly used in hospitals”,Afr.J.Clin.Exp.Microbiol., 5: pp no. 126-130,2004.
  [4] Kennedy, J. and Bek, J. “Selection and use of Disinfectants. Braska Cooperatibe extension”, 40 pp no. 5-8 ,1998.
  [5] Ascenzi J.M.,“Gluteraldehyde-based disinfectants In:Handbook of disinfectants and Antiseptics. Ascenzi,J.M.,(Ed.),N.Y.:Marcel Dekker Inc” ,pp no.111-132, 1996.
  [6] Gerald,M and A.R.Denver, “Antiseptics and disinfectants:Activity, action and resistance” Clin.Microbiol.Rev.,12: pp no. 147-179, 1999.
  [7] Grota P, Ackiss EA. “ Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology. APIC text of infection control and epidemiology Washington, DC: APIC”; 2014.
  [8] Paul, M.; Shani, V.; Mucihtar, E.; Kariv, G.; Robenshtok, E.; Leibovici, L, “Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy for sepsis” Antimicrob. Agents Chemother, 54, pp no. 4851–4863. 2010 [CrossRef].
  [9] Laxminarayan, R.; Duse, A.; Wattal, C.; Zaidi, A.K.; Wertheim, H.F.; Sumpradit, N.; Vlieghe, E.; Hara, G.L.; Gould, I.M.; Goossens, H.; et al. “Antibiotic resistance-the need for global solutions” Lancet Infect. Dis. 13,pp no. 1057–1098, 2013 [CrossRef].
  [10] West, A.M.; Teska, P.J.; Lineback, C.B.; Oliver, H.F, “ Strain, disinfectant, concentration, and contact time quantitatively impact disinfectant efficacy” Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control, 7, 49, 2018.
  [11] Burdon, D.V and Whitby, J.L, “Contamination of hospital disinfectants with Pseudomonas spp.” Brit. Med. J. 2: pp no.153-157, 1967.
  [12] Segbetan, A,O., Alausa, K.O and Sobayo, E.L, “ In – use quality control of hospital antiseptics” J. Med and Pharm. Markeing 4: pp no.251-253, 1990.
  [13] French, G.L and Phillips, “ Antimicrobial resistance in hospital flora and nosocomical infection. Hospital Epidemiology and infection control”, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD (May hall,C.Ed), pp no. 980-990, 1996.
  [14] Hand washing liaison group, “ Hand washing a modest measure with big effects”, Brit. Med. J. 318, 686, 1999.
  [15] Moorer, W. R, “Antiviral activity of alcohol for surface disinfection”, International Journal of Dental Hygiene, 3: pp no.138 – 142, 2003.

  Citation
  Minal A. Deolekar, Shraddha Khapekar, "Comparative Study & Efficacy of Commonly Used Disinfectant against Human Pathogens," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.4, pp.18-23, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Morphological and Histopathological Study of the Liver of Three Species of Syrian Birds (Tyto Alba, Turdus Merula, and Carduelis Spinus)

  Nahla Ebrahim, Maha Shalfa, Baraa Hasan

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp.24-29, Aug-2021

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  The current research was conducted to study histopathologically and morphologically the liver of three species of Syrian birds (Tyto alba, Turdus merula, and Carduelis spinus). The results showed that the liver occupies the upper right part under the heart from the thoracic abdominal cavity. Its color ranges from pinkish red to dark red. Its weights ranged between 0419-4.453 g depending on the type studied. A thin capsule surrounds the liver cosisting of fibrous connective tissue , divides the liver into two main lobes (right and left) that differ in size and shape of the edges and the presence of the secondary lobes. The histological study of the liver showed that the barriers between the lobules are not clear in the studied species, but the beginning of these septa was clear to the blackbird. In both owls and Eurasian siskin birds, the liver tissue is chordate, while this tissue is reticulated in the blackbird, with an observation of the beginning of the chordal alignment of multifaceted cells, with spherical near-central nuclei containing one or two nuclei. The blood sinuses are abundant. The adipocytes were observed around the sinuses, as well as, the Kupffer cells were found within the lumen of the endothelial boundaries. The portal space (hepatic triad) appeared clearly within the liver tissue of the owls, but the matter differs in both Eurasian siskin and the blackbird as they have a semi-portal distance (which means divergence among each artery, vein, and bile duct).

  Key-Words / Index Term
  histological study, morphological study, liver, Tyto alba, Turdus merula, and Carduelis spinus

  References
  [1] H. Hamodi, A. Abed, and A. Taha, Comparative Anatomical, Histological and Histochemical Study of the Liver in Three Species of Birds. Raf. J. Sci , 12-23. 2013.
  [2] Z. Hamid, and A. Mohsen, Macroscopic description and histological structure of corn fowl liver. Melopsittacus undulatus, Department of Biology, College of Science for Girls, University of Baghdad, Volume 29, Issue 1, 2016.
  [3] J. Iqbal, A. Bhutto, M. Shah, G. Lochi, S. Hayat, N. Ali, T. Khan, A. Khan, and S. Khan, Gross Anatomical and Histological Studies on the Liver of Broiler. J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci., 4(12), 284-295. 2014.
  [4] P.M. Motta, The three-dimensional microanatomy of the liver. Arch. Histol. Jpn.,47,1-30. 1984.
  [5] O.C. Bradley, The structure of the fowl. 4th ed. Oliver and Boyd LTD. Edinburgh. 143 1960.
  [6] D.E. Turk, The Avian Gastrointestinal Tract and Digestion The Anatomy of the Avian Digestive Tract as Related to Feed Utilization. Poultry Science. Volume 61(7),1225-1244. 1982.
  [7] L. Mescher, D. Anthony, M. Al zouabi, The principles of the histology, The Arabian Center of Translation and localization and Publishing. 2012.
  [8] K. T. Serap, D. Turgay, B. NGÖL, S. Ali ; A. Yalç?n, . The Anatomical and Histological Structures of Buzzard’s (Buteobuteo) Small Intestine and Liver, and Immunohistochemical Localization of Catalase" 24 (1): 69-74. 2018.
  [9] F. Zaefarian, Abdollahi, M. Reza, A. Cowieson, R. Velmurugu., Avian Liver: The Forgotten Organ ". Animals. 9 -63. 2019
  [10] A. Abo Aqli, Future press , Amman, 1st edition, p.3-162. 1999.
  [11] R. Porter, F. Cristinsin, S. Hansen, and P. Shermiker, Field manual of the middle east birds. London, 1996.
  [12] R. D. McClish, and J. A. Eglitis, Distribution of the A and B Cells and of the Islets (Langerhans) in the Duck Pancreas. Ohio Journal of Science (Ohio Academy of Science) . Volume 69 (5), 285-293. 1969.
  [13] S.S. Faraj, & A. G. Al-Bairuty, Morphological and histological study of the liver in migratory starling bird (sturnus vulgares). Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science. p-ISSN: 1814-635X, e-ISSN:2521-3520. 2016.
  [14] A. Shafey, Some comparative anatomical studies on the stomach,intestine and liver in ducks,chicken and pigeon. Ph.D. thesis, Benha University. 2006.
  [15] D. Moslem, Histological Study of the African Ostrich liver and Anatomical Comparison of it with Poultry Liver. Biological Forum – An International Journal. 7.1.: 1185-1188. 2015.
  [16] M. Stornelli, M. Ricciardi, E. Giannessi, A. Coli, Morphological and histological study of the ostrich(StruthioCamelus L.) liver and biliary system. J., Anat. Embryol . 111(1),1-7. 2006.
  [17] D. J. Al-Fatlawi, and S. J. Ghayyad, Comparative anatomical study of the liver in male peregrine falcon, quail and flywheel. Department of Biology, College of Education for Girls, University of Kufa, Volume (20), Issue (2). 2015.
  [18] R. Ibrahim, A. Hussein, and W. Kelaby, Histomorphological study of the liver in local Moorhen birds (Gallinulachloropus). Kufa journal For Veterinary Medical Sciences. 2016.
  [19] N. Sheha, MorphologicalL, histological features and some histochemical study of racing pigeon (Columba livia). 2454-1354, 883 – 887. 2017 .
  [20] I. H. Abd Al-Bakri, and N. Abd Al-Ridha, The morphological description and histological structure of the liver in the house finch. Department of Life Sciences, College of Education (Ibn Al-Haytham). Adhamiya, Baghdad. 2011.
  [21] C. K. Oldham-Ott, and J. Gilloteaux, Comparative morphology of the gallbladder and biliary tract in vertebrates: variation in structure, homology in function and gallstones. Microsc Res Tech, 38.6, 571-97. 1997.
  [22] H. AL Hussein, J. A. Alnaaly, K. Alumeri, J. Al-bideri, W. Adnan, Comparative Anatomical and Histological Study of the Liver in Three Species of Wild Birds. 2017.

  Citation
  Nahla Ebrahim, Maha Shalfa, Baraa Hasan, "Morphological and Histopathological Study of the Liver of Three Species of Syrian Birds (Tyto Alba, Turdus Merula, and Carduelis Spinus)," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.4, pp.24-29, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Effect of Selected Plant Materials against Insect Pest Infestation of Stored Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantaz) Chips

  Moses Emmanuel Sambo, Emmanuel Okrikata

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp.30-34, Aug-2021

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Over 500 million people depend on Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantaz) for dietary energy and research has shown that storage for just 4-6 months causes damage and losses (25-75%) due to insect pest infestations. This study is thus designed to determine the dominant insect species associated with stored cassava chips and evaluate the suppressive effect of selected plant products on pestiferous species. The study was conducted in Wukari, Nigeria (latitude 7.89N and longitude 9.77E) from January-October, 2020. The experiment consists of 5 treatments (leaves of Vernonia amygdalina, Azdirachta indica and Bombax ceiba flowers all at 100g per kg of chips; Permethrin powder at 2.0g per kg of chips and untreated control) in 4 replications of bags filled with 10 kg of cassava chips. Gallery counts were taken at 2 months interval and insect identification (including their counts and abundance) was computed at the end of the storage period. Variation in number (mean) of galleries and insects count among the treatments was compared by variance analysis after appropriate transformation. Significantly different means compared by Student Newman Keul’s Test and presented in bar charts. The relationship between pest insect count and gallery was determined by correlation and linear regression analysis. The result shows that, difference in infestation of dominant insects across treatments were significant among treatments except for R. litoralis (F=2.79, p=0.06). Untreated chips had higher number of insects (range; 9.75±4.59-13.25±3.64) while, Permethrin powder treated chips had the least number of insect counts (range; 0.50±0.50-1.75±1.03). Among the plant based treatments, A. indica had the least infestation (range; 1.00±0.71-5.50±2.72). Contrarily, B. ceiba treated chips consistently had higher presence of insects (range; 6.00±0.81-11.50±7.86). The number of galleries were positively and insignificantly (r = 0.82; p = 0.093) correlated with pest insects. Of the plant-based products used, neem leaf (A. indica) was most effective.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Insect pest, Cassava chips storage, Plant materials, Infestation, Integrated pest management, Damage and loss

  References
  [1] E.N. Nwankwo, N.J. Okonkwo, and R.I. Egwuatu. Lenght of exposure and quantal responses of four strains of Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) strains to Pyrethroid insecticides. International Journal of Science and Technoledge, 2(6): 147 – 154, 2015
  [2] K.O. Falade, J.O. Akingbala. Utilization of cassava for food. Food Reviews International, 27: 51 – 83, 2010.
  [3] A.E. Burns, J.H. Bradbury, T.R. Cavagnaro, R,M, Gleadow. Total cyanide content of cassava food products in Australia. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 25, 79–82, 2012.
  [4] A.C. Bellotti. Cassava pests and their management. Encyclopedia 2389 of entomology, 2nd Edition. Capinera J. L. (ed.), Springer, Netherlands, 2391, 2008.
  [5] R.S. Amoah, L.K. Sam-Amaoh, C.A. Boahen, F. Duah. Estimation of the material losses and garri rat e during the processing of varieties and ages of cassava into garri. Asian Journal of Agricultural Research, 4:71-79, 2010.
  [6] E.N. Chijindu, B.A. Boateng, J.N. Ayertey, A.R. Cudjoe, N.J. Okonkwo. The effect of processing of cassava chips on the development of P. truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). African Journal of Agricultural Research, 3(8):537-541, 2008.
  [7] P. Vernier, E.K. N’Kpenu, G.C. Orkwor. Comparative analysis of chip-oriented yams production in three countries (Benin, Nigeria, Togo), in Akoroda, M. O., and Ngeve, J. M., Root Crops in the 21st Century, Proceeding of the 7th Triennial Symposium of ISTRC –Africa Branch, 11–17 October 2001, Cotonou, Bénin, pp 759–773, 2001.
  [8] G. Hyman, A. Bellotti A.. Threats to cassava production: known and potential geographic distribution of four key biotic constraints. Food security, 3(3):329-345, 2011.
  [9] I. Ogiehor, M. Ikenebomeh. The effects of different packaging materials on the shelf stability of garri. African Journal of Biotechnology, 5, 741–745, 2016.
  [10] R. Espinal. Production and utilization of cassava in Nigeria: prospect of food security and infant nutrition production agriculture and technology. Journal of Stored Product, 2: 35-40, 2010.
  [11] T. Tefera, S. Mugo, P. Likhayo, Y. Beyene. Resistance of three-way cross experimental maize hybrids to post-harvest insect pests, the larger grain borer (Prostephanus truncatus) and maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais). International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 31: 3 – 12, 2011.
  [12] R.J. Hodges, J. Meikle, H. Denton. Infestation of dry cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) by Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 20: 205 – 213, 2002.
  [13] A. Stewart-Jones, D.I. Ferman, D.R. Hall. Prey-specific contact kairomones exploited by adult and larval Teretrius nigrescens: A behavioral comparison across different stored product pests and different pest substrates. Journal of Stored Products Research. 43. (3) 265-275, 2007.
  [14] J. Meikle, H. Denton. Infestation of dry cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) by Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 20: 205 – 213, 2002.
  [15] S.A. Adesuyi, S.A. Osuji. The problems of insect infestation of stored yam chips in Nigeria, Proceedings of the Second International Working Conference on Stored-Product Entomology, 10–16 September 2000, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, pp 314–319. 2000.
  [16] B.V. Herrera, G. Hyman, A. Bellotti. Threats to cassava production: known and potential geographic distribution of four key biotic constraints. Food security, 3(3):329-345, 2011.
  [17] E. Okrikata, E.O. Ogunwolu, M.U. Ukwela. Efficiency and economic viability of neem seed oil emulsion and cyper-diforce® insecticides in watermelon production within the Nigerian Southern Guinea Savanna Zone. Journal of Crop Protection, 8(1): 81 – 101, 2019.
  [18] Okrikata, E. Present views, status and updates in Biopesticide usage. In: Biopesticides: Botanicals and microorganisms for improving agriculture and human health [Timothy O. Adejumo and Ralf T. Vögele (Editors)]. Pp 249 – 280, 2021.
  [19] C. Buelletin, W.G. Meikle, D. Scholz, D. Adda, R.H. Markham. Seasonal and meteorological factors influencing the annual flight cycle of Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and its predator Teretriosoma nigrescens Lewis (Coleoptera: Histeridae) in Benin. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 87: 239 – 246, 2012.

  Citation
  Moses Emmanuel Sambo, Emmanuel Okrikata, "Effect of Selected Plant Materials against Insect Pest Infestation of Stored Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantaz) Chips," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.4, pp.30-34, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Biodegradation of Crude oil Contaminated Soils Using Fungal Species

  Mohammed Naka Keta, Ismail Mohammed Bello, Yusuf Abbas Bazata, Jibrin Naka Keta, Mubarak Aminu, Rukayya John Patrick, Abdulrahman Sani Aliero

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp.35-41, Aug-2021

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Crude oil contamination of soil in the environment has increase due to increase in vandalizations and corrosions of pipelines particularly where refineries and deports are located as well as accidental discharge during transportation and increased in demand on hydrocarbon products, which lead to the need to clean up spilled petroleum using biodegradation method. This research aimed at isolating fungal species from crude oil contaminated soil and their ability to degrade volatile organic compounds within petrochemical company (KRPC) in Kaduna State, Nigeria. The fungi were determined using poured plate method. Aspergillus flavus (4[20%]), Aspergillus fumigatus (6[30%]), Aspergillus niger (6[30%]), Rhizopus oryzae (2[10%]) and Microsporum audouinii (2[10%]) were isolated and identified with different frequencies. The degradation level of fungi species analyzed, using gas chromatography, showed Rhizopus oryzae and Aspergillus niger were the highest degraders that have degraded all the natural products found in crude oil and Aspergillus flavus was the least degrader. The use of these fungal species to clean impure crude oil soils could be employed. Therefore, these species more especially Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus oryzea might be produced in large quantity and employed in bioremediation process.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Crude oil, contaminated soil, fungi, biodegradation & Kaduna refinery

  References
  [1]. F. Challain, A. Flecheb, E. Burga, Y. Phantavonga, A. Saliot, J. Oudot, “Identification and Biodegradation Potential of Tropical Aerobic Hydrocarbon-Degrading Microorganisms”. Resident Microbes. 155 (7):587-595, 2004.
  [2]. R.S. Thavasi, T. Jayalakshmi, M. Balasubramanian, I.M. Banat, ‘Biodegradation of Crude Oil by Nitrogen Fixing Marine Bacteria Azotobacter Chrococcum”. Journal. Microbiology, 1:pp. 401-408, 2006.
  [3]. C.D. Batelle, “Mushrooms: Higher Macrofungi to clean up the environment. Batelle Environmental Issues, Fall. 2000
  [4]. M. Throne-Holst, A. Wentzel, T.E. Ellingsen, H.K. Kotlar, S.B. Zotchev, “Identification of novel genes involved in long-chain nalkane degradation by Acinetobacter sp. Strain DSM 17874”, Applied Environmental Microbiology, vol. 73, no.10, Pp. 3327–3332, 2007.
  [5]. S. Farag, N.A. Soliman, “Biodegradation of Crude Petroleum Oil and Environmental Pollutants by Candida tropicalis Strain”, Braz. Arch. Biolology Technology, vol. 54, no.4, Pp. 821-830, 2011.
  [6]. H. Al-Nasrawi, “Biodegradation of Crude Oil by Fungi Isolated from Gulf of Mexico”. Journal of Bioremediation Biodegradition, vol. 3, Pp. 1-6, 2012.
  [7]. I.F.H. AI-Jawhari, “Ability of Some Soil Fungi in Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon”. Journal of Applied Environmental Microbiology, vol. 2, no. 2, Pp. 46-52, 2014.
  [8]. A.A., Burghal, M.J.A., Najwa W. Abu-Mejdad, H. Al-Tamimi, “Mycodegradation of Crude Oil by Fungal Species Isolated from Petroleum Contaminated Soil”. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 5, Issue 2, 1517-1524, 2016.
  [9]. Al-Dossary, M.A., Shaymaa A.A. and Hamid T.A. Biodegradation of Crude Oil Using Aspergillus species. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, Vol.9, No.4, 60-64, 2019.
  [10]. E. Al-Jumaily, N. Al-wahab, “Nutritional requirement of Enterobacter cloacae for biodegradation of hydrocarbons”. Global Journal of Biological-Science Biotechnology, vol. 1, Pp. 65-70, 2012.
  [11]. G.D. Gojgic-Cvijovic, J.S. Milic, T.M. Solevic, V.P. Beskoski, M.V. Ilic, L.S. Djokic, T.M. Narancic, M.M. Vrvic, “Biodegradation of petroleum sludge and petroleum polluted soil by a bacterial consortium: a laboratory study”, Biodegradation, vol. 23, Pp. 1-14, 2012.
  [12]. O.F. Olukunle, T.S. Oyegoke, “Biodegradation of Crude oil by Fungi Isolated from Cow Dung contaminated soils”. Nigeria Journal of Biotechnology. Vol. 31; Pp. 46 –5, 2016.
  [13]. A.A. Ameh, A.H. Kawo, “Enumeration, isolation and identification of bacteria and fungi from soil contaminated with petroleum products using layer droppings as an amendment”. Bayaro. Journal of pure and applied science, 10(1) 219-225, 2017.
  [14]. A.K. Onifade, F.A. Abubakar “Characterization of Hydrocarbon-Degrading Microorganisms Isolated from Crude Oil Contaminated Soil and Remediation of the Soil by Enhanced Natural Attenuation”. Research Journal of Microbiology, 2: 149-155, 2007
  [15]. M.D. Asemoloye, T. Solveig, D. Chiara, W. Xiao, X. Shihan, A.M. Mario, G. Wenyuan, G.J. Segun, P. Lorenzo, “Hydrocarbon Degradation and Enzyme Activities of Aspergillus oryzae and Mucor irregularis Isolated from Nigerian Crude Oil-Polluted Sites”. Microorganisms, 8, 1912; doi:10.3390/microorganisms8121912, 2020.
  [16]. S.K. Padhi, M. Alok kumar, P. Lopa, T. Srikant, B. Bijyalaxmi, M. Jasmin, “Isolation of Microorganism from Natural Source for Bioremediation of Oil-spill”. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences, Volume (6); Pp. 05-09, 2012.
  [17] A.B. Al-Hawash, J.A. Alkooranee, A.H. Abbood, J. Zhang, J. Sun, X. Zhang, F. Ma, “Isolation and characterization of two crude oil-degrading fungi strains from Rumaila oil field, Iraq”. Biotechnology Reports, 17 Pp. 104 – 109, 2017.
  [18]. M. Cheesebrough, “Medical Laboratory Manual Tropical Health Technology, low priced edition. Doddington, Cambrigdeshire, England. Pp. 20-35, 2000.
  [19]. Clemente, A.R., Anazawa, T.A. and Durrant, L.R. Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by soil fungi. Braz. Journal Microbiology, 32: Pp. 1-9, 2001.
  [20]. K.C. Agu, E.B. Edet, A.N. Sunday, A.C.G. Chidi, C.E. Uche, M.O. Uchenna, A.O. Chinedu, A.O. Chinedu, “Isolation and Characterization of Microorganisms from Oil Pulluted Soil in Kwata, Awkka South, Nigeria”. American Journal of Current Microbiology, 3:46-59, 2014.
  [21]. P.O. Okerentugba, O.U. Ezeronye, “Petroleum degrading potentials single and Microbial cultures isolated from rivers and refinery effluent in Nigeria”. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9, 288-292, 2003.
  [22]. W.K. Catherine, “Isolation and Characterization of Hydrocarbon Biodegrading Fungi from oil contaminated Soils in thinka Kenya. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the degree of Master of Science in Mycology in the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya. 2015.
  [23]. O. Dahan, I. Katz, L. Avishai, Z. Ronen, “Transport and degradation of perchlorate in deep vadose zone: implications from direct observations during bioremediation treatment”. Hydrology Earth System Sciences, 21:4011– 4020, 2017.

  Citation
  Mohammed Naka Keta, Ismail Mohammed Bello, Yusuf Abbas Bazata, Jibrin Naka Keta, Mubarak Aminu, Rukayya John Patrick, Abdulrahman Sani Aliero, "Biodegradation of Crude oil Contaminated Soils Using Fungal Species," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.4, pp.35-41, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Effect of oocyte with CLCG on embryo development and implantation rates after ICSI In Freeze-Thaw Embryo Transfer Cycles.

  K. Raghunandan, N. Chandan, P. Rajeshwari, Harshitha Somana, H.C. Harsha

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp.42-47, Aug-2021

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Introduction: Oocyte quality plays a major role in understanding the fertility potential of the female, which is primarily reflected by oocytes and their morphological features. A type of cytoplasmic abnormality exhibited by oocytes that can affect the oocyte quality is Centrally located cytoplasmic granulation (CLCG). Morphological variations of the oocyte may result due to different factors. Aim: To evaluate the consequences of CLCG on embryo development and implantation rates after ICSI in Freeze-Thaw Cycles. Methods: It was a retrospective study. A total of 418 day3 and 157 day5 patients who had undergone frozen-thawed cycles were recruited. Patients who had embryo transfer with CLCG were grouped as Test group (n = 100, n=90 day3 and n=38, n=42 day5. As per age <30 and age >31) and patients who had embryo transfer with normal oocytes morphology were grouped as the control group (n = 125, n=103 day3 and n=33, n=44 day5. As per age <30 and age >31) respectively. Results: Among the CLCG and the control group, there was no significant difference observed in the patient`s age, FSH, LH, and AMH. However, the maturation and fertilization rate among the patients age >31(P <0.05) years had a significant difference, and we also inferred that the CLCG did not affect the embryo development and implantation rate (P >0.05) in both groups respectively (age <30 and age >31). Conclusion: These results suggested CLCG might be a normal morphology of oocytes. There was no significant difference in embryo development patients with or without CLCG. The patients who freeze-thawed transferred CLCG embryos had a successful outcome.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Cytoplasmic granularity, Embryo Quality, Embryo Transfer. ICSI outcomes

  References
  [1]. Xiao-fang Yi1, Hong-Lin Xi2, Si-Lin Zhang1 & Jing Yang1. “Relationship between the positions of cytoplasmic granulation and the oocytes developmental potential in human.” 9:7215 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43757-8.2019.
  [2]. S. Kahraman. “Relationship between granular cytoplasm of oocytes on pregnancy outcome following intracytoplasmic sperm injection.”2390-2393,2000.
  [3]. Ayse Kendirci Ceviren1, Neval Tanriverdi Ozcelik1, Aysenur Urfan1, Levent Donmez2, Mete Isikoglu1. “Characteristic cytoplasmic morphology of oocytes in endometriosis patients and its effect on the outcome of assisted reproduction treatments cycles.”2014.
  [4]. P. F ancsovits, * Zsuzsa g. Tothne, a. Murber, j. Rigo jr. And j. Urbancsek.“Importance of cytoplasmic granularity of human oocytes in vitro fertilization treatments.” Do! 10. 1556/abioi.63.2012.2.3.2011.
  [5]. Saffet Ozturk.“Selection of competent oocytes by morphological criteria for
  assisted reproductive technologies.” Mol Reprod Dev. 2020; 87:1021–1036.2010.
  [6]. P.F. Serhal1, D.M.Ranieri, A.Kinis, S.Marchant, M.Davies and I.M.Khadum. “Oocyte morphology predicts the outcome of intracytoplasmic sperm injection.” vol.12 no.6 pp.1267–1270.1997.
  [7]. Jianjun Hu, M.D., Emanuela Molinari, Ph.D., Sarah Darmon, Ph.D., M.S., Lin Zhang, M.D., a “Predictive value of cytoplasmic granulation patterns during in vitro fertilization in metaphase II oocytes: Part I, poor-prognosis patients.” 2021.
  [8]. Mohammad A. Khalili, Ph.D. “Role of oocyte morphology on fertilization and embryo formation in assisted reproductive techniques.” 2005.
  [9]. Philippe Merviel1, Rosalie Cabry2,3, Karen Chardon3, Elodie Haraux3, Florence Scheffler2,3, Naima-belhadri Mansouri2, Aviva Devaux2,3, Hikmat Chahine4, Véronique Bach3, Henri Copin2 and Moncef Benkhalifa2,3. “Impact of oocytes with CLCG on ICSI outcomes and their potential relation to pesticide exposure.” DOI 10.1186/s13048-017-0335-2.2017.
  [10]. Basak Balaban1, Bulent Urman. “Effect of oocyte morphology on embryo development and implantation.” Vol 12. No 5. 2006 608-615.2006.
  [11]. Veeck, L.L. Oocyte assessment and biological performance. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 541, 259–274.1988.
  [12]. Van Blerkom, J., Davis, P., Merriman, J. and Sinclair, J. “Nuclear and cytoplasmic dynamics of sperm penetration, pronuclear formation and microtubule organization during fertilization and early preimplantation development in the human.” Hum. Reprod. Update, 1, 429–461.1995.
  [13]. Thibault, C. “Are follicular maturation and oocyte maturation independent processes?” J. Reprod. Fertil., 51, 1–15.1977.

  Citation
  K. Raghunandan, N. Chandan, P. Rajeshwari, Harshitha Somana, H.C. Harsha, "Effect of oocyte with CLCG on embryo development and implantation rates after ICSI In Freeze-Thaw Embryo Transfer Cycles.," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.4, pp.42-47, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Histopathological Effects of Cadmium Chloride on the Kidney in Japanese Quail

  Hind A. Mohammed, Ameer M. Taha

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp.48-54, Aug-2021

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Cadmium is one of the most dangerous heavy metals for its long life and its acute and chronic effects. The current study aims to identify the effect of exposure to cadmium chloride on the histological structure of the kidneys in one of the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica. The study included two groups, a control group, and an experimental group. The birds of the experimental group were dosed to a concentration of 50mg/kg for four continuous days. The birds were sacrificed 4,15,30,60 days after the start of the experiment. The results of the histological examination of the kidney showed the emergence of many lesions in the four periods, to varying degrees between them. Among the most prominent of these is the appearance of the emergence of hydropic degeneration, necrosis, and desquamation in the renal tubules. Deformation, irregularity, and dilaceration of some glomeruli and atrophy of others were observed, expanding Bowman`s space. The study concluded that the cadmium chloride causes much tissue damage to the body of the quail bird and that it is necessary to take into account not to be exposed to this element to maintain its economic value.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Cadmium chloride; Japanese quail; kidney

  References
  [1] P.B. Tchounwou, C.G. Yedjou, A.K. Patlolla, D.J. Sutton, "Heavy Metal Toxicity and the Environment," Mole. Cline. and Environ. Toxic., 133–164, 2012.
  [2] J.J. Kim, Y.S. Kim, V.Kumar, "Heavy metal toxicity: An update of chelating therapeutic strategies," J. of trace elements in med. & bio;Vol. 54,ppm226–231. 2019.
  [3] L .Järup, " Hazards of heavy metal contamination,` British med. Bull,Vol. 68,pp,167–182, 2003.
  [4] K. Rehman, F. Fatima, I. Waheed, M. Akash," Prevalence of exposure of heavy metals and their impact on health consequences," J. of cell. biochem., Vol.119, Issue. 1, pp.157-184, 2018.
  [5] X. Wu, S.J. Cobbina, G. Mao, H. Xu, Z. Zhang, L.Yang, "A review of toxicity and mechanisms of individual and mixtures of heavy metals in the environment,". Environ. Sci. & Poll. Res. Interm Vol.23, Issue. 9, pp.8244-8259, 2016.
  [6] A.F. Khafaga, M.E. Abd El-Hack, A.E. Taha, S.S. Elnesr, "Alagawany M. The potential modulatory role of herbal additives against Cd toxicity in human, animal, and poultry: a review," Environ. Sci. & Poll. Res. Inter., Vol.26, Issue. 5, pp.4588-4604, 2019.
  [7] M. Nishijo, H. Nakagawa, Y. Suwazono, K. Nogawa, T. Kido , "Causes of death in patients with Itai-itai disease suffering from severe chronic cadmium poisoning: a nested case-control analysis of a follow-up study in Japan," BMJ open, Vol.7, Issue. 7, pp.e015694, 2016.
  [8] J. Li, C. Zhang, J. Lin, J. Yin, J. Xu, Y.Chen, " Evaluating the bioavailability of heavy metals in natural-zeolite-amended aquatic sediments using thin-film diffusive gradients,". Aqua. & fish., Vol.3, Issue. 3, pp.122-128, 2018.
  [9] R. Mallya, P.K. Chatterjee, N.A. Vinodini, Chatterjee P, P. Mithra,"Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract: Beneficial Effects on Cadmium Induced Toxicities – A Review," JCDR., Vol.11, Issue. 4, pp.CE01-CE04, 2017.
  [10] M. Mizutani, "Establishment of inbred strains of chicken and Japanese quail and their potential as animal models," Expert. Anim, Vol.51, Issue. 5, pp.417-429, 2002.
  [11] D, Huss, G. Poynter, R. Lansford, "Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) as a laboratory animal model" Lab animal, Vol.37, Issue. 11, pp.513-519, 2008.
  [12] H.K. Zorab, K.A. Salih, "Development of the wing bones in quail’s embryo; Coturnix japonica," Iraqi J. Vet. Sci. M Vol.35, Issue. 1, pp.129-137, 2021.
  [13] A.A. Al-Kshab, O.Q.Yehya, "Determination of the lethal concentration 50% (LC50) of lead chloride and its accumulation in different organs of Gambusia affinis fish," Iraqi J. Vet. Sci. , Vol.35, Issue. 2, pp.361-367, 2021.
  [14] H.A. Al-Hajj, "Optical Microscopy, Theory and Practice,". 4th ed. Al-Masirah House for Publishing, Distribution, and Printing , Jordan, pp. 238 , 2015.
  [15] H.H. Hamid, A.M. Taha, "Anatomical and histological structure of the cornea in Sparrow hawk Accipiter nisus," Iraqi J. Vet. Sci. Vol.35, Issue. 3, pp.437-442, 2021.
  [16] Taha AM. Comparative histological and histochemical study of the ileum in two different birds.," Iraqi J. Vet. Sci. Vol.35, Issue. 3, pp.479-487, 2021.
  [17] X. Dai, C. Xing, H. Cao, J. Luo, T. Wang, P. Liu, X. Guo, G. Hu, C. Zhang, "Alterations of mitochondrial antioxidant indexes and apoptosis in duck livers caused by Molybdenum or/and cadmium," Chemosphere, Vol.193, pp.574-580, 2018.
  [18] C. Tao, B. Zhang, X. Wei, M. Zhao, Z. Sun, S. Wang, J. Bi, D. Qi, L. Sun, N. Zhang, "Effects of dietary cadmium supplementation on production performance, cadmium residue in eggs, and hepatic damage in laying hens", Environ. Sci. & Poll. Res. Inter., Vol.27, Issue. 26, pp.33103-33111, 2020.
  [19] A. Rani, A. Kumar, A. Lal, M. Pant, " Cellular mechanisms of cadmium-induced toxicity: a review," Inter. J. of environ. Heal. res., Vol.24, Issue. 4, pp.378-399, 2014.
  [20] B.I. AL-Kaisie, "Pathological & Residues study of Cadmium Chloride in rabbits,". Iraqi J. of Veter. Med, Vol.32, Issue. 2, pp.207-213, 2008.
  [21] A.S. Farhan, S.T.Jasim, "Cadmium Toxicity and some Target Organs: A Review," Al-Anbar J. of Veter. Sci., Vol.13, Issue. 2, pp.17-26, 2020.?
  [22] R. Zhang, Y. Liu, L. Xing, N. Zhao, Q. Zheng, J. Li, J.Bao, "The protective role of selenium against cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity in laying hens: expression of Hsps and inflammation-related genes and modulation of elements homeostasis,". Eco. & environ. safe., Vol.159,pp.159-205, 2018.
  [23] J. Ge, C. Zhang, Y.C. Sun, Q, Zhang, M.W. Lv, K. Guo, J.L. Li, "Cadmium exposure triggers mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in chicken (Gallus gallus) kidney via mitochondrial UPR inhibition and Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defense activationm" Sci. of the total environ, Vol.689, pp.1160-1171, 2019.
  [24] K.S. Kim, H.J. Lim, J.S. Lim, J.Y. Son, J. Lee, B.M. Lee, "Curcumin ameliorates cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats", Food & Chem. Toxic, Vol.114, pp.34-40, 2018.
  [25] N. Johri, G. Jacquillet, R.Unwin, "Heavy metal poisoning: the effects of cadmium on the kidney", Biometals, Vol.23, Issue. 5, pp.783-792, 2010.
  [26] H.M. Kattof, D.K. Ibrahim, F.M. Hussien,"Effect of Cadmium Chloride Pollution and Using Penicillamine on Physiological Performance of Japanese Quail", Plant Arch, , Vol.19, Issue. 2, pp.1849-1855, 2019.
  [27] G. Gobe, D.Crane," Mitochondria, reactive oxygen species and cadmium toxicity in the kidney", Toxic. lett., Vol.198, Issue. 1, pp.49-55, 2010.
  [28] J. Branca, A. Pacini, M. Gulisano, N. Taddei, C. Fiorillo, M. Becatti, " Cadmium-Induced Cytotoxicity: Effects on Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain", Frontiers in cell. & develop. bio., Vol.8, pp.604377, 2020.
  [29] S. Chen, G. Liu, M. Long, H. Zou, H. Cui, " Alpha lipoic acid attenuates cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathways in rat," J. Inorg. Biochemist., Vol.184, pp.19-26, 2018. ?

  Citation
  Hind A. Mohammed, Ameer M. Taha, "Histopathological Effects of Cadmium Chloride on the Kidney in Japanese Quail," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.4, pp.48-54, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  A Mathematical Model for Infection of the Human Body by the Effects of Coronavirus

  Jitendra Singh

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp.55-58, Aug-2021

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  The effect of the coronavirus is increasing daily. The coronavirus has caught the whole world. The coronavirus has infected more than thousands of people and killed more than millions. If the coronavirus is not stopped, then the system of the population of the whole world will be shaken. We have accepted this coronavirus problem as a challenge. A guideline has been provided by Mathematical Modeling to rule out the effects of the coronavirus and to protect people from the coronavirus. We are confident that this guideline will act as a shield to protect the lives of all people from the coronavirus.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  COVID- 19, Immune system, Vaccine, Infected persons, etc

  References
  [1] A. Zeb, E. Alzahrani, V. S. Erturk, and G. Zaman, “Mathematical Model for Corona virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Containing Isolation Class”, BioMed Research International, Vol. 2020, pp. 1-7, 2020.
  [2] D. Mondal, and S. P. Chakrabarty,“Did the lockdown curb the spread of COVID- 19 infection rate in India: A data-driven analysis”, arXiv:2006.12006v1, 1-11, 2020.
  [3] H. J. Wang, Du, S. H., Yue, X., and Chen, C. X., “Review and Prospect of Pathology Features of Corona Diseases”, Fa yi xue za zhi, Vol.36, Issue.1, pp.16-20, 2020.
  [4] J. Singh, “Mathematical modeling with mixed chemotherapy on tumor cells in two different stages under depression”, International Journal of Statistics and Applied Mathematics, Vol.6, Issue.1, pp. 242-248, 2021.
  [5] J. Singh, “Mathematical modeling with two-step mixed chemotherapy on tumor growth and its treatment in three different stages under depression effect”, International Journal of Scientific Research in Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.3, pp.33-40, 2021.
  [6] J. N. Kapur, “Mathematical Models in Biology & Medicine”, East- West Press Private Limited, pp. 258-270, 1985.
  [7] O. S. Zakary, Bidah, M. Rachik, and H. Ferjouchia,“Mathematical Model to Estimate and Predict the COVID-19 Infections in Morocco: Optimal Control Strategy”, Journal of Applied Mathematics, Vol. 2020, pp. 1-13.
  [8] Y. Liu, A. A. Gayle, A. Wilder-Smith, and J. Rocklov, “ The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS corona virus”, Journal of travel medicine, 2020.

  Citation
  Jitendra Singh, "A Mathematical Model for Infection of the Human Body by the Effects of Coronavirus," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.4, pp.55-58, 2021