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• Open Access   Article

  Evaluation of Phytochemicals from Malbranchea cinnamomea, a thermophilic fungi isolated from compost (vegetable waste compost)

  Geetha. M

  Research Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.5 , Issue.6 , pp.66-69, Dec-2018

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v5i6.6669

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  The study was conducted at Department of Botany, Bangalore University, Bengaluru. Vegetable wastes are created during harvesting, transportation, storage, marketing and processing. The mixed vegetable waste were collected from different markets and then composted in heaps and pits. Composting was done during the year 2013. The temperature of the compost were recorded and then the soil samples were collected during thermophilic stage in polythene bags and bought to the laboratory. Isolation was done on Potato Dextrose Agar media (PDA) following serial dilution method and cultures were purified on PDA. The present study was carried out to evaluate the presence of phytochemicals from the isolated thermophilic fungi namely Malbranchea cinnamomea. Then the phytochemicals like totalphenols and flavonoids were estimated or analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively following standard procedure. In conclusion, the culture filtrate of Malbranchea cinnamomea has an ability to produce the phytochemicals. Among the phytochemicals the total phenols was maximum than tannins and flavonoids.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Flavonoids, Malbranchea cinnamomea, Thermophilic fungi, Tannins, Total phenol, Vegetable waste compost

  References
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  Citation
  Geetha. M , "Evaluation of Phytochemicals from Malbranchea cinnamomea, a thermophilic fungi isolated from compost (vegetable waste compost)," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.5, Issue.6, pp.66-69, 2018

• Open Access   Article

  Effects of Neem [Azadirachta indica] Leaf and Seed Kernel Extracts on the Hairy Leaf Caterpillar- Eupterote mollifera [Bombycidae: Lepidoptera] insect Pests of Moringa tree [Moringa oleifera]

  M. Kannan, M. Jamal Mohamed and G. Balasubramanian

  Research Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.5 , Issue.6 , pp.70-74, Dec-2018

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v5i6.7074

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  Moringa Oleifera as a drumstick tree is a small fast growing evergreen or deciduous tree. It has been known to us for a very long time for its nutritional and medicinal value. This tree is susceptible to several insect pests and diseases. The common pest of Eupterote mollifera treated with neem leaf water extract and neem seed kernel extract. The fresh leaves and seeds of Azadirachta indica (Neem) were collected from the field and shade dried then powdered leaf and seed. This powder was used for the preparation of 5.0% stock solution. Thereafter, the following concentration were prepared by stock solution as 3.75% ,2.5%,1.25%, 0.625%, 0.5%, and 0.25%. The present experiment was done against E. mollifera after treatment the caterpillar`s activities of feeding body weight loss and gain results were observed and discussed.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Moringa oleifera, Neem leaf, neem seed kernel, Eupterote mollifera, pest.

  References
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  Citation
  M. Kannan, M. Jamal Mohamed and G. Balasubramanian, "Effects of Neem [Azadirachta indica] Leaf and Seed Kernel Extracts on the Hairy Leaf Caterpillar- Eupterote mollifera [Bombycidae: Lepidoptera] insect Pests of Moringa tree [Moringa oleifera]," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.5, Issue.6, pp.70-74, 2018

• Open Access   Article

  The Role of Insects and Microorganisms in Plastic Biodegradation: A Comprehensive Review

  Sheetal S Kesti, Shivasharana C.T.

  Review Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.5 , Issue.6 , pp.75-79, Dec-2018

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v5i6.7579

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  Plastic has been considered as a major environment polluting material for decades. Its physical, chemical and mechanical properties such as high tensile strength, elongation properties, high molecular weight, inertness and hydrophobic nature make it non-biodegradable. In spite of the fact that both environmental and microbial degradation of plastic have been studied in detail, most of the microorganisms reported so far are limited in their functions. However, the recent approaches in plastic degradation by use of insect caterpillars and their gut microbiota have shown interesting results. Plodia interpunctella (Indian meal worms), Tenebrio molitor (Yellow meal worms) and Galleria mellonella (Greater wax worms) are the insects reported till now in plastic degradation. In this comprehensive review, we have briefly focused on the general introduction and classification of plastics and properties which make plastic persistent in the nature. We also have glanced over certain Plastic biodegradation methods reported till today.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Plastic, Biodegradation, Insects, Persistent, Microbiota

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  Citation
  Sheetal S Kesti, Shivasharana C.T., "The Role of Insects and Microorganisms in Plastic Biodegradation: A Comprehensive Review," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.5, Issue.6, pp.75-79, 2018

• Open Access   Article

  Evaluation of Immunomodulatory Effects of Silkworm (Bombyxmori L.) Cocoon Extracts 0n Methylprednisolone Induced Rats

  Soumya M, Harinatha Reddy, NageswariG, Venkatappa

  Research Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.5 , Issue.6 , pp.80-88, Dec-2018

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v5i6.8088

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  The present study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of cocoon extracts of Silkworm on methylprednisolone drug induced immunosuppression in rats. Silkworm cocoons were collected and extracts were prepared. A total of 24 Wistar Albino rats divided into four groups were used in the study. Group-I rats were treated with distilled water. Group-II rats received Methyl prednisolone (20mg/kg), Group-III rats given cocoon extract of Silkworm (300mg/kg) + Methyl prednisolone(20mg/kg) and Group-IV received cocoon extract of Silkworm (500 mg/kg) + Methyl prednisolone (20mg/kg). Physical and immunological parameters were measured on 6th and 12th day. At the end of study rats were sacrificed under anesthesia. Spleen was collected , weighed and examined for histopathology. The results and findings of the study suggest the immune enhancement activity of cocoon extacts of Silkworm on methylprednisolone induced immunosuppression.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Cocoon extracts, immunomodulatory, methylprednisolone, immunosuppression, , immunological, histopathology

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  Citation
  Soumya M, Harinatha Reddy, NageswariG, Venkatappa, "Evaluation of Immunomodulatory Effects of Silkworm (Bombyxmori L.) Cocoon Extracts 0n Methylprednisolone Induced Rats," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.5, Issue.6, pp.80-88, 2018

• Open Access   Article

  Physico-Chemical Study of Sonrakh River in Junagadh City Gujarat

  S.J. Vyas, S.P. Tank, R.P Bhatt, M.M. Jani

  Research Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.5 , Issue.6 , pp.89-95, Dec-2018

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v5i6.8995

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  Abstract
  The present work was undertaken to observe the impact of human activity and sewage disposal in Sonrakh river by analyzing different nutrient parameters. The sampling sites were selected based on their distance from urban (developing) areas and rural (under develop) areas along the Sonrakh River. The physico-chemical parameters like colour, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), acidity, alkalinity, turbidity, calcium, total hardness, total dissolved solids, chloride, magnesium, potassium, fluoride and sodium were analyzed during winter season. During the study It was observed that the main cause of deterioration in water quality was due to the high anthropogenic activities, illegal discharge of sewage and industrial effluent, lack of proper sanitation, unprotected river sites and urban runoff. The results of the present study have been discussed and from the data it can be concluded that the water is moderately polluted, it is clear that the water is not highly polluted, the range of physico-chemical parameters were within the permissible limit.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Sonrakh River, physical water analysis, chemical water analysis, nutrient, potassium

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  Citation
  S.J. Vyas, S.P. Tank, R.P Bhatt, M.M. Jani, "Physico-Chemical Study of Sonrakh River in Junagadh City Gujarat," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.5, Issue.6, pp.89-95, 2018

• Open Access   Article

  Cytotoxic effect of Ficus religiosa and Ficus benghalensis latex extracts on MCF-7 cell line

  CDSLN Tulasi, M. Lakshmi Narasu, L. Saida

  Research Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.5 , Issue.6 , pp.96-100, Dec-2018

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v5i6.96100

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  Abstract
  Plants from Ficus genus were selected for the present study to screen their cytotoxic activity against the chosen human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Cells were seeded in the 96 well plate and were grown for 24 hrs ensuring the proper attachment and adequate growth of cells in each well, after which the plant solvent extracts were treated in five different concentration for 24hrs and triplicates were maintained. The evaluation was based on reduction of MTT (3- [4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) by mitochondrial dehydrogenase of viable cells, which gives a blue coloured formazan product, measured by spectrophotometry and the percentage growth inhibition as well the concentration at which the cells were 50% viable (IC50) was calculated. The morphological changes at IC50 were taken photographs.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Ficus benghalensis, Ficus religiosa, cytotoxic activity, MTT, IC50, Morphological changes

  References
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  [14] Damanpreet Singh, Rajesh Kumar Goel. Anti convulsant effect of Ficus religiosa: Role of serotonergic pathways. J Ethnopharmacol June; 123(2):330- 4, 2009.
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  Citation
  CDSLN Tulasi, M. Lakshmi Narasu, L. Saida, "Cytotoxic effect of Ficus religiosa and Ficus benghalensis latex extracts on MCF-7 cell line," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.5, Issue.6, pp.96-100, 2018

• Open Access   Article

  Assessment of Cocoon and Egg Productivity in Selected Strains of Eri Silkworm through Consumption and Utilization Indices

  B.K. Prakash and B. Sannappa

  Research Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.5 , Issue.6 , pp.101-110, Dec-2018

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v5i6.101110

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  Abstract
  Silkworm nutrition deals with the substances required for growth and production of proteinaceous silk fiber. The quantum of food consumption, utilization and conversion efficiency into body mater for production of silk mainly governed by the type of host/variety on which silkworm feeds and also strain/breed of silkworm. In the current investigation, selected eri silkworm (Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval) strains (Blue-Plain, Blue-Zebra, Blue Greenish-Plain, White-Plain, White-Zebra, Yellow-Plain, Yellow-Spotted and Yellow-Zebra) were reared using Local Pink castor leaf to assess the efficiency of ingestion, digestion and conversion of food for production of unit quantity of cocoon, shell and eggs. The study revealed that, among the eri silkworm strains White-Plain larvae exhibit significantly least ingesta and digesta to produce a gram of cocoon and shell and it was more with White-Zebra both on fresh and dry weight basis, respectively. The efficiency of conversion of ingested food and digested food into cocoon and shell both on fresh and dry weight basis was significantly better with White-Plain, least values were found with Blue-Plain and Yellow-Spotted for ingested food and digested food, respectively. In respect of leaf-egg ratio, White-Plain strain stood best over other strains with least being in Yellow-Zebra strain. The study inferred that, White-Plain strain of eri silkworm performed better by recording higher efficiency in consumption and utilization of food for eri cocoon and egg production.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Consumption, Eri silkworm, Indices, Samia cynthia ricini, Strains

  References
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  [6]. V.K. Rahmathulla, M.T. Himantharaj, G. Srininvasa and R.K. Rajan, “Association of moisture content in mulberry leaf with nutritional parameters of bivoltine silkworm (Bombyx mori L.). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 47: 701-704, 2004.
  
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  [10]. M. Kogan and J.R.P. Parra, “Techniques and applications of measurements of consumption and utilization of feed by phytophagous insects. In: Current Topics in Insect Endocrinology and Nutrition, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 337-352, 1981.
  
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  [12]. D.N.R. Reddy and K.C. Narayanaswamy, “Effect of host on the consumption rate, leaf-cocoon and leaf-egg ratio of eri silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval. Entomon, 24: 67-70, 1999.
  
  [13]. B. Sannappa, M. Jayaramaiah, D.N.R. Reddy, S.S. Chavan and Rangaswamy, “Consumption and leaf - cocoon ratio of eri silkworm on castor genotypes. Proc. Natl. Sem. Tropic. Seric. UAS, Bangalore, 3: 47-49, 2000.
  [14]. M. Jayaramaiah and B. Sannappa, “Influence of castor genotypes on cocoon traits and reproductive potential in eri silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Proc. XIXth Cong. Int. Seric. Commission, 21-25th September, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 256-260, 2002.
  
  [15]. D. Chandrappa, “Performance of eri silkworm on some castor genotype and economics of ericulture-cum-castor seed production. Ph.D. Thesis, UAS, Bangalore, p. 146, 2003.
  
  [16]. S. Chandrashekhar, “Identification of suitable castor genotypes for dual purpose of ericulture and seed production, Ph.D. Thesis, UAS, Bangalore, 122, 2007.
  
  [17]. B. Sannappa, D. Manjunath and B.K. Prakash, “Efficacy of castor hybrids and varieties on nutritional efficiency in eri silkworm (Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval). Journal of Sericulture & Technology, 4(1&2): 27-34, 2013.
  

  Citation
  B.K. Prakash and B. Sannappa, "Assessment of Cocoon and Egg Productivity in Selected Strains of Eri Silkworm through Consumption and Utilization Indices," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.5, Issue.6, pp.101-110, 2018

• Open Access   Article

  Isolation, Production and Characterisation of Novel Gelatinase Enzyme From Bacillus Spp

  Jini Joseph, Harsha Sasidharan, Chithira O.S

  Research Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.5 , Issue.6 , pp.111-120, Dec-2018

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v5i6.111120

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  Abstract
  Nowadays gelatinase have received considerable attention as targets for drug development because of their potential role in connective tissue degradation associated with tumor metastasis. The potential uses of Gelatinase and their high demand, necessitates the need for the discovery of new strains of bacteria that produce enzymes with novel properties and with low cost industrial medium. The present study was conducted to isolate and identify gelatinase producing microorganisms as well as optimize the medium and cultural conditions for maximum enzyme production. Isolates obtained from fish processing wastes were examined for gelatinase production.The medium parameters were optimized for maximum production of gelatinase enzyme by the efficient isolate.Optimizing its abiotic factors, maximum enzyme activity was achieved at 48h incubation period, pH 7, 40°C temperature, lactose as carbon source and a gelatin concentration of 0.2%. The identity of the strain was confirmed by PCR reaction with universal primers (27F and 1492 R), sequencing and then by the BLAST analysis. The results showed that the isolated bacteria had highest homology (100%) with Bacillus thuringiensis strain O3.The enzyme produced under all the optimum was then purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation (40%) and dialysis. The final purification after dialysis yielded specific activity of 45.85 IU/ml. The purity of enzyme preparation was assessed by SDS PAGE Gel electrophoresis and was found to be a single band with a molecular weight of approximately 66 kDa.The study could isolate and identify a potent gelatinase producing Bacillus strain that can be used for the development of gelatinase enzyme production.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Gelatinase, Gelatin agar, BLAST, Dialysis, PCR, SDS PAGE, Bacilli

  References
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  Citation
  Jini Joseph, Harsha Sasidharan, Chithira O.S, "Isolation, Production and Characterisation of Novel Gelatinase Enzyme From Bacillus Spp," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.5, Issue.6, pp.111-120, 2018

• Open Access   Article

  Competitive and Economically Feasible Cell Wall Disruption Techniques for Algal Biofuel Extraction

  Umar Faruk J Meeranayak, Shivasharana C.T.

  Review Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.5 , Issue.6 , pp.121-126, Dec-2018

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v5i6.121126

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  Abstract
  In the present scenario of fuel and energy crises, attempts for bridging the gap between demand and supply remained ineffective. The environmental damage caused by the existing fossil fuel facing price hike day by day, simultaneously the fossil fuel reservoirs are also exhausting and hence, these alarming energy crises are need to be addressed immediately. Today, the scientific community is running behind the renewable alternative fuel sources, and biofuel is one such alternative. The limitations of first and second generation biofuel have created the way for third generation biofuel technology. Microalgae are the major sources of the third generation biofuel. In order to achieve the high lipid content, we need to modify the pretreatment methods for disrupting the cell wall of microalgae. The classical method of lipid extractions from plants and crops can be followed for third generation biofuel production with trivial modifications in operating conditions. Several cell disruption techniques are known since past, but economically feasible, energy efficient and easily manageable methods are yet to identify, optimize and appraise. In the current review article, we have made an attempt to convey the algal cell wall components which are broadly used in the research and industrial area and focused on the key techniques involved in algal cell disruption.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Microalgae, Biofuel, Cell wall, Lipid, Biomass

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  Citation
  Umar Faruk J Meeranayak, Shivasharana C.T., "Competitive and Economically Feasible Cell Wall Disruption Techniques for Algal Biofuel Extraction," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.5, Issue.6, pp.121-126, 2018

• Open Access   Article

  Quality affecting factors of RNA – its assessment and influence on PCR reactions

  Sheethel Kunnath Poovakka, Durga Ramadas, Gouri Ramadas, Deepak Roshan VG

  Research Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.5 , Issue.6 , pp.127-134, Dec-2018

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v5i6.127134

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  Abstract
  Good quality of RNA is the prime concern in molecular biology research works and clinical diagnosis. Different organic solvents and salt are used for RNA-isolation. Presence of different organic solvents like phenol, trizol, chloroform, isopropanol, ethanol and salt like EDTA in RNA may affect the downstream processes. The effect of these different organic solvents and EDTA on the quality /integrity of RNA and its effect on qualitative and qPCR has been evaluated in our study. We have found that the trace contamination with phenol and trizol in isolated RNA has inhibited the qPCR and its contamination in RNA cannot be identified merely by inspecting the A260:A280 and A260:A230 ratios. However, by evaluating the absorbance peak-pattern using UV absorbance between 220-340 nm, we can differentiate phenol/trizol contaminated RNA. Also, an overestimation (4-200 fold) of nucleic acid was observed for phenol and trizol-treated RNA in our study. Absorbance peak-pattern variations could only identify higher concentrations of EDTA in RNA, but for lower concentrations, it remains undetectable and higher concentrations of EDTA in RNA have shown to inhibit real-time PCR and alter the Ct value at its lower concentration. RNA contaminated with ethanol, isopropanol, chloroform cannot be distinguished even from the peak-pattern analysis and the UV-absorbance ratios. Higher concentration of alcohol decreased the PCR efficiency by huge variation in Ct values whereas lower concentrations did not show much effect. Surprisingly, the RNA integrity on agarose gel remained intact with all the organic solvents and EDTA-treated RNA.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  RNA integrity, Real time PCR, Basic Molecular Biology, Clinical Diagnostics, Transcriptomic Analysis

  References
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  Citation
  Sheethel Kunnath Poovakka, Durga Ramadas, Gouri Ramadas, Deepak Roshan VG, "Quality affecting factors of RNA – its assessment and influence on PCR reactions," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.5, Issue.6, pp.127-134, 2018