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• Open Access   Article

  Efficacy of Ocimum Sanctum against Alternaria Causing Diseases on Medicinal Plants

  Shruti Ojha, Mamta Goyal, Deepika Chittoriya

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp.60-64, Feb-2021

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  Abstract
  Ocimum sanctum extracts prepared in methanol were tested for their antifungal activity against Alternaria alternata isolated from two important medicinal plants including Aegle marmelos and Emblica officinalis. Leaf, shoot, and flowers of O. sanctum were screened individually for the antifungal activity. Disc diffusion method was conducted against Alternaria species for analyzing the antifungal properties of the medicinal plant. Zone of inhibition was measured for evaluating the antifungal activity of the methanolic extracts tested against the test fungal strain. Commercial fungicide at a similar protocol was taken as control. Although all the tested plant parts showed positive results of phytopathogenic growth inhibition, but the leaf extracts showed comparatively better effect than the flower and stem extracts. For both the diseased plants including A. marmelos and E. officinalis, leaf and flower extracts showed comparatively better results than stem. The consequences of using plant parts of O. sanctum as botanical fungicides against the fungal pathogen Alternaria have been discussed. The botanical fungicides could be a potential alternative to the commercial fungicides which cause damage to crop and plant development.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Antifungal, bio-fungicides, plant extracts.

  References
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  Citation
  Shruti Ojha, Mamta Goyal, Deepika Chittoriya, "Efficacy of Ocimum Sanctum against Alternaria Causing Diseases on Medicinal Plants," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.1, pp.60-64, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Processing Yield Percentage and Phytochemical Appraisement of the Leaf, Stem-Bark, Inflore-infructescence, and Root of Petiveria alliacea (Linneaus)

  Arogbodo J.O., Igbe F.O., Osho I.B., Adebayo I.A.

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp.65-70, Feb-2021

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  Abstract
  The numerous pharmacological benefits of Petiveria alliacea Linneaus (Guinea Hen Weed) accentuated its further experimental studies, wherewith investigation of the sample processing yield percentage (SPY) and the phytochemical analyses of its leaf (LF), inflore-infructescence (INFLT), stem-bark (SB), and root were carried out using standard methods. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23 and results were presented as standard deviation (± SD) of duplicate determinations. The samples’ processing yield (SPY) percentage result flows in the order stem-bark > root > inflore-infructescence > leaf indicating the highest (50.60 %) and the least (21.32 %) values obtained in the stem-bark and leaf preparations respectively. The phytochemical screening showed the evaluated plant parts to possess abundant phytochemicals (tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, and alkaloids) at varying amount with the INFLT and the R taking the lead. Keen observation divulged the seven phytochemicals screened to be present in the INFLT while other parts did not have them in full. This may be suggesting the INFLT as a better granary of phytochemicals than the other parts. It was concluded that all the parts of P. alliacea are bountiful sources of plants’ secondary metabolites thereby justifying the fantastic use of the plant in folkloric medicine with special reference to the INFLT ampleness in glycosides and alkaloids. Additionally, the INFLT was recommended to be given unflinching attention in further experiments. The leaf also is to be more preferred (owing to its ability to re-sprout after several plucking) when the need for large quantity of extract is inevitably mandatory.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Phytochemicals, sample processing yield, plant parts, Petiveria alliacea

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  Citation
  Arogbodo J.O., Igbe F.O., Osho I.B., Adebayo I.A., "Processing Yield Percentage and Phytochemical Appraisement of the Leaf, Stem-Bark, Inflore-infructescence, and Root of Petiveria alliacea (Linneaus)," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.1, pp.65-70, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Study on Biomedical Waste Management in Surgical Theaters of Some Selected Hospitals in Urban Kano, Northern Nigeria

  M. Sani, T.S. Imam, M.S. Nahannu, F.S. Gwarzo

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp.71-77, Feb-2021

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  Abstract
  Biomedical waste management (BMW) is one very important aspect of environmental issue that needs to be taken more seriously. Rapid growth of human population especially in the developing countries has led to increase in quantity of biomedical waste produced in the health care facilities (HCF). The paper aimed at studying management of MW in surgical theaters in Urban Kano. A total of twelve (12) of HCFs were purposively sampled base on possession of a functioning theater, from the six major local government areas constituting urban Kano (one public and the other private). Questionnaire survey was used to solicit information from the theater attendants on various aspects of waste management: waste segregation, collection, storage, treatment, transportation, disposal, safety and exposure to risk as well as training. Out of 105 questionnaires administered, 81 representing 77% were retrieved. It was found out that waste segregation is poorly practiced, (26%), waste is poorly stored, treatment also very low, reported by only 29% and sharps especially syringes are disposed up anyhow, although some form of incineration was reported (29%). Final disposal of the waste is often in open dumpsites. Training was reported, (64%) that generally focused more on personal safety rather than medical waste management. Infectious waste generated ranges from 0.07kg/day to 3.60kg/day, among public hospitals. Noninfectious waste generated ranges from 0.82kg/day to 1.6kg/day. Infectious wastes generated among private hospitals ranges from 0.22kg/day to 2.57kg/day while noninfectious waste generated ranges from 0.0kg/day to 1.10kg/day. Of the average total generated waste produced, 18.0kg/day, public hospitals accounted for about 11.8kg/day while private hospitals accounted for 6.20kg/day. The result indicated that the management of biomedical waste is poorly executed, hence it was recommended that strategic measures should take to reduce the quantity of the waste produced, which may be achieved full segregation of the wastes and implementation of National Health Care Waste Management Plan (NHCWMP, 2007) in order to reverse the situation.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Biomedical waste, Urban Kano, environmental pollution, healthcare workers, waste management

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  Citation
  M. Sani, T.S. Imam, M.S. Nahannu, F.S. Gwarzo, "Study on Biomedical Waste Management in Surgical Theaters of Some Selected Hospitals in Urban Kano, Northern Nigeria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.1, pp.71-77, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Studies on Antimicrobial Activity of Bacillus Species isolated from soil samples against Multi-Drug resistant Enteric Bacteria

  Dipali L. Barate

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp.78-82, Feb-2021

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  Abstract
  Bacillus species is one of the largest sources of bioactive natural products exhibiting a wide range of antibiotic activities. Antibiotics have been used against various infectious bacteria and fungi for over many years. The increase in the resistance amongst enteric bacteria limits the existing options of antibiotics. In the present study, resistance was highest among the E. coli (73.33%) followed by K. pneumoniae (59.09%), S. typhi (57.14%) and P. vulgaris (33.33%). 17 Bacillus spp. isolated from soil samples includes Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquifacience and Bacillus licheniformis. It was found that isolate BS7, BS3 and BS1 showed prominent antimicrobial activity against tested MDR enteric bacteria.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Antimicrobial activity, Bacillus spp., MDR

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  Citation
  Dipali L. Barate, "Studies on Antimicrobial Activity of Bacillus Species isolated from soil samples against Multi-Drug resistant Enteric Bacteria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.1, pp.78-82, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Characterization and Identification of Fungal Species Associated with the Spoilage of Cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta L.) in Gwandu Local Government Area, Kebbi State, Nigeria

  Aminu Mubarak, Keta Jibrin Naka, Shehu Kasimu, Naka Mohammed Keta, Rukayya John Patrick

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp.83-87, Feb-2021

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  Abstract
  fungal species are paramount important causal agent responsible for the spoilage of Cocoyam. Samples of cocoyam were obtained in Gotomo village of Gwandu local government, Kebbi State, Nigeria. Three (3) villages were selected for sample collections within the L.G.A namely; Rafin raggaye, Shiyar gobirawa and Garba gibbar. A total of Sixty (60) tubers of Colocasia esculenta L. were collected, from each points Twenty (20) samples of Colocasia esculenta tubers were collected. Pour plate method was used in the enumeration of potential spoilage fungi in cocoyam samples. From the results obtained a total number of seven (7) fungal species were isolated and identified namely; Aspergillus niger, Mucor racemosus, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporium, Rhizopus stolonifer, Rhizopus oryzae and Penicillium expansum. The most prevalent fungal isolate was Aspergillus flavus 32.5% and Penicillium species was the least prevalent among the isolates with 5%. The mean fungal spore count (sfu/ml) showed that cocoyam obtained from Shiyar gobirawa had the highest fungal load 4.3 x 106 and the lowest was recorded in Rafin raggaye 12 x 104. These fungal species isolated in this research were said to be pathogenic that cause the spoilage of Colocasia esculenta and hence their presence on cocoyam may be additional reservoirs for the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms and this could results to infections for consumers and economic loss. This raise concern over public health risks that may be associated with the consumption of deteriorated cocoyam and proper storage, package and handling methods with good transportation should be taken to reduce the occurrence and deterioration of cocoyam by these microbes.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Fungi, cocoyam, load and Gwandu

  References
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  Citation
  Aminu Mubarak, Keta Jibrin Naka, Shehu Kasimu, Naka Mohammed Keta, Rukayya John Patrick, "Characterization and Identification of Fungal Species Associated with the Spoilage of Cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta L.) in Gwandu Local Government Area, Kebbi State, Nigeria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.1, pp.83-87, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Food Safety and Quality Evaluation of Street Vended Meat Pies Sold in Lafia Metropolis, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

  M.O. Eke, J.O. Elechi

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp.88-98, Feb-2021

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  Abstract
  Gastroenteritis coupled with the under reporting of food-borne disease outbreaks is a major challenge to health care in Nigeria. This study was carried out to critically appraise the food safety and quality of street vended meat pies sold in Lafia Metropolis – Nigeria. Thirty-five meat pie samples were obtained from street vendors randomly in five different locations within Lafia metropolis. The samples were subjected to chemical (proximate composition, fat quality indices, and acid values), microbiological (total plate, coliform, and fungal counts under ambient storage for three days and microbial enumeration and isolation), and sensory qualities assessment. Statistical analysis was done using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results showed all the meat pies to be rich in protein, ash, carbohydrate, energy, and crude fibre. The storage quality indices such as total titrable acidity, PH, free fatty acid, peroxide value, were within permitted standards with the exception of water activity. The microbial count for fresh meat pies was within the recommended threshold limit and was fit for human consumption within two days of storage after which it became potentially hazardous and a threat to public health. The microbial isolates were distributed among five genera of bacteria and two genera of fungi of Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Escherichia, Aspergillus, and Penicillium. The sensory scores showed no significant difference among the various samples. Conclusively, all the meat pies samples were high in nutritional content and safe for consumption within two days of production under non-refrigerated storage conditions.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  food safety, food quality, meat pie, contamination, street vended food, keeping quality, shelf life, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

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  Citation
  M.O. Eke, J.O. Elechi, "Food Safety and Quality Evaluation of Street Vended Meat Pies Sold in Lafia Metropolis, Nasarawa State, Nigeria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.1, pp.88-98, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Prevalence of Plasmodium Infection in District Multan, Punjab, Pakistan

  Syed Latif Shah Bukhari, Kashif Aslam, Zinnia Mansoor, Ghulam Shabir, Muhammad Tayyab

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp.99-104, Feb-2021

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  Abstract
  Background: Plasmodium infection (Malaria) always remains hazardous for its fatalities worldwide, especially for Pakistan; it is yet endemic in many areas. Out of five types, Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum is dominating in Pakistan. P. vivax is more frequent and widely distributed while P. falciparum is more dangerous and deadly in action. This research was conducted for the assessment of Plasmodium infection frequency in human populations of District Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Methods: Plasmodium type was identified in the blood of high graded fever patients. Immunochromatographic Technique (ICT) as well as thick and thin blood smears procedure was performed at different laboratories of district Multan where the microscopic examination was carried out for the presence of Plasmodium types and its species. Results: Statistically, the current prevalence and distribution of Plasmodium types was estimated in this work. A total of 192 blood samples were examined. The species recovered were P.vivax, P.falciparum and mixed species. The prevalence of P.vivax, P.falciparum and mixed species was 13.02%, 10.41% and 1.041% respectively. Conclusion: Plasmodium vivax had prevalence over Plasmodium falciparum. The number of prevalence species was greater more in males than females. The age-wise prevalence of plasmodium infection revealed that age group 21-30 years had more prevalence over other age group.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  ICT, Thick and Thin smear, Plasmodium vivax, P.falciparum, Prevalence

  References
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  Citation
  Syed Latif Shah Bukhari, Kashif Aslam, Zinnia Mansoor, Ghulam Shabir, Muhammad Tayyab, "Prevalence of Plasmodium Infection in District Multan, Punjab, Pakistan," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.1, pp.99-104, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  The Effect of Herbal Treatment against Tick

  P. Sahu, S. Gaherwal, R.R. Kanhere

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp.105-107, Feb-2021

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  Abstract
  The present study was done with the use of effective herbal plant extracts against ticks to estimate the acaricidal activity. Two herbal plant i.e. Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Allium sativum (Garlic) were used as an extract against different species of ticks (Hyalomma anatolicum, Boophilus microplus and Rhiphicephalus) which were highly reactive to ticks mortality. In the present study, when Allium sativum plant extracts were used it showed 100 % tick mortality within 43 minutes and Azadirachta indica showed 100 % tick mortality within 30 minutes The combination of both the plant extracts showed 100 % tick mortality within 20 minutes.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Extract, Azadirachta indica, Allium sativum and ticks etc.

  References
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  Citation
  P. Sahu, S. Gaherwal, R.R. Kanhere, "The Effect of Herbal Treatment against Tick," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.1, pp.105-107, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Diversity, Distribution, Nativity and Indigenous Uses of Crop Wild Relative of District Mandi Himachal Pradesh and Their Potential in Crop Improvement Programme

  Tara Devi

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp.108-121, Feb-2021

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  63 crop wild relatives (CWRs) 34 herbs, 12 Shrub and 17 trees, belonging to 25 Families and 42 genera has been documented from Mandi district (31°42` 29.4" N latitudes and 76° 55` 52.92" E longitudes) of Himachal Pradesh, North West Himalaya covering approximately 3,950 km2 area, comprising 469 panchayats and 3374 villages with 2, 19, 145 households. The total human populations of study area is 9, 99,777 and livestock population is 67355.Altitudinal range of study area varies from 500-4034 m. In this study family Rosaceae has been found dominant represented by 13 spp. followed by Fabaceae (5 spp.) among genera Rosa is found dominant represented by 5 spp. These plant resources are utilized as a source of food, fodder, fuel, oil, medicine, material and root stock for improvement of cultivated plants by local people, but their use and tradition knowledge of utilizing is on sharp decline. Due to population explosion and shrinking of agriculture land due to urbanisation, industrialization and modernization major challenge before researcher at present is to feed day by day growing population and ensure food security for coming generation. Further adverse environmental conditions followed by emergence of new pathogens and pest future crops have to thrive in a drier, warmer and more variable climatic conditions. All this necessity the production of novel crop varieties which are resistant to various biotic and abiotic stresses and also maintain natural biodiversity. CWRs are important source of the genes for breeding program because these have been evolving for thousands of years in adverse environmental conditions and possess a much higher degree of adaptability. They can provide germplasm for hybridisation and rootstock for grafting of commercial crops. To ensure food security CWRs need to be utilized efficiently in crop improvement and breeding programme for better outcome.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Crop wild relatives (CWRs), Breeding program, Crop improvement, Food security

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  Citation
  Tara Devi, "Diversity, Distribution, Nativity and Indigenous Uses of Crop Wild Relative of District Mandi Himachal Pradesh and Their Potential in Crop Improvement Programme," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.1, pp.108-121, 2021