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• Open Access   Article

  Hepatitis B Surface Antibody (HBSAB) and Co-Inffection with Malaria Parasite in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

  Saidu JZ, Oyedoh PO, Ngagwaonye G

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp.158-162, Apr-2020

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  Abstract
  Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and malaria are two major diseases of public health importance in Nigeria. This study determined the prevalence of Hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb), malaria parasites and their co-infection among 323 consented outpatients attending Government Hospital Benin City, Nigeria. Microscopic method was used for malaria parasites detection, while Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used for HBV. Also a well-structured questionnaires was used to collect data on sociodemographic, risk factors of disease from participants. Out of a total of 323 patients, 157(49.0%) were tested positive to (HBsAb), 289(89.5%) to malaria parasites and a co-infection of 139(43.0%). Age related prevalence showed that age group 30-39 had the most attendance and the highest prevalence of 44(13.6%) to HBsAb and 86(26.6%) to malaria parasite (P > 0.05). Demographic related prevalence showed that malaria and HBsAb was more prevalent in females than males. The high prevalence of HBsAb, malaria and co-infection among the study population imply that these infections are a threats to the human health. Health awareness programs for Hepatitis B and its vaccination should be encourage.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb), Malaria parasites, Co-infection, ELISA, Microscopy

  References
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  [12] K.K Mong, O.N. Ajuka, F. Onyemachi, “Comparative study of the prevalence of malaria in Aba.” Reserved Journal of Parasitology, Vol. 10, pp. 17-24. 2012
  [13] R.M. Mordi, M.E. Borke, “The prevalence of malaria in Edo state Nigeria.” Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 41-46. 2013
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  Citation
  Saidu JZ, Oyedoh PO, Ngagwaonye G, "Hepatitis B Surface Antibody (HBSAB) and Co-Inffection with Malaria Parasite in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.158-162, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Histological Structure of the Sclera in Three Species of Birds which Differ in Nutrition Nature

  Ameer M. Taha, Hamid H. Hamid

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp.163-169, Apr-2020

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  Abstract
  The present study dealt with the histological structure of the sclera in three species of birds that differ in their feeding, environmental, and classification. The birds were the sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus (carnivorous), the starling Sturnus vulgaris (Omnivorous), and zebra finch Taeniopygia guttata (granivorous). By using light microscopes, as well as the histological sections, had been stained with five different stains. The results of the sclera showed that it composed of collagenous fibers and hyaline cartilage with internal and external membranes the inner membrane appeared that they lined with pigment cells that differ in their density between the three species. The sclera appeared developed in the three species, but it more developed in the sparrowhawk. The most important results that appeared in this tunica, that the cartilage in both sparrowhawk and starling were separated in some parts of the eyeball by collagenous fibers and appeared the cartilage in sparrowhawk separated in some parts of the eyeball by blood vessels, as well as the cartilage contained pores which interspersed by blood vessels. While in the zebra finch, the cartilage was appeared in some regions separated by the blood canal. The cartilage ossifies in its connection area with the cornea in the sparrowhawk to form sclera bones, which not observed in the other two species. The cartilage also ossifies near the optic nerve to form optic nerve bone in both sparrowhawk and starling these not found in the zebra finch.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Sclera, Sparrowhawk, Starling, Zebra finch

  References
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  [9]. S.A. Al-Juburi," A comparative phenotypic and histological study of the eye in two types of Iraqi birds ( Falco tinnunculus L. and Streptopelia decaocto F". M.Sc. Thesis. Sciences college for Girls. Baghdad university. In Arabic. 2014.
  [10]. A. M. Al- Hamdany, "Comparative Anatomical, Histological with Developmental Study at light and Electron microscopic level of eye and alimentary canal for three species of birds which differ in nutrient nature". Ph.D. Thesis. Education college, Mosul University. In Arabic. 2012.
  [11]. S. J. M. Al-Robaae," Study of anatomical description and histological structure and taper of Ain Saqr eyeball (Circus cyaneus)", Master Thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad. In Arabic.2010.
  [12]. S. J. M. Al-Robaae, J.M. Rajab, S. M. Mirhish," Histological studies on the retina of the falcon eye ball (Circus cyaneus C.)‎ under light and electron microscopy. The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Vol.36,No.2,pp,83-92. 2012.
  [13]. F. C. Lima, L.G. Vieira, A. L. Q.Santos, S. B. De Simone, L.Q. L. Hirano, J. M. M. Silva, M. F. Romão, " Anatomy of the scleral ossicles in brazilian birds". Brazilian Journal Morphology Sciences, Vol.26, No.3-4,pp,165- 169. 2009.
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  Citation
  Ameer M. Taha, Hamid H. Hamid, "Histological Structure of the Sclera in Three Species of Birds which Differ in Nutrition Nature," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.163-169, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Assessment of Cytotoxicity Induced by Calcium Carbide (Fruit Ripening Agent) on Allium Cepa L. (Onion) Root Meristematic Cells

  Alege G.O. and Anthony W

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp.170-175, Apr-2020

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  Abstract
  This study was carried out to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of Calcium carbide (CaC2) on Onion (Allium cepa L.) root tip cells. To achieve this goal, root tips of Allium cepa were grown in different concentrations of Calcium carbide (CaC2) (0.25g, 0.50g, 0.75g and 1.00g)/ 250 ml and distilled water was used as control for the study. Root tips of Allium cepa grown in the treatments and control were harvested daily between 7:30am and 8:30am for cytological studies. Pretreatment, fixation, hydrolysis, squashing and staining of cells for mitotic study were carried out and data were taken on cytological parameters under X400 magnification of the light microscope. Data obtained on these parameters were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) while means with significant different across concentration were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Results obtained in this study showed that Calcium carbide (CaC2) significantly induces binucleate cells, vacuolated cells, sticky chromosomes, C-mitosis cells and Anaphase Bridge across the different concentrations which indicates mutagenic and cytotoxic activities of the chemical. The higher Relative Mutation Rate (RMR) and Relative Division Rate (RDR) in relation to the control observed at higher concentrations (i.e. 0.75g and 1.00g) suggests stimulatory effects of Calcium carbide (CaC2). These findings indicated that Calcium carbide (CaC2) is mutagenic and cytotoxic to Allium cepa dividing cells and may not be a safe chemical for use as fruit ripening agent. We therefore recommended that the use of Calcium carbide (CaC2) for fruit ripening should be discouraged while use of safer ripening agents should be encouraged.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Allium cepa, Calcium carbide (CaC2), Cytotoxic, Mutagenic, Stimulatory

  References
  [1] C.F. Iroka, E.E. Akachukwu, R.N. Adimonyemma, N.C. Okereke, C.O. Nwogiji, “Effects of Induced Ripening on the Proximate, Biochemical and Mineral Compositions of Carica Payaya (Pawpaw Fruit),” European Journal of Medicinal Plants, Vol. 15, No., 3, pp. 1-10, 2016.
  [2] S.D.T. Maduwanthi, R.A.U.J. Marapana, “Induced Ripening Agents and their Effect on Fruit Quality of Banana,” International Journal of Food Science, Vol. 2019, pp. 1-10, 2019.
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  [6] S. Gandhi, M. Sharma, B. Bhatnagar, “Comparative Study on the Ripening Ability of Banana by Artificial Ripening Agent (Calcium Carbide) and Natural Ripening Agents,” Indian Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 3, No., 1, pp. 1-5, 2016.
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  [10] S.A. Fattah, M.Y. Alli, “Calcium Carbide Ripened Fruits: A Recent Health Hazard” Faridpur Medi. Journal, Vol. 5, No., 2, pp. 37-40, 2010.
  [11] M.W. Siddiqui, R.S. Dhua, “Eating Artificially Ripened Fruits is Harmful, Current Sciences,” Vol. 99, No. 12, pp. 1664-1668, 2010.
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  Citation
  Alege G.O. and Anthony W, "Assessment of Cytotoxicity Induced by Calcium Carbide (Fruit Ripening Agent) on Allium Cepa L. (Onion) Root Meristematic Cells," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.170-175, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  A Study on Cadaveric Dry Skulls to Calculate the Incidence of types of Pterion in North-West Indians

  Suresh Sharma, Rekha Parashar, Upendra Kumar Gupta, Pooja Kumari Verma

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp.176-179, Apr-2020

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  Abstract
  Pterion is a small area present in the temporal fossa and is covered by temporal muscle and temporalis fascia. Pterion is formed on norma laterals where 4 bones greater wing of sphenoid, parietal, frontal, and squamous part of the temporal bone articulate with each other. The aim of present study is to calculate the incidence of different shapes of the pterion. This study was conducted on 108 human dry skulls in the Department of Anatomy, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jaipur. The following parameters Sphenoparietal, Frontotemporal, Epipteric and Stellate were observed in pterion and noted down in table format. The study was conducted on 108 human dry skulls and 216 types of pterion were observed where 133 sphenoparietal, 60 were frontotemporal type, 23 were epipteric type and no incidence of stellate type. Sphenoparietal type of pterion was the most dominant type of pterion which was observed in 61.57%of cases. This study will be helpful to anatomists, neurosurgeons, anthropologists and researchers. This study concludes that the knowledge of the position of pterion will be helpful for burr hole surgeries and neurosurgeries, anatomists, anthropologists and researchers.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Pterion, Sphenoparietal, Frontotemporal, Epipteric

  References
  [1]. S. Standring, “The anatomical basis of clinical practice” Gray’s Anatomy 40th Edition, chapter – head and neck, external features of skull. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. London (UK). pp. 403, 412, 418, 2008.
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  [3]. P.M. Mwachaka, J. Hassanali, P. Odula, “Sutural morphology of the pterion and asterion among adult Kenyans” Braz J Morphol Sci. Volume.26, pp.4 – 7, 2009.
  [4]. A. Zalawadia, J. Vadgama, S. Ruparelia, S. Patel, S.P. Rathod, S.V. Patel, “Morphometric Study of Pterion in Dry Skull of Gujarat region” NJIRM Volume.1, Issue 4, pp.25 – 29, 2010.
  [5]. A. Wandee, C. Supin, C. Vipavadee, Y. Paphaphat, P. Noppadol, “Anantomical consideration of pterion and it’s related references in Thai dry skulls for Pterional surgical approach” J Med Assoc Thai. Volume.94, Issue.2, pp.205-214, 2011.
  [6]. T. Murphy, “Pterion in Australia Aborigine” American journal of Physical Anthropology.Volume.14, Issue.2, pp.225 – 244, 1956.
  [7]. S. Anjana. K.S. Satheesha, R. Bhaskar, “Morphometric study of pterion in adult dry skulls in Dakshina kannada district, Karnataka state, India” Int J Anat Res. Volume.3, Issue.4, pp.1603-1606, 2015.
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  Citation
  Suresh Sharma, Rekha Parashar, Upendra Kumar Gupta, Pooja Kumari Verma, "A Study on Cadaveric Dry Skulls to Calculate the Incidence of types of Pterion in North-West Indians," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.176-179, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Garcinia cowa: A Potential target for Drug Therapy against Lung Cancer

  P. Suganya, K. Ramya, G. Suja

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp.180-184, Apr-2020

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  Abstract
  Plants, besides providing raw materials for our sustenance, also having therapeutic properties to cure many chronic diseases like cancer, diabetics and cardiac problems. As they are easily available, cheaper and have no toxicity when compared to chemical drugs, the demands of their products commence increasing for treatments. Moreover, the estimated rate of cancer patients has begun to raise gradually, the necessity to find an active compound from plants becomes more important. So the phytoconstituents present in the medicinal plants have been isolated and marketed as anticancer drugs depend on their traditional values and scientific reports. In our present study, the Garcinia cowa, a traditional medicinal plant was screened. The extraction process has been done by maceration for all parts of the plant with suitable solvents. Crude extracts were then subjected to phytochemical analysis. The selected extract was examined by trypan blue dye exclusion technique to determine the cell viability. The active extract has shown dose-dependent cytotoxicity against lung cancer (CTC50 - 2.29) whereas it has shown less cytotoxicity towards normal Vero cells (CTC50 - 0.10).

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Garcinia cowa; MTT- assay; Lung cancer cell line (A549)

  References
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  Citation
  P. Suganya, K. Ramya, G. Suja, "Garcinia cowa: A Potential target for Drug Therapy against Lung Cancer," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.180-184, 2020