Volume-6 , Issue-1 , Feb 2019, ISSN 2347-7520 (Online) Go Back

• Open Access   Article

  Larvicidal Efficacies of Certain Plant Extracts against Fourth Instar Larvae of Aedes albopictus Skuse

  O.G. Indusree, J.S. Chandana, V.S. Ajitha

  Research Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp.220-225, Feb-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6i1.220225

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) is becoming a competent vector for dengue, chikungunya and other viruses. Most common insecticides and repellents may exert toxic effect on non-target organisms including man. Hence alternative vector management strategies need to be explored. Biopesticides including plant products may be employed as mosquito control agents. In this study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the insecticidal potential of aqueous leaf extracts of Clerodendrum infortunatum, Ailanthus excelsa, Aloe vera and Sesbania grandiflora on mortality of fourth instar larvae of Aedes albopictus. Larvicidal effect was studied at doses ranging from 100 to 600 ppm. The results indicate that aqueous leaf extracts of C. infortunatum (LC50- 614.6ppm) showed a higher mortality rate than A. excelsa, A. vera and S. grandiflora. Biochemical analyses revealed an increase in protein, glycogen and lipid concentration in plant extract treated larvae, when compared to control ones, whereas amount of amino acid decreased in treated larvae. This clearly indicates a physiological as well as biochemical imbalance in larvae, induced by plant extracts. Presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, phenols was detected by qualitative analyses of plant extract which may contribute for its insecticidal effect.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, Clerodendrum infortunatum, Ailanthus excelsa, Aloe vera, Sesbania grandiflora, Larvicidal

  References
  [1] European Centre for Disease Control, “The climatic suitability for dengue transmission in continental Europe”, Stockholm: ECDC; 2012.
  [2] R.I. Rose, “Pesticides and public health: integrated methods of mosquito management”, Emerg Infect Dis, Vol. 7, pp.17-23, 2001.
  [3] E.A.S. Shaalan, D. Canyonb, M.W.F. Younesc, H. Abdel Wahaba, A.H. Mansoura, “A review of botanical phytochemicals with mosquitocidal potential”, Environ Int, Vol. 3, pp.1149-66,2005.
  [4] R.S. Rattan,” Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin”, Crop Protec, Vol.29, pp. 913-20, 2010.
  [5] K.L. Knight, A. Stone, “A catalogue of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera: Culicidae)”, Entomological Society of America, Maryland: The Thomas Say Foundation, pp. 611, 1977.
  [6] Y.M. Huang, “The subgenus Stegomyia of Aedes in Oriental region with key to species (Diptera: Culicidae)”, Contrib. Amer Ent., Medical Entomology Studies XI., Vol. 15, Issue. 6, pp. 5-79, 1979.
  [7] R.C. Wilkerson, Y.M. Linton, D.M. Fonseca, T.R. Schultz, D.C. Price, D.A. Strickman, “Making Mosquito Taxonomy Useful: A Stable Classification of Tribe Aedini that Balances Utility with Current Knowledge of Evolutionary Relationships”, PloS one, Vol. 10, Issue. 7, e0133602.67, 2015.
  [8] J.F. Reinert, R.E. Harbach, I.J. Kitching, “Phylogeny and classification of Aedini (Diptera: Culicidae), based on morphological characters of all life stages”, Zool J Linn Soc-Lond., Vol. 142, Issue.3, pp. 289-368, 2004.
  [9] J.B. Harborne, “Phytochemical Methods- A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis”, Chapman & Hall publications, London, 3rd ed. 1998.
  [10] World Health Organization, “Guidelines for Laboratory and Field Testing of Mosquito Larvicides”, WHO/CDS/WHOPES/GCDPP/13, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005.
  [11] M.M. Bradford, “Rapid and Sensitive Method for the Quantization of Microgram Quantities of Protein Utilizing the Principle of Protein-Dye Binding”, Analytical Biochemistry, Vol. 72, pp. 248-254, 1976.
  [12] O.H. Lowry, N.J. Rosenburgh, A.L. Farr, R.J. Randall,” Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent”, J Biol Chem., Vol. 193, pp. 265–275, 1951.
  [13] M. Dubois, K.A. Gilles, I.K. Hamilton, P.A. Rebers, F. Smith, “Calorimetric determination of sugars and related substances”, Anal. Chem., Vol. 28, pp. 315-356, 1958.
  [14] J.M.S. Floch, M. Less, G.H.S. Stanely, “A Simple Method for the Isolation and Purification of Total Lipids from Animal Tissue”, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 226, pp. 497-500, 1957.
  [15] R. Pandey, R.K. Verma, M. Gupta, “Neoclerodane diterpenoids from Clerodendrum inerme”, Phytochemistry, Vol. 66, pp. 643- 648, 2005.
  [16] P. B. Patil, V. L. Kallapur, S. N. Holihosur, “Evaluation of Clerodendrum inerme Gaertn. Plant extract against Aedes aegypti L. Mosquito”, International Journal of Natural Products Research, Vol. 2, Issue. 2, pp. 36-38, 2013.
  [17] C. Sreelatha, P.R. Geetha, “Pesticidal effects of Clerodendron infortunatum on the fat body of Oryctes rhinoceros (Linn.) male”, Journal of Biopesticides, Vol. 4, Issue. 1, pp. 13-17, 2011.
  [18] S. Roy, A. Mukhopadhyay, G. Gurusubramaniam, “Antifeedant and insecticidal activity of Clerodendron infortunatum Gaertn. (Verbinaceae) extract on tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse (Hetoraptera: Miridae)”, Research on Crops, Vol. 10, Issue. 1, pp. 152-158, 2009.
  [19] S.R. Yankanchi, S.R. Patil, “Field efficacy of plant extracts on larval populations of Plutella xylostella L. and Helicoverpa armigera Hub. and their impact on cabbage infestation”, Journal of Biopesticides, Vol. 2, Issue.1, pp.32-36,2009.
  [20] U. Devi, D. Bora,” Growth inhibitory effect of phenolic extracts of Ziziphus jujube Mill. in dengue vector Aedes aegypti (L) in parent and F1 generation”, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, Vol. 10, Issue. 8, pp. 787-791, 2017.
  [21] R.G.H. Downer, “Fat body and metabolism”, In: Bell W.J., Adiyod K.G. (eds.), The American cockroach, New York, Chapman & Hall, pp. 52-60,1981.
  [22] L. Zhao, W.A. Jones, “Expression of heat shock protein genes in insect stress responses”, Invert Surviv J, Vol. 9, Issue. 1, pp. 102-109, 2012.
  [23] P. Sharma, L. Mohan, K.K. Dua, C.N. Srivastava, “Status of carbohydrate, protein and lipid profile in the mosquito larvae treated with certain phytoextracts”, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, pp. 301-304, 2011.
  [24] N. Senthilkumar, P. Varma, G. Gurusubramaniam, “Larvicidal and adulticidal activities of some medicinal plants against the malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi (Liston).”, Parasitol Res, Vol. 104, pp. 237- 244, 2009.
  [25] P.S. Chen, “Amino acid and protein metabolism in insect development” Advain insect Physiol, Vol. 3, pp. 53-132, 1966.
  [26] N.D. Pandey, K.K. Mathur, S. Pandey, R.A. Tripathi, “Effect of some plant extracts against pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis Linnaeus.”, Ind J Ent, Vol. 48, pp. 85-90, 1986.
  [27] P. Ramesh, A. Subramani, “Effect of antimicrobial activity of Eupatorium odoratum against clinical microbes”, International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences,
  Vol.5, Issue.5, pp.30-35,2018.
  [28] A.E. Bell, L.E. Fellows, S.J. Simmonds, “Natural products from plants for the control of insect pests”, In: E. Hdgson and R.J. Kuhr, eds., Safer Insecticides Development and Use MorcelBekker, U.S.A., 1990.
  [29] W.S. Bowers, B. Sener, P.H. Evans, F. Bingol, Erdogani, “Activity of Turkish Medicinal Plant against Mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae”, Insect Science and its Application, Vol. 16, Issue. 3-4, 339-342, 1995.
  [30] J. M. Murthy, P.U. Rani, “Biological activity of certain botanical extracts as larvicides against the Medicinal Plant Extracts against Aedes aegypti”, Journal of Biopesticides, Vol. 2, Issue.1, pp.72-76, 2009.
  

  Citation
  O.G. Indusree, J.S. Chandana, V.S. Ajitha, "Larvicidal Efficacies of Certain Plant Extracts against Fourth Instar Larvae of Aedes albopictus Skuse," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.6, Issue.1, pp.220-225, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Exploring the Role of Selected Bacterial Strains in Chromium (Cr(VI) Reduction from Soil

  Rachna Singh and Mahendra K. Gupta

  Research Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp.226-232, Feb-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6i1.226232

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  World’s rapidly evolving population and its progressive attraction towards luxurious life has unsurprisingly led to an increase in anthropogenic sources of pollution. Environmental contamination of hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) is of serious concern for its toxicity as well as mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Bacterial chromate reduction is a cost-effective technology for detoxification and removal of Cr(VI) from polluted environment. In current study, a total of 15 Cr(VI) resistant bacterial isolates were isolated after enrichment at three different Cr(VI) concentrations- 25mg/L, 50 mg/L and 100 mg/L. Out of 15 only three- S1B, S10D and S3-A with a maximum tolerance of 100mg/L Cr(VI) concentration were selected for further study. On the basis of biochemical characterization isolates were identified, S1-B as Enterococcus faecalis, S10-D as Bacillus megaterium and S3-A as Bacillus cereus. Efficiency of chromium reduction by selected isolates was evaluated at optimized growth conditions. All the three isolates have shown excellent chromium reduction with 100% by S10D, 78.6 % by S1B and 61.36% by S3-A at 25mg/L of Cr(VI) concentration. All three isolates had shown around 60% reduction within 48 h of incubation period. Multimetal resistance was also determined against six different heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, Zn, Co, Mn). Cd and Hg were highly toxic and supressed the bacterial growth completely, only S10D was resistant to Cd. S2D, S3A and S10D were resistant against Co, Pb and Mn while growth of S3A was inhibited by Zn. These potential bacterial isolates could be used at industrial level for effluent treatment and also have great significance for bioremediation of chromium contaminated sites.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Anthropogenic, bioremediation, carcinogenic, degradation potential, multimetal resistance

  References
  [1]. B.L. Martins, C.C.V. Cruz, A.S. Luna, C.A. Henriques, “Sorption and desorption of Pb +2 ions by dead Sargassum sp. Biomass”, Biochemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 27, pp. 310-314, 2006.
  [2]. J. Chung, R. Nerenberg, B.E. Rittmann, “Bioreduction of soluble chromate using hydrogen based membrane bioflim reactor”. Water Res. Vol. 40, pp. 1634–1642, 2006.
  [3]. EPA, wastewater technology sheet: chemical precipitation. United State Environmental Protection, EPA 832F00018, 2000.
  [4]. M.J. Horsfall, F. Ogban, E.E. Akporhonor, ”Sorption of Chromium (VI) from Aqueous Solution by Cassava (Manihot Sculenta CRANZ) Waste Biomass”. Chemistry and Biodiversity, Vol. 3, pp. 161-173, 2006.
  [5]. T. Srinath, T. Verma, P.W. Ramteke, S.K. Garg,“Chromium (VI) biosorption and bioaccumulation by chromate resistant bacteria”. Chemosphere, Vol. 48, pp. 427-435, 2002.
  [6]. R. Branco, A.P. Chung, A. Verissimo, P.V. Morais, “Impact of chromium-contaminated wastewaters on the microbial community of a river”. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. Vol. 54, pp. 35–46, 2005.
  [7]. APHA, AWWA, WEF, “Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. 20th American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association”, Water Environment Federation. 1992.
  [8]. T.N. Joutey, W. Bahafid, H. Sayel, E.S. Abed, E.N. Ghachtouli, “Remediation of hexavalent chromium by consortia of indigenous bacteria from tannery waste-contaminated biotopes in Fez, Morocco”. International Journal of Environmental Studies, Vol. 68, Issue., 6, pp. 901-912, 2011.
  [9]. S.C. Paul, P. Jain, J. Mitra, S. Dutta, P. Bhattacharya, B. Bal, D. Bhattacharya, S.D. Gupta, S. Pal, “Induction of Cr (VI) reduction activity in an Anoxybacillus strain under heat stress: a biochemical and proteomic study”. FEMS Microbiol Lett, Vol. 331, pp. 70–80, 2012.
  [10]. A. Malik, R. Jaiswal, “Metal resistance in Pseudomonas strains isolated from soil treated with industrial wastewater”, Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, Vol. 16, pp.177-182, 2000.
  [11]. J.G. Holt, N.R. Krieg, P.H.A. Sneath, J.T. Staley, S.T. Williams, “Bergey’s Manual of determinative Bacteriology”. 9th ed. Lippioncott Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, London, pp. 204-209, 2000.
  [12]. B.H. Joshi, K.G. Modi, “Screening and characterization of heavy metal resistant bacteria for its prospects in bioremediation of contaminated soil”, Journal of Environmental Research And Development, Vol. 7, Issue., 4A, pp. 1531-1538, 2013.
  [13]. Y.G. Liu, W.H. Xu, G.M. Zeng, X. Li, H. Gao, “Cr(VI) reduction by Bacillus sp. isolated from chromium landfill”, Process Biochemistry, Vol. 41, pp. 1981–1986, 2006.
  [14]. G. Biswas, R. Das, S.K. Kazy, “Chromium bioremediation by Alcaligenes faecalis strain p-2 newly isolated from tannery effluent”, Journal of Environmental Research And Development. Vol. 9, Issue., 3A, pp. 840-848, 2015.
  [15]. R. Bakiyaraj, L. Baskaran, L.A. Chidambaram, T. Mahakavi, M. Santhoshkumar. “Bioremediation of Chromium by Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa”, Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, Vol. 3, Issue., 9, pp. 715-719, 2014.
  [16]. S. Basu,, M. Dasgupta, B. Chakraborty, “Removal of chromium (VI) by Bacillus subtilis isolated from East Calcutta wetlands, West Bengal, India”, Int. J. biosci, biochem and bioinformatics, Vol. 4, Issue., 1, pp. 7-10, 2014.
  [17]. S. Dey, A.K. Paul, “Hexavalent chromium reduction by aerobic heterotrophic bacteria indigenous to chromite mine overburden”, Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 44, Issue., 1, pp. 307-315, 2013.
  [18]. V. Jyostna, G. Anuhya, U. Managamuri, K. Srinuvasulu and S. Poda, “Outcome of Cadmium on Aminergic System and Protective Function of Vitamin-C”, International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.5, Issue., 2, pp. 18-23, 2018.
  [19]. U. Thacker, R. Parikh, Y. Shouche, D. Madamwar, “Reduction of chromate by cell-free extract of Brucella sp. Isolated from Cr(VI) contaminated sites”, Bioresource Technology, Vol. 98, pp. 1541–1547, 2007.
  [20]. S. Sultan, S. Hasnain, “Chromate reduction capability of a gram positive bacterium isolated from effluent of dying industry”. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., Vol. 75, pp. 699–706, 2005.
  [21]. G. Ozdemir, N. Ceyhan, T. Ozturk, F. Akirmak, T. Cosar, “Biosorption of chromium (VI), cadmium (II) and copper (II) by Pentoea sp. TEM18”, Chem. Eng. J., Vol. 102, pp. 249-253, 2004.
  

  Citation
  Rachna Singh and Mahendra K. Gupta, "Exploring the Role of Selected Bacterial Strains in Chromium (Cr(VI) Reduction from Soil," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.6, Issue.1, pp.226-232, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Anatomy and stomatal micromorphology of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. (Winged Bean)

  Kamal Kumar. V, Rajalakshmi R

  Research Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp.233-239, Feb-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6i1.233239

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (winged bean) belongs to the family Fabaceae. It is self-pollinated and growing in the tropical regions of the world. Present study investigated the anatomy of stem, node, petiole, leaf, root and stomatal micro- morphological characters of this species. Stem anatomy showed epidermis, cortical layers (collenchyma and chlorenchyma) schlerencymatous bundle sheath with conjoint, collateral vascular bundle and unilacunar node. One of the distinguishing features in leaf anatomy was the presence of sac like outgrowths filled with simple parenchyma and were usually seen opposite side to the midrib vascular bundle. In the petiole, vascular strands were cylindrical and arc shaped and in roots, four xylem and four phloem patches were present. Paracytic stomata were seen on both sides of the leaves. The stomatal index on adaxial and abaxial surface was 5.54-9.27% and 53.57-61.29% respectively. In general anatomical characteristics of P.tetragonolobus were used for the identification key of this species.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, stem, leaf, petiole, root, node, stomata, paracytic, adaxial, abaxial

  References
  [1] T. Hymowitz, J. Boyd, “Origin, Ethnobotany and Agricultural potential of the winged bean—Psophocarpus tetragonolobus”, Economic Botany, Vol.31, pp.180–188, 1977.
  [2] O. Smith, J. Ilori, P. Onesirosan, “The proximate composition and nutritive value of the winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC) for broilers”, Animal Feed Science and Technology, Vol.11, pp.231–237, 1984.
  [3] Anon, “The Winged Bean: A high protein crop for the tropics”: National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC. U. S. A, pp.1-43, 1975a.
  [4] Anon, “Underexploited tropical plants with promising economic value”, National Academy of Sciences. Washington DC. U. S. A, pp.56-61, 1975b.
  [5] Anon, “The winged bean. A high protein crop for the tropics”, National Academy Press, Washington DC, Vol.46, 1981.
  [6] G.B. Maesfield, “Psophocarpus tetragonolobus- A crop with a future”. Field Crops, Vol.26, pp.157-176, 1973.
  [7] B. Verdcourt, P. Halliday, “A revision of Psophocarpus (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae-Phaseoleae)”, Kew Bulletin, Vol. 33, Issue.2, pp.191-227, 1978.
  [8] T.N. Khan, “Papua New Guinea: A Centre of genetic diversity in winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC”, Euphytica, Vol.25, pp. 693-706, 1976.
  [9] Chandra Sekhar Mohanty, Rama Chandra Pradhan, Vinayak Singh, Neha Singh, Rojalin Pattanayak, Om Prakash, Chandan Singh Chanotiya, Prasant Kumar Rout, “Physicochemical analysis of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC seeds with fatty acids and total lipids compositions”, Journal of food science and technology, Vol.52, Issue.6, pp. 3660–3670, 2015.
  [10] Shuyi Yang, Aurélie Grall, and Mark A. Chapman, “Origin and diversification of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.), a multipurpose underutilized legume”, American Journal of Botany. Vol.105, Issue.5, pp.1–10, 2018.
  [11] V. Kamal Kumar, R. Rajalakshmi, “Polyembryony in Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. from Kerala, India”, Current Science, Vol. 114, Issue. 3, pp.426-427, 2018.
  [12] E.J. Salisbury, “On the causes and ecological significance of stomatal frequency, with special reference to the woodland flora”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Vol.216, pp.1-65, 1928.
  [13] C.R. Metcalfe, L. Chalk, “Anatomy of the dicotyledons I”, Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp.504–516, 1950.
  [14] M.B. Marcia da Silva, S.C.O. Asaph Santana, M.M. Rejane Pimentel, C.L. Flavia Silva, P. Karina, Randau, A.L. Luiz Soares, ”anatomy of leaf and stem of Erythrina velutina”, Brazilian journal of Pharmacognosy, Vol.23, Issue.2, pp.200-206, 2012.
  [15] Sara Basconsuelo, Monica Grosso, Mirta Graciela Molina, Rosana Malpassi, Teresa Kraus, Cesar Bianco, “Comparative root anatomy of papilionoid Legumes”. Flora. pp. 799-807, 2011.
  [16] A.M. Shaheen. “Morphological and cytogenetical variations in the ecological population of Acacia Mill in Egypt”, Ph. D. Thesis, South Valley University, Aswan Faculty of Science, Egypt, 1995.
  [17] E.E. Almeida, “Pharmacognostic characterization of Erythrina falcate Benth. Fabaceae”, Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy, Vol.20, pp.100-105, 2010.
  [18] E.E. Almeida, “Pharmacological characterization of leaves and barks of the species Erythrina speciosa Andrews”, BioFar, Vol.5, pp.34-47, 2011.
  [19] M. Erbano, M.R. Duarte, “Centrolobium tomentosum: macro and microscopic diagnosis of the leaf and stem”, Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy, Vol.22, pp.249-256, 2012.
  [20] S.M.S. Lo, M.R. Duarte, “Morpho-anatomical study of the leaf and stem of paualecrim: Holocalyx balansae”, Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy, Vol.21, pp.4-10, 2011.
  

  Citation
  Kamal Kumar. V, Rajalakshmi R, "Anatomy and stomatal micromorphology of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. (Winged Bean)," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.6, Issue.1, pp.233-239, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Physico-Chemical Analysis of Waste Water from ACC Cement Industry from an Industrial Town – Ghugus (Maharashtra), India

  L.S. Durge, A.M. Chilke, R.N. Chavhan

  Research Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp.240-242, Feb-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6i1.240242

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  There are different sources of industrial water pollution, but one of them is the discharge of harmful chemicals and compounds into the water bodies through gutters, due to which the water from the water bodies becomes unsuitable for the drinking and other domestic purposes. Though 72% of the earth surface is covered by the water, only 2.5 to 2.75 percent is fresh water of which 1.75 to 2 % is frozen in glaciers, ice and snow, 0.5 -0.75 % as groundwater and moisture. Thus less than 0.01 % is available to us as a surface water to us from lakes, ponds, rivers, reservoirs and streams only. So it is our prime duty to keep them clean for the survival of not only humans but for all the living beings on this earth planet. Therefor the systematic management of industrial run off is necessary for keeping the balance of an ecosystem. Therefor a pond situated at Nakoda, the water of which is used by the natives for many purposes including drinking is taken for the study of physic-chemical analysis.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Physico-chemical, cement industry, effluent water, waste water, Nakoda pond

  References
  [1]. Balasubramanian, M.R., Krishnamoorthy, S. and Murugesan. K. 1999. Engineering chemistry- A textbook. Allied Publishers Ltd. New Delhi p- 410.
  [2]. Peavy, S., Howard, Donald, R., Rowe and George Tchobanoglous 1987. Environmental Engineering. McGraw- Hill Intenrational Editions, New Delhi. p -211.
  [3]. Kudesia, V.P. 1996. Industrial Pollution. Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, U.P. p -42.
  [4]. Kudesia, V.P. 1996. Indusrial Pollution. Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, U.P. p- 46.
  [5]. Matkar, L.S. and Gangotri, M.S. 2003. Acute toxicity tests of sugar industrial effluents on the freshwater crab, Barytelphusa Guerini. Pollution Research. 22 (2) : 269-276.
  [6]. Mishra, P.C. and Patel, R.K. 2004. Water pollution from major industries in Rourkela. The industrial city of Orissa, India. Proceedings of the 3rd national seminar on Inland Water Resources and Environment, organised by University of Kerala, p. 108-112.
  [7]. Patel, K.P., Pandya, R.R., Maliwal, G.L., Patel, K.C. and Ramani V.P. 2003. Suitability of industrial effluents for irrigation around Bharuch and Ankleshwar industrial zone in Gujarat. Pollutin Research. 22 (2) : P 241-245.
  [8]. Trivedy, R. K. and Goel, P.K. 1986. Chemical and Biological Methods of Water Pollution studies. Environmental Publications, Karad.
  [9]. Vinod Kumar, Raina, A.K., Srivastava, R.K. and Singh, J.P. 2004. Waste Water: Problems and Prospects. Proceddings of the 3rd national seminar on Inland Water Resources and Environment, Organised by Unviersity of Kerala. p 121-127
  [10]. Patel, K.P., Pandya, R.R., Maliwal, G.L., Patel, K.C. and Ramani V.P. 2003. Suitability of industrial effluents for irrigation around Bharuch and Ankleshwar industrial zone in Gujarat. Pollutin Research. 22 (2) : P 241-245.
  [11]. Trivedy, R. K. and Goel, P.K. 1986. Chemical and Biological Methods of Water Pollution studies. Environmental Publications, Karad.
  [12]. Matkar, L.S. and Gangotri, M.S. 2003. Acute toxicity tests of sugar industrial effluents on the freshwater crab, Barytelphusa Guerini. Pollution Research. 22 (2) : 269-276.
  

  Citation
  L.S. Durge, A.M. Chilke, R.N. Chavhan, "Physico-Chemical Analysis of Waste Water from ACC Cement Industry from an Industrial Town – Ghugus (Maharashtra), India," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.6, Issue.1, pp.240-242, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  A Study of Nucleotide Binding Domain of Glycerol Kinase Gene from Aloe vera

  Sharma Suvarna and K Sharon

  Research Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp.243-248, Feb-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6i1.243248

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Aloe vera, belonging to family Liliaceae, is a monocot and used also for medicinal purpose. They are succulent and retain large amount of water in their leaves. In the recent decade few genes from Aloe vera have been elucidated, some being stress inducible. Glycerol kinase is the enzyme involved in the first step of Glycerol metabolism. In order to study the gene, its nucleotide binding domain was targeted by PCR approach. A 256bp long amplification product was obtained which on sequencing and in- silico analysis confirmed to be NBD domain of Glycerol kinase. This domain belongs to the superfamily NBD_ Sugar kinase_HSP70_Actin, which all harbor the same conserved domain. It shows 52% alignment with the FGGY C- Terminal region of Escherichia coli, which also harbor sites for ATP binding. This paper confirms the presence and studies the structure of the NBD domain, thereby indicating the presence of a glycerol kinase gene in Aloe vera genome for the first time.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  NBD, Hsp70, Actin, PCR, FGGY, ATP

  References
  [1]. Bo Shen, Stefan Hohmann, Richard G. Jensen, and Hans J. Bohnert, Roles of Sugar Alcohols in Osmotic Stress Adaptation. Replacement of Glycerol by Mannitol and Sorbitol in Yeast, Plant Physiology, Vol 121, pp: 45-52 (1999).
  [2]. Afzal Husain, Dan Sato, Ghulam Jeelani, Tomoyoshi Soga, Tomoyoshi Nozaki, Dramatic Increase in Glycerol Biosynthesis upon Oxidative Stress in the Anaerobic Protozoan Parasite Entamoeba histolytica, PLOS: Neglected Tropical Disease, Vol 6(9) (2012)
  [3]. Kanehisa, Furumichi, M., Tanabe, M., Sato, Y., and Morishima, K.; KEGG: new perspectives on genomes, pathways, diseases and drugs. Nucleic Acids Res. 45, D353-D361 (2017).
  [4]. Kanehisa, M., Sato, Y., Kawashima, M., Furumichi, M., and Tanabe, M.; KEGG as a reference resource for gene and protein annotation. Nucleic Acids Res. 44, D457-D462 (2016).
  [5]. Kanehisa, M. and Goto, S.; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 28, 27-30 (2000).
  [6]. Kanehisa, M.; Enzyme annotation and metabolic reconstruction using KEGG. Methods Mol. Biol. 1611, 135-145 (2017).
  [7]. H.M. Berman, J. Westbrook, Z. Feng, G. Gilliland, T.N. Bhat, H. Weissig, I.N. Shindyalov, P.E. Bourne. The Protein Data Bank Nucleic Acids Research, 28: 235-242. (2000)
  [8]. Wang, YM. & He, CF. Isolation and Characterization of a Cold-Induced DREB Gene from Aloe Vera L.Plant Mol Biol Rep 25: 121. (2007) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11105-007-0014-3
  [9]. Kadirvelu Sharon and Sharma Suvarna, Cloning of HVA22 Homolog from Aloe vera and Preliminary Study of Transgenic Plant Development, International journal of pure and applied bioscience, Vol 5(6), pp: 1113-1121 (2017)
  [10]. Altschul, S. G. Basic local alignment search tool. J. Mol. Biol., 215:403-410(1990)
  [11]. Gish, W. & States D.J. Identification of protein coding regions by database similarity search Nature Genet. , 3:266-272. (1993)
  [12]. Bauer, M. CDD: a Conserved Domain Database for the functional annotation of proteins". Nucleic Acids Res., 39(D) 225-9 (2011).
  [13]. Solovyev V, K. P. Automatic annotation of eukaryotic genes, pseudogenes and promoters. Genome Biol., 7, Suppl 1: P. 10.1-10.12 (2006).
  [14]. Yachdav, G., Kloppmann, E., Kajan, L., Hecht, M., Goldberg, T., Hamp, T., et al. PredictProtein---an open resource for online prediction of protein structural and functional features. Nucleic acids research, gku366. (2014).
  [15]. Bienert, S., Waterhouse, A., de Beer, T.A.P., Tauriello, G., Studer, G., Bordoli, L., Schwede, T. The SWISS-MODEL Repository - new features and functionality. Nucleic Acids Res. 45, D313-D319 (2017).
  [16]. Waterhouse, A., Bertoni, M., Bienert, S., Studer, G., Tauriello, G., Gumienny, R., Heer, F.T., de Beer, T.A.P., Rempfer, C., Bordoli, L., Lepore, R., Schwede, T. SWISS-MODEL: homology modelling of protein structures and complexes. Nucleic Acids Res. 46(W1), W296-W303 (2018).
  [17]. Guex, N., Peitsch, M.C., Schwede, T. Automated comparative protein structure modeling with SWISS-MODEL and Swiss-PdbViewer: A historical perspective. Electrophoresis 30, S162-S173 (2009).
  [18]. H.R. Drew, R.M. Wing, T. Takano, C. Broka, S. Tanaka, K. Itakura, R.E.Dickerson Structure of a B-DNA dodecamer: conformation and dynamics Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 78: 2179-2183 (1981)
  [19]. Srivathsa C Venugopal, Bidisha Chanda, Lisa Vaillancourt, Aardra Kachroo, and Pradeep Kachroo The common metabolite glycerol-3-phosphate is a novel regulator of plant defense signaling. Plant Signaling and Behaviour, 4:8, 746-749 (2009).
  [20]. Eastmond Peter J Glycerol- insensitive Arabidopsis mutants: gli1 seedlings lack glycerol kinase, accumulate glycerol and are more resistant to abiotic stress. Plant J, 37(4): 617- 25. (2004).
  [21]. Ahmed Bahieldin, Jamal S. M. Sabir, Ahmed Ramadan, Ahmed M. Alzohairy, Rania A. Younis, Ahmed M. Shokry, Nour O. Gadalla, Sherif Edris, Sabah M. Hassan, Magdy A. Al-Kordy , Khalid B. H. Kamal,Samar Rabah, Osama A. Abuzinadah and Fotouh M. El-Domyati Control of glycerol biosynthesis under high salt stress in Arabidopsis. Functional Plant Biology, 41(1) 87-95. (2013).
  

  Citation
  Sharma Suvarna and K Sharon, "A Study of Nucleotide Binding Domain of Glycerol Kinase Gene from Aloe vera," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.6, Issue.1, pp.243-248, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Relationship between Number of Teats and Litter Size in Eutherian Mammals

  Deepak Rawal

  Research Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp.249-252, Feb-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6i1.249252

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Mammals are vertebrates with hair and mammary glands, which produce milk for nursing their young. Mammals may be divided into two groups Prototheria and Theria. Prototherian are oviparous and Therian are viviparous. Theria is a subclass of mammals. It includes Eutherians (placental mammals) and metatherians (marsupial mammals). Mammals have a wide variety of skin glands, but all seem to be variations of two major glands, Sudoriferous (sweat) and Sebaceous (oil) glands. Mammary glands appear to be modified sebaceous glands. A teat is the projection from the breast or dug or udder or mammary glands of mammals. A litter is the live birth of multiple offspring at one time in animals from the same mother and usually from one set of parents. In this research we test the hypothesis of Gilbert’s ``one-half rule``. According to one half-rule, the average number of young in a litter is one half the typical numbers of teats and the maximum litter size is equal to the total number of teats. To find relationship between number of teats and litter size, various examples of mammalian species are considered and a comparison and correlation was drawn. In this research we also introduced teat formula (Tf) in mammals for the first time.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Teats, Litter Size, Mammary glands, Eutherian mammals, Teat formula

  References
  [1] G.C. Kent. “Comparative anatomy of the vertebrates”, CV Mosby Company Japan, pp. 465, 1978.
  [2] R. Pearl. “On the correlation between the number of mammae of the dam and size of litter in mammals: Interracial correlation”, Proceedings of the Society for experimental Biology and Medicine, Vol.10, pp. 27-30, 1913.
  [3] A.N. Gilbert. “Mammary number and litter size in Rodentia: the “one-half rule””, Proc. Natl Acad Sci, USA, Vol.83, pp. 4828-4830, 1986.
  [4] A.E. Eisenberg. “Reproduction in polyprotodont marsupials and similar sized eutherians with a speculation concerning the evolution of litter size in mammals”, Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 291-310, 1988.
  [5] K. Kratochwil. “In vitro analysis of the hormonal basis for the sexual dimorphism in the embryonic development of the mouse mammary gland”, Journal of Embryology and Experimental morphology, Vol.25, pp. 141-158, 1971.
  [6] K. Kratochwil and P. Schwartz. “Tissue interaction in androgen response of the embryonic mammary rudiment of mouse: Identification of target tissue for testosterone”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, Vol.73, pp. 4041-4044, 1976.
  [7] P Stockley and L Hobson. “Parental care and litter size co-evolution in mammals”, Proc. R. Soc. B. pp. 283, 2016.
  [8] L. Partridge. “Lifetime reproductive success and life history evolution”, Academic press London, United Kingdom, pp. 479, 1989.
  [9] C.G. Hartman. Possums, University of Texas Press, Austin, pp. 174, 1952.
  [10] E.R. Guiler. “Observations on the Tasmanian devil, Sarcophilus harrisii (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae): Reproduction breeding and growth of pouch young”, Australian Journal of Zoology, Vol.18, pp. 63-70, 1970.
  [11] R.L. Hughes. “Reproduction in the Tasmanian devil, Sarcophilus harrisii (Dasyuridae, Marsupialia)”, Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, pp. 1396, 1982.
  [12] J. Tuomi. “Mammalian reproductive strategies: a generalized relation of litter size to body size”, Oecologia, Vol.45, pp. 39-44, 1980.
  [13] L.E. Jeppensen. “Teat order in groups of piglets reared on an artificial sow. Formation of teat order and influence of milk yield on teat preferences”, Appl Anim Behav, Vol.8, pp. 335-345, 1982.
  [14] I. Mansergh and D. Scotts. “Aspects of the life history and breeding biology of the mountain pygmy possum, Burromys parvus (Marsupialia- Burramyidae) in alpine Victoria (Australia)”, Aust Mamal Vol.13, pp. 178-192, 1990.
  [15] M.M.A. Mahmoud, Z. Szendro and E.B. Nemeth. “Correlation between teat number of does and baby rabbits”. All Es Takar, Vol.39, pp. 321-325, 1990.
  [16] P.W. Sherman, S. Braude and J.U.M. Jarvis. “Litter size and mammary numbers of naked mole rats: Breaking the one-half rule”, Journal of Mammalogy, Vol.80, I. 3, pp. 720-733, 1999.
  

  Citation
  Deepak Rawal, "Relationship between Number of Teats and Litter Size in Eutherian Mammals," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.6, Issue.1, pp.249-252, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  A Survey of the genus Theretra Hubner, 1819 (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from Kodaikanal Hills (Western Ghats), Tamil Nadu, India

  Pratheesh Mathew, Kuppusamy Sivasankaran, Sekar Anand, Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu

  Research Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp.253-262, Feb-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6i1.253262

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Kodaikanal hill station with its natural beauty and climatic conditions have become a noteworthy tourist spot in South India over the years. The ideal environmental condition and rich floral diversity homes for diverse fauna in Kodaikanal. Sphingid diversity of Kodaikanal has not been reported in the past. Through this study, we report the diversity and study of the external and genital morphologies of the genus Theretra Hubner, 1819 from Kodaikanal hills for the first time. A total of seven species were reported during the study, namely Theretra alecto, T. clotho, T. gnoma, T. nessus, T. oldenlandiae, T. pallicosta and T. silhetensis. Images and genitalia of male and female adult specimens are illustrated for each species.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Moth, Lepidoptera, Sphingidae, Theretra, Genitalia, Biodiversity, Western Ghats

  References
  [1] R. Muzafar, M. Pratheesh, G. Paulraj, S. Ignacimuthu, “Entomophily of Apple ecosystem in Kashmir valley, India: A review”, International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol. 5, Issue. 5, pp.146-154, 2018.
  [2] G.F. Hampson, “The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma - Moths”, Taylor and Francis, London, pp 607-609, 1894.
  [3] T.R.D. Bell, F.B. Scott, “Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma - Moths Vol. V, Sphingidae”, Taylor and Francis, London, pp 534-537, 1937.
  [4] L.W. Rothschild, K. Jordan, “A revision of the lepidopterous family Sphingidae”, Novit. zool., Hazell, Watson & Viney Limited, London, pp 411-456, 1903.
  [5] P. Mathew, S. Anand, K. Sivasankaran, S. Ignacimuthu, “The moths (Lepidoptera: Heterocera) of Vagamon hills (Western Ghats), Idukki district, Kerala, India”, International Journal of Entomology Research, Vol. 3, Issue. 2, pp 114-120, 2018.
  [6] H.S. Barlow, “An Introduction to the Moths of South East Asia, Kuala Lumpur: Malayan Nature Society”, Malaysia, pp 20-29, 1982.
  [7] A. Fatimah, A.K. Catherine, “The larger moths (Lepidoptera: Heterocera) of the Crocker Range National Park, Sabah: A preliminary checklist”, ASEAN Review of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation. Vol. 18, pp 1-14, 2002
  

  Citation
  Pratheesh Mathew, Kuppusamy Sivasankaran, Sekar Anand, Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu, "A Survey of the genus Theretra Hubner, 1819 (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from Kodaikanal Hills (Western Ghats), Tamil Nadu, India," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.6, Issue.1, pp.253-262, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Ethnobiology, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Usnea Longissima: A Review

  Bharti Sharma and Mamta Bhat

  Review Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp.263-269, Feb-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6i1.263269

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Lichenized fungi or lichens are believed to be one of the most inconspicuous living forms on the earth. The traditional knowledge of numerous benefits which lichens possess has been transcended over the centuries within and among the humans. All the different growth forms of lichens have been used by man in one way or the other. These find their use as source of different medicines, food, fodder, dye and as ingredients in perfumery. They are pioneers in ecological succession and also serve as indicators of pollution. Usnea longissima is a fruticose form of lichen that has been used as a traditional medicine for centuries. Scientific studies have proved that the pharmacological properties of the species are due to presence of several important secondary metabolites. These secondary metabolites possess antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial activity and thus can be used for the control and treatment of several diseases. The present communication gives a review of the multifarious benefits associated with Usnea longissima along with the emphasis on its pharmacological properties.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Usnea longissima, Diffractaic acid, Usnic acid, phytochemistry, ethnobotany

  References
  [1]. P. Clerc, “Notes on the genus Usnea”, Adanson II Bibl Lichenol, Issue.88, pp.79 – 80, 2004.
  [2]. S. Kamal, S. Manish, J. Savita Jasumati, “Assessment of Antibacterial Activity of Usnea Species of Shimla Hills”, International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences , Issue.4, pp.413-425, 2015.
  [3]. T. Ahti, “Lichens of the boreal coniferous zone”, Academic Press London, pp.145–181, 1977.
  [4]. G. Awasthi, “Lichen genus Usnea in India”, Journal of Hattori Botanical Laboratory, Issue. 61, pp.333–421, 1986.
  [5]. U. Jayalal, S. Joshi, S. Oh, Y.J. Koh, F. Crisan, J. Hur. “ Lichen Mycota in South Korea: the genus Usnea”, Mycobiology, Issue.41,pp.126–130, 2013.
  [6]. B. K. Weissbuch, “Medicinal lichens: the final frontier” Journal of the American Herbalists Guild, Issue.12, pp.23–28, 2014.
  [7]. Y. Ohmura, C.K. Lin, P.H. Wang, “Sorediate species of genus Usnea (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) new to Taiwan Memoirs”, National Science Museum, Issue.46, pp.69–76, 2010.
  [8]. B. Lal, D.K. Upreti, “Ethnobotanical notes on three Indian lichens”, Lichenologist, Issue.27, pp.77–79, 1995.
  [9]. D.B. Keon, P.S. Muir, “Growth of Usnea longissima across a variety of habitats in the Oregon coast range”, The Bryologist, Issue.105, pp.233–242, 2002.
  [10]. Y. Gauslaa, M. Ohlson, J. Rolstad, “ Fine scale distribution of the epiphytic lichen Usnea longissima on two even aged Picea abies trees”, Journal of Vegetation Science, Issue.9, pp.95–102, 1998.
  [11]. Y. Asahina, “Lichens of Japan Genus Usnea”, Tokyo: Research Institute for Natural Resources, 1956.
  [12]. D.B. Keon, “Fertile Usnea longissima in the Oregon coast Range”, The Lichenologist, Issue.34, pp.13–17, 2002.
  [13]. S.D. Crawford, “Lichens used in traditional medicine In (Rankovic, B. (Ed.) lichen secondary metabolites: bioactive properties and pharmaceutical potential”, Springer, 2015.
  [14]. Prateeksha, B.S. Palya, R. Bajpai, V. Jadavan, S. Kumar, D.K. Upreti, B.R. Singh, S. Nayaka, B.N. Singh, “The genus Usnea: a potent phytomedicine with multifarious ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology”, Royal Society of Chemistry Advance, Vol.6, pp.21672–21696, 2016.
  [15]. K. Yazici, A. Aslan, “Lichens from the regions of Guemueshane, Erzincan and Bayburt (Turkey)”, Cryptogam Mycol, Issue.24, pp.287–300, 2003.
  [16]. F. Odabasoglu, A. Cakir, H. Suleyman, A. Aslan, Y. Bayir, M. Halici, Y. Karagoz, “Gastroprotective and antioxidant effects of usnic acid on indomethican – induced gastric ulcers in rats”, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Issue.103, pp.59–65, 2006.
  [17]. K.O. Vartia, “Antibiotics in lichens. In: Ahmadjian, V. & Hale, M. E. (eds)”, The lichens. Academic New York, 1973.
  [18]. D.H.S. Richardson, “The vanishing lichens: their history and importance”, Hafner, New York ,1974.
  [19]. S. Hu, Y.C. Kong, “An enumeration of the Chinese Materia Medica”, The Chinese University Press, Hong Kong, 1980.
  [20]. S. Devkota, R.P. Chaudhary, S .Werth, C. Scheidegger, “ Indigenous knowledge and use of lichens by the lichenophilic communities of the Nepal Himalaya”, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, Vol.13, pp.15, 2017.
  [21]. G.K. Sharma, “Ethnomedicinal flora: Ayurvedic system of medicine in a remote part of the Indo-Tibetan Himalayas”, J Tenn Acad Sci, Issue.72, pp.53–54, 1997.
  [22]. H.M.A. Razzack, H.M.U. Fazal, “The concept of birth control in Unani medicine”, Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine New Delhi, 1993.
  [23]. N.C. Shah, “Lichens of economic importance from the hills of Uttar Pradesh”, India J Herbs Spices Med Plants, Vol.5, pp.69–76, 1998.
  [24]. N.J. Turner, J .Thomas, B.F. Carlson, R.T.Ogilvie, “Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island”, Occas Pap BC Prov Mus, Issue.24, pp.1–165, 1983.
  [25]. B. Lal, “Traditional remedies for bone-fracture among the tribals of Madhya Pradesh India”, Aryavaidyan, Vol.1, pp.190–195, 1998.
  [26]. D.K. Upreti, P.K. Divakar, S. Nayaka, “Commercial and ethnic use of lichens”, Economic Botany, Issue.59, pp.269–273, 2005.
  [27]. H.R. Negi, “Usnea longissima – the winter staple food of Musk deer ; a case study from Musk deer breeding center, Kanchulakharak in Garhwal Himalaya” Tiger paper, Issue.23, pp.30–32, 1996.
  [28]. Y. Asahina, S. Shibata, “Chemistry of lichen substances”, Japan Society for the promotion of Science, Tokyo, 1954.
  [29]. G. Agar, A. Aslan, E.K. Sarioglu, L. Alpsoy, S. Ceker, “Protective activity of methanol extract of Usnea longissima against oxidative damage and genotoxicity caused by aflatoxin B1 invitro” ,Turk J. Med. Sci, Issue.41, Vol.6, pp.1043–1049, 2011.
  [30]. K. Ingolfdottir, “Molecules of interest usnic acid”, Phytochemistry, Issue.61, pp.729-736, 2002.
  [31]. M.I. Choudhary, J.S. Azizuddin, Atta-Ur-Rehman, “Bioactive phenolic compounds from a medicinal lichen Usnea longissima” Phytochemistry, Issue.66, pp.2346-2350, 2005.
  [32]. C. Lin, “The lichen genus Usnea at Meifang, Central Taiwan” Coll. and research, Issue.20, pp.1 –7, 2007.
  [33]. L. Bai, H.Y. Bao, T. Bau, “Isolation and identification of a new benzofuranone derivative from Usnea longissima”, Nat Prod Res, Issue.28, pp.534-8, 2014.
  [34]. J. Laxinamu, Y.X. Tang, H.Y. Bao, T. Bau ,“Chemical constituents from Usnea longgisima, a traditional mongolian medicine”, Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, Issue.38, pp.2125-8, 2013.
  [35]. C. Hobbs, “Usnea: the herbal antibiotic and other medicinal lichens” Botanica Press Capitola CA, 1990.
  [36]. B. Thippeswamy, K.J. Naveenkumar, J.B. Guruprasad, S.R. Shivaprasad, “Antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Usnea longissima” Journal of Clinical Pathology, Issue.2, pp.01-03, 2011.
  [37]. I. Malidiyah, W. Muntu, M. Nurdin, “Secondary metabolites identification from lichen Usnea longissima Ach: bioactivity test of antibacterial”, International journal of applied chemistry, Issue.12, pp.347–357, 2016.
  [38]. X. Yu, Q. Guo, G. Su, A. Yang, Z. Hu, C. Qu, Z. Wan, R. Li, P. Tu, X. Chai, “Usnic Acid Derivatives with Cytotoxic and Antifungal Activities from the Lichen Usnea longissima”, J. Nat. Prod, Issue.79, pp.1373–1380, 2016.
  [39]. I. Francolini, P. Norris, A. Piozzi, G. Donelli, P. Stoodley, “Usnic acid, a natural antimicrobial agent able to inhibit bacterial biofilm formation on polymer surfaces” , Antimicrob Agents Chemother, Issue.48, pp.4360-5, 2004.
  [40]. D. Cansanen, D. Kahya, E. Yurdakulol, O. Aakol, “Identification and quantitation of usnic acid from the lichen Usnea species of Anatolia and antimicrobial activity”, Z. naturforsch C, Issue.61, pp.773–6, 2006.
  [41]. M. Karaday, C. Kazaz, H. Dal, “The synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial and antimutagenic activities of hydroxyphenylimino ligands and their metal complexes of usnic acid isolated from Usnea longissima”, Dalton Trans, Issue.43, pp.6148-64, 2014.
  [42]. S.K. Shahi, M. Patra, “Microbially synthesized bioactive nanoparticles and their formulation active against human pathogenic fungi”, Rev Adv. Master. Sci, Vol. 5, pp.501-509, 2003.
  [43]. E. Yildirim, A. Aslan, B. Emsen, A. Cakir, S. Ercisli, “Insecticidal effect of Usnea longissima (Parmeliaceae) extract against Sitophilus granarius (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)”, International Journal of Agriculture Biology, Vol.14, pp.303–306, 2012.
  [44]. M. Halici , F. Odabasoglu, H. Suleyman, A. Cakir, A. Aslan, Y. Bayir, “Effects of water extract of Usnea longissima on antioxidant enzyme activity and mucosal damage caused by indomethacin in rats”, Phytomedicine, Vol.12, pp.656–662, 2005.
  [45]. Y. Nishitoba, H. Nishimura, T. Nishiyama, J. Mizutani, “Lichen acids, plant growth inhibitors from Usnea longissima”, Phytochemistry, Issue.26, pp.3181-3185, 1987.
  [46]. M.S. Kim, H.B. Cho, “Melanogenesis Inhibitory Effects of Methanolic Extracts of Umbilicaria esculenta and Usnea longissima”, The Journal of Microbiology, Issue.45, pp.578-582, 2007.
  [47]. F. Odabasoglu, A. Aslan, A. Cakir, H. Suleyman, Y. Karagoz, M. Halici, Y. Bayir, “Comparison of Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Content of Three Lichen Species”, Phytotherapy Research, Vol.18, pp.938–941, 2004.
  [48]. A. Guleray, A. Ali, K.E. Sarioglu, L. Aepsoy, C. Selcuk, “Protective activity of the methanol extract of Usnea longissima against oxidative damage and genotoxicity caused by Aflatoxin B(1) in vitro”, Turkish Journal of medical Sciences, Vol.12, pp.1043–1049, 2011.
  [49]. S.N. Sinha, “Screening of phytochemicals and assessment of antioxidant activity of Usnea longissima”, International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and life Sciences, Vol. 3, pp.10–15, 2013.
  [50]. X. Bian, J. Jin , D. Ding , H. Zhang, “Study on the scavenging action of polysaccharide of Usnea longissima to oxygen radical and its anti-lipid peroxidation effects”, Zhong Yao Cai, Issue.25, pp.188-9, 2002.
  [51]. Y. Bayir, F. Odabasoglu, A. Cakir, A. Aslan, H. Suleyman, M. Halici, C. Kazaz, “The inhibition of gastric mucosal lesion, oxidative stress and neutrophil-infiltration in rats by the lichen constituent diffractaic acid”, Phytomedicine, Vol.13, pp.584–590, 2006.
  [52]. P. Verma, S.K. Paswan, A. Raj, V. Nath, R.K. Gupta, S. Verma, S. Srivastava, C.V. Rao, “Hematological, antioxidant and protective performance of Usnea longissima on chemical induced hepatotoxicity in experimental animals”, Journal of Coastal Life Medicine, Vol.5, pp.224-232, 2017.
  [53]. I.D. Karagoz, M. Ozaslan, I.H. Kilic, I. Guler, C. Uyar, D. Tuter, U. Kazanci, A. Aslan, A. Cakir, S. Gezici, “Hepatoprotective effects of diffractic acid on carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage in rats”, Biotechnology and Biotechnological equipment, Issue.29, pp.1011–1016, 2015.
  [54]. M. Mayer, M.A. O`Neill, K.E. Murray, N.S. Santos-Magalhães, A.M. Carneiro-Leão, A.M. Thompson, V.C. Appleyard, “Usnic acid: a non-genotoxic compound with anti-cancer properties”, Anticancer Drugs, Issue.16, pp.805-809, 2005.
  [55]. Y. Yamamoto, Y. Muira, Y. Koinoshita, M. Higuchi, Y. Yamada, A. Murakami, H. Ohigashi, K. Koshimizu, “Screening of tissue cultures and thalli of lichens and some of their active constituents for inhibition of tumor promoter induced Epstein – Barr virus activation”, Chem. Pharm. Bulletin, Issue.43, pp.1388–1390, 1995.
  [56]. K.A. Lee, M.S. Kim, “Antiplatelet and Antithrombotic Activities of Methanol Extract of Usnea longissima”, Phytother. Res, Vol.19, pp.1061–1064, 2005.
  

  Citation
  Bharti Sharma and Mamta Bhat, "Ethnobiology, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Usnea Longissima: A Review," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.6, Issue.1, pp.263-269, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Synthesis and characterization of Cadmium (II) complex with tetradentate N2O2- donor Schiff base and biological activity

  Animesh Patra, Gobinda Prasad Sahoo, Palash Setua, Akhil Pandey, Surajit Maiti

  Research Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp.270-274, Feb-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6i1.270274

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Transition metal complex of Cd (II) with tetradentate schiff base derived from the condensation of 4-nitro-1,2-diamino benzene and 5-nitro-salicyldehyde (H2L) have been synthesized. The synthesized square planar complex was investigated using elemental analysis (C, H and N), infrared, conductivity and electronic spectroscopic tools. The interactions of cadmium (II) complex examined towards Bovine serum albumin (BSA) with the help of absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic tools. The complex is strongly binds to proteins, then we study the antibacterial activity of the Schiff base and its cadmium complex by agar disc diffusion method against some species of pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Streptococcus pneumonia and Bacillus cereus).The result indicated that cadmium complex was more activity than ligand due to higher lipophilicity effect.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Cadmium complex, Bovine serum albumin interaction, antibacterial activity.

  References
  [1] Chakraborty, A., Kumar, P., Ghosh, K., Roy, P., Evaluation of a Schiff base copper complex compound as potent anticancer molecule with multiple targets of action, 2010. Eur J Pharmacol, 647, 1-12.
  [2] Keypour, H., Shayesteh, M., Rezaeivala, M., Chalabian, F., Elerman, Y., Buyukgungor, O., Synthesis, spectral characterization, structural investigation and antimicrobial studies of mononuclear Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes of a new potentially hexadentate N2O4 Schiff base ligand derived from salicylaldehyde. 2013. J.Mol. Structure, 1032, 62–68.
  [3] Konar, S., Jana, A., Das, K., Ray, S., Chatterjee, S., Golen, J.A., Rheingold, A.L., Kar, S.K., Synthesis, crystal structure, spectroscopic and photoluminescence studies of manganese(II), cobalt(II), cadmium(II), zinc(II) and copper(II) complexes with a pyrazole derived Schiff base ligand. 2011. Polyhedron, 30, 2801-2808.
  [4] Cordes, E.H., Jencks, W.P., On the Mechanism of Schiff Base Formation and Hydrolysis. 1962. J. Am. Chem. Soc, 84, 832-837.
  [5] Asadi, M., Sadi, S.B., Asadi, Z., Yousefi, R., Sadi, A.R.B., Hezarjaribi, H.K., Synthesis, characterization, and thermodynamic studies of the interaction of some new water-soluble Schiff-base complexes with bovine serum albumin. 2012. J. Coord. Chem. 65, 722–739.
  [6] Carter, D.C., Ho, J.X., Structure of Serum Albumin. 1994. Adv. Protein Chem. 45, 153-203.
  [7] Mann, C.M., Markham, J.L., 1998. A new method for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration of essential oils. J. Appl. Microbiol, 84, 538-544.
  [8] Baba1, D. R., Junaid, P. M., Khan, F., Singh, R., Nitric Oxide Scavenging Activity of Bioactive Compounds Present in Methanolic Extract of Morchella esculenta. 2018. International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences. 5, 39-41.
  [9] Hazra, M., Dolai, T., Giri, S., Patra, A., Dey, S.K., 2014. Synthesis of biologically active cadmium (II) complex with tridentate N2O donor Schiff base: DFT study, binding mechanism of serum albumins (bovine, human) and fluorescent nanowires, J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 21, S445-S456.
  [10] Gelamo, E.L., Tabak, M., 2000. Spectroscopic studies on the interaction of bovine (BSA) and human (HSA) serum albumins with ionic surfactants. Spectrochim. Acta,Part A, 56, 2255-2271.
  [11] Benesi, H.A., Hildebrand, J.H., 1949. A spectrophotometric investigation of the interaction of iodine with aromatic hydrocarbons. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 71, 2703-2707.
  [12]Zhang, X.P., Hou, Y.H., Wang, L., Zhang, Y.Z., Liu, Y., 2013. Exploring the mechanism of interaction between sulindac and human serum albumin: Spectroscopic and molecular modeling methods. J. Lumin, 138, 8-14.
  [13] Stern, O.and M. Volmer, 1919. “über die Abklingzeit der Fluoreszenz,” Zeitschrift für Physik, 20, 183-188.
  [14] Gaballa, A.S., Teleb, S.M., Asker, M.S., Yalçin, E., Seferoğlu, Z., 2011. Synthesis, spectroscopic properties, and antimicrobial activity of some new 5-phenylazo-6-aminouracil-vanadyl complexes, J. Coord. Chem. 64, 4225–4243.
  [15] Pandeya, S.N., Sriram, D., Nath, G., De Clercq, E., 1999. Synthesis, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity evaluation of some new bis-Schiff bases of isatin and their derivatives. Pharm. Acta Helv. 74, 11-17.
  

  Citation
  Animesh Patra, Gobinda Prasad Sahoo, Palash Setua, Akhil Pandey, Surajit Maiti, "Synthesis and characterization of Cadmium (II) complex with tetradentate N2O2- donor Schiff base and biological activity," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.6, Issue.1, pp.270-274, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Evaluation and optimization of DNA for RAPD analysis of Terminalia tomentosa

  Mohd Rafi Wani, Rajesh Rathore, Javid Ahmad Malik

  Research Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp.275-278, Feb-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6i1.275278

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Forest tree species are more demanding than other plants to extract a pure and high quality of DNA for molecular genetics. A modified protocol for Terminalia tomentosa genomic DNA extraction was developed by introducing modification on Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) method. The principle modification we involved in the present study are; PVP (Polyvinylpyrrolidone), column based purification step and copper acetate solution. Fresh leaves were collected from the tender shoots of mature trees of Terminalia tomentosa. The yield and the purity of genomic DNA was monitored by measuring optical density (O.D.) at A260 and A280 with a Nanodrop Spectrophotometer (ND2000).The highest amount of genomic DNA with the best quality was isolated from column based step in the CTAB extraction buffer. The yield of DNA by this modified method was approximately 100-153 µg per 200mg of fresh leaf tissue. Both ratios were 2.1 and 1.8 respectively, indicating the absence of contaminating metabolites. The obtained DNA was then tested for suitability by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR analysis. Clear band pattern were observed for DNA isolated from four accessions of Terminalia tomentosa, collected from different geographical locations of Achanakmar Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve, Central India. The results clearly indicate the utility of DNA for genetic diversity analysis of this forest tree species.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  DNA extraction, CTAB method, quantity and purity, RAPD, Terminalia tomentosa

  References
  [1] Sarwat M, Negi MS, Lakshmikumaran M, Tyagi AK, Das S, Srivastava PS. A standardized protocol for genomic DNA isolation from Terminalia arjuna for genetic diversity analysis. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 9(1): 86-91,2006.
  [2] Hanania U, Velcheva M, Sahar N, Perl A. An improved method for isolating high-quality DNA from Vitis vinifera nuclei. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter. 22(2): 173-177,2004.
  [3] Crowley TM, Muralitharan MS, Stevenson TW. Isolating conifer DNA: a superior polysaccharide elimination method. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter. 21(1): 97a-97d,2003.
  [4] Hills PN, Van SJ. An improved DNA extraction procedure for plant tissues with a high phenolic content. South African Journal of Botany. 68(4):549-550,2002.
  [5] Shepherd M, Cross M, Stokoe RL, Scott LJ, Jones ME. High-throughput DNA extraction from forest trees. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter. 20(4): 425a-425j, 2002.
  [6] Li YX, Su ZX, Chen F. Rapid extraction of genomic DNA from leaves and bracts of dove tree (Davidia involucrata). Plant Molecular Biology Reporter. 20(2): 185a-185e, 2002.
  [7] Buldewo S, Jaufeerally-Fakim YF. Isolation of clean and PCR-amplifiable DNA from Anthurium andreanum. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter. 20(1): 71a-71g,2002.
  [8] Pirttila AM, Hirsikorpi M, Kamarainen T, Jaakola L, Hohtola A. DNA isolation methods for medicinal and aromatic plants. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter. 19(3): 273a-273f,2001.
  [9] Katterman FRH, Shattuck VI. An effective method of DNA isolation from the mature leaves of Gossypium species that contain large amounts of phenolics, terpeniodes and tannins. Preparative Biochemistry. 13: 347-359,1983.
  [10] Bousquet J, Simon L, Lalonde M. DNA amplification from vegetative and sexual tissues of trees using polymerase chain reaction. Can. J. For. Res. 20: 254-257,1990.
  [11] Pandey RN, Adams RP, Flournoy LE. Inhibition of random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) by plant polysaccharides. Plant Mol. Biol. Rep., 14(1), 17–22,1996.
  [12] Doyle JJ, Doyle JL. Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue. Focus, 12: 13–15, 1990.
  [13] Krizman M, Baricevic D, Prosek M. Fast quantitative determination of volatile constituents in fennel by headspace-gas chromatography. Analytica Chimica Acta 557: 267-271,2006.
  [14] Bokszczanin K, Prazybyla AA. Copper (II) acetate improves the quality of pear (Pyrus) DNA during extraction. Plant Mol. Biol. Rep., 24: 249a-249d,2006.
  [15] Weishing K, Nybom H, Wolff K, Meyer W. DNA isolation and purification. In:DNA fingerprinting in plants and fungi, pp 44–59. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida,1995.
  [16] Fang G, Hammer S, Grumet R. A quick and inexpensive method for removing polysaccharides from plant genomic DNA. Biotechniques, 13 (1): 52-54,1992.
  [17] Sharma AD, Gill PK, Singh P. DNA isolation from dry and fresh samples of polysaccharide-rich plants. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 20(4): 415a-415f,2002.
  [18] Loomis WD. Overcoming problems of phenolics and quinones in the isolation of plant enzymes and organelles. Methods in Enzymology, 31: 528-545,1974.
  [19] Rogers SO, Benedich AJ. Extraction of DNA from milligram amounts of fresh, herbarium and mummified plant tissues. Plant Molecular Biology Report, 5(2): 69-76,1985.
  [20] Dellaporta SL, Wood J, Hicks JB. A plant DNA miniprepration: version II. Plant Molecular Biology Report, 1: 19-21,1983.
  [21] Khanuja SPS, Shasany AK, Darokar MP, Kumar S. Rapid isolation of DNA from dry and fresh samples of plants producing large amounts of secondary metabolites and essential oil. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 17(1): 74, 1999.
  [22] Keb Llanes M, Gonzalez G, Chi-Manzanero B, Infante D. A rapid and simple method for small scale DNA extraction in Agavaceae and other tropical plants. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 20(3): 299a-299e, 2002.
  [23] Sambrook J, Russel DW. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Third Edition. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. New York,2001.
  

  Citation
  Mohd Rafi Wani, Rajesh Rathore, Javid Ahmad Malik, "Evaluation and optimization of DNA for RAPD analysis of Terminalia tomentosa," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.6, Issue.1, pp.275-278, 2019