Volume-11 , Issue-2 , Apr 2024, ISSN 2347-7520 (Online) Go Back

• Open Access   Article

  Formulation, Standardization and Nutritional Analysis of Beverage and Chutney recipes using Cassia auriculata

  Thirumalaiselvi K, Raji V Sugumar

  Research Paper | Conference-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp.1-7, Apr-2024

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  In this study, the effects of Cassia auriculata, a herb, on the formation, standardization, and nutritional analysis (Macro and Micro nutrients) of beverage and chutney recipes were investigated. The flowers, buds, and leaves of the herb exhibited the highest antioxidant activity due to their elevated phenolic and flavonoids content. The aqueous shade-dried powder from the leaves, flowers, and buds was used in the preparation of the beverage mix and chutney mix, which were formulated and standardized using natural preservatives. The edible flowers, buds, and leaves were found to be non-toxic and innocuous, with potential health benefits when consumed in the human diet. The prepared beverage mix and chutney mix were subjected to nutritional analysis, and the organoleptic evaluation by a panel of semi-trained participants showed encouraging acceptability for up to 120 days of storage at room temperature. This study demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing Cassia auriculata as a natural ingredient in the development of shelf-stable and nutritionally-rich beverage and chutney mixes, without the addition of artificial preservatives or flavours. This diversity in formulations also opens avenues for innovative culinary applications and commercial product development, potentially expanding the plant`s consumption. Incorporating this ethno medicinal herb into your regular diet, either as a drink or in a recipe, may help to revitalize your body`s overall system.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Cassia auriculata, formulation, beverage and chutney recipes, nutrition analysis and organoleptic evaluation

  References
  [1] A. Nille, D. Jaiman, R. Saini, A.Gupta, and Suchita. Medicinal and pharmacological potential of Cassia auriculata: A comprehensive review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 266, 113473, 2021.
  [2] A. Di Sotto, P. Checconi, I. Celestino, M. Locatelli, S. Carissimi, M. De Angelis, V. Rossi, D. Limongi, C.Toniolo, L. Martinoli, and L. Mosca. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Monsonia spp. extracts: Potential therapeutical applications. Plants, Vol.9, Issue.3, pp.288, 2020.
  [3] T. N. Musthafa, S.G.I. Tabasum, R. Nisha, and N. Banu. Evaluation of Cassia auriculata flower extracts for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Pharmacognosy Research, Vol.12, Issue.1, pp.89, 2020.
  [4] R. R. Kannan, R. Arumugam, & P. Anantharaman. Antibacterial potential of three seagrass species against human pathogens. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine, Vol.12, Issue.6, 265, 2019.
  [5] V. Anjum, P. Arora, M.H. Ahmad, S.H. Ansari, and S. Sultana. Antidiabetic potential of marker-based standardized Cassia auriculata leaf extract and its application in herbal drug delivery system. Pharmaceutical biology, Vol.56, Issue.1, 192-201, 2018.
  [6] P. Palanisamy, P. Kannan, A. Annamalai, and M.R. Ramakrishnan. Antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of hydroalcoholic extract of Cassia auriculata flowers in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine, Vol.9, Issue.1, pp.23-30, 2018.
  [7] B.Vellingiri, K. Jayaramayya, M. Iyer, A. Narayanasamy, V. Govindasamy, B. Giridharan, S. Ganesan, A.Venugopal, D.Venkatesan, H. Ganesan, K. Rajagopalan, P.K.S.M. Rahman, S.G. Cho, N.S. Kumar, and M.D. Subramaniam. COVID-19: A promising cure for the global panic. Science of The Total Environment, 725, 138277, 2020.
  [8] R. Balamurugan, V. Duraipandiyan, and S. Ignacimuthu,. Antidiabetic activity of ?-sitosterol isolated from Lippia nodiflora L. in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. European journal of pharmacology, 858, 172467, 2019.
  [9] A. K. Meena, B. Pal, S. Beg, Y. Chandel, and V. Bansal. Quantitative determination of markers and antioxidant activity of Cassia auriculata L. flowers and its pharmaceuticals. Natural product research, Vol.32, Issue.23, pp.2841-2844, 2018.
  [10] V. Mathivanan, R. Sundarababu, P. Srinivasan, M. Muthuswamy, A. Subramaniam, & S. Srinivasan. Phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic activities of ethanolic extract of Cassia auriculata leaves. Journal of King Saud University-Science, Vol.29, Issue.3, pp.368-374, 2017.
  [11] Jayasekara, Dumindu, and K.D. Prasanna Gunathilake. “FORMULATION OF INSTANT HERBAL PORRIDGE MIXTURES FROM RANAWARA (Cassia auriculata Linn) LEAVES”. Vol.19, Issue.4, 2018.
  [12] J. Sahoo, K.Thummakomma, S. Devi, & S. Pettugani. Formulation and Standardization of Cassia auriculata Beverage Powder. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 6, pp.431–436, 2021.
  [13] D. Govindammal, and M. Seethalakshmi. “An Effect of Cassia auriculata Formulated Buttermilk for Diabetics.” Biosciences 3576, 2021.
  [14] K. Abinaya, S. Vasantharuba, and T. Thayalini. “Formulation Palmyrah Jaggery by Incorporating Cassia auriculata Aqueous Extract as a Natural Sweetener for Diabetic Patients.” 978-81-951120-0-5, 2021.
  [15] J. K. Sugumar, and P. Guha. Comparative study on the hedonic and fuzzy logic based Organoleptic analysis of formulated soup mix. Future Foods, 5, 100115, 2022.

  Citation
  Thirumalaiselvi K, Raji V Sugumar, "Formulation, Standardization and Nutritional Analysis of Beverage and Chutney recipes using Cassia auriculata," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.2, pp.1-7, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  Re-Correcting the Scientific Nomenclature of Species of Erythrina Trees Introduced to Libya

  Sami Mohammed Salih, Ahmed Amrajaa Abdulrraziq

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp.8-12, Apr-2024

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Erythrina spp. known as South African coral, one of the ornamental trees common in many countries worldwide, its presence was recently reported in Libya in 2019 AD as Erythrina humeana Spreng. This work was carried out to verify the taxonomic status of these trees in Al-Bayda City, Libya, after describing them accurately, reviewing the taxonomic keys for this genus and reviewing the digital herbarium (NYBG). The results and discussions of this study focused on the morphological characteristics of this species and its scientific name. The results of the taxonomic morphological field study showed that tree species found in Al-Bayda City belong to named is back to Erythrina lysistemon Hutch., not the previously known name Erythrina humeana Spreng., due to the presence of fundamental differences in several morphological characteristics (height, flower structure, leaf shape and flowering date). In this work, we propose to rename this species as E.lysistemon Hutch., as a preliminary treatment.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Erythrina spp., Scientific named, Libya

  References
  [1] A.A. Abdulraziq, S.M. Salih, “A survey morphological study of Bauhinia variegata trees introduced to Al-Bayda city – Libya, ” Al- Zaytoonah University International Journal for Scientific Publishing, Vol.7, pp.57-72, 2023.
  [2] J. Wäldchen, M. Rzanny, M. Seeland, P. Mäder, “Automated plant species identification—Trends and future directions, ” PLoS computational biology, Vol.14, Issue.4, pp.e1005993, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005993
  [3] M. Seeland, M. Rzanny, D. Boho, J. Wäldchen, P. Mäder, “Image-based classification of plant genus and family for trained and untrained plant species, ” BMC bioinformatics, Vol.20, Issue.1, pp.1-13, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-018-2474-x
  [4] G. Rouhan, M. Gaudeul, “Plant taxonomy: A historical perspective, current challenges, and perspectives, ” Molecular plant taxonomy: Methods and protocols, pp.1-38, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0997-2_1
  [5] G.H. Dar, A.A. Khuroo, C.S. Reddy, A.H. Malik, “Impediment to taxonomy and its impact on biodiversity science: an Indian perspective, ” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, Vol.82, pp.235-240, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-012-0031-3
  [6] M. Kujawska, N.D. Jiménez-Escobar, J.M. Nolan, D. Arias-Mutis, “Cognition, culture and utility: plant classification by Paraguayan immigrant farmers in Misiones, Argentina, ” Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, Vol.13, Issue.1, pp.1-3, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-017-0169-4
  [7] R.O. Russo, N.T. Baguinon, “Erythrina fusca Loureiro, ” Plant resources of South-East Asia, Vol.11, pp. 121-123, 1979.
  [8] D. Gledhill, “The Names of Plants, 4th ed, ” Cam- bridge University Press, pp.157, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcq099
  [9] A. Bruneau, “Evolution and homology of bird pollination syndromes in Erythrina (Legumi- nosae), ” American Journal of Botany, Vol.84, Issue.1, pp.54-71, 1997. https://doi.org/10.2307/2445883
  [10] A. Kumar, S. Lingadurai, A. Jain, N.R. Barman, “Erythrina variegata Linn: A review on morphology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological aspects, ” Pharmacognosy reviews, Vol.4, Issue.8, pp.147, 2010. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.70908
  [11] A.R. Bean, “A taxonomic revision of Erythrina L.(Fabaceae: Faboideae) in Australia, ” Austrobaileya, Vol.7, Issue.4, pp.641-658, 2008
  [12] B.A. Krukoff, R.C. Barneby, “Conspectus of species of the genus Erythrina, ” Lloydia, Vol.37, pp.332-459, 1974.
  [13] B. Mackinder, “Erythrina L. in the Flora Zambe- siaca area, Kirkia. 14 (1993) 114–124. G.L. Nesom, Key to native and cultivated species of Erythrina (Fabaceae) in the USA and com- ments on naturalization of E.crista-galli, ” Phytoneuron, Vol.29, pp.1-8, 2015.
  [14] E. F. Hennessy, “Erythrineae (Fabaceae) in southern Africa, ” Bothalia, Vol. 21, Issue.1, pp.1-25. 1991. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v21i1.855
  [15] D.A. Neill, “Experimental studies on species relationships in Erythrina (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae), ” Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol.75, Issue.3, pp.886-969, 1988. https://doi.org/10.2307/2399377
  [16] A. De Luca, G. Sibilio, P. De Luca, E. Del Guacchio, “DNA barcoding to confirm the mor- phological identification of the coral trees (Erythrina spp., Fabaceae) in the ancient gardens of Naples (Campania, Italy), ” Plants, Vol. 7, Issue.2, pp.43, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants7020043
  [17] B.A. Krukoff, “Notes on the species of Erythrina, XVIII, ” Allertonia, Vol. 3, Issue.1, pp.121-138, 1982.
  [18] F. Adema, “Notes on Malesian Fabaceae (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae). 1. The genus Erythrina L. Blumea: Biodiversity, ” Evolution and Biogeography of Plants, Vol.41, Issue.2, pp.463-468, 1996. https://doi.org/10.3767/000651916X693905
  [19] D. G. Collett, “The south african species of erythrina, ” Bothalia, Vol.4, Issue.1, pp.219-228, 1941. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v4i1.1720
  [20] B.R. Mackinder, R. Pasquet, Polhill, and B. Verdcourt. Leguminosae. “Flora Zambesiaca. ” Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Vol.3, Issue.5, pp.1- 261, 2001.
  [21] G. L. Nesom, “Key to native and cultivated species of Erythrina (Fabaceae) in the USA and comments on naturalization of E.crista-galli, ” Phytoneuron, Vol.29, pp.1-8, 2015.
  [22] M. Masoud, M.A. Omar, “The Effect of Pre- Sowing Treatments on Seed Germination of Erythrina humeana Spreng, ” Libyan Journal of Ecological & Environmental Sciences and Technology, Vol.1, Issue.2, pp.1-6, 2019

  Citation
  Sami Mohammed Salih, Ahmed Amrajaa Abdulrraziq, "Re-Correcting the Scientific Nomenclature of Species of Erythrina Trees Introduced to Libya," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.2, pp.8-12, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  Exploring the Diversity and Distribution of Macrophytes of Chandanpur Beel and Churamon Beel, North Dinajpur District, West Bengal: Implications for Conservation

  Sujit Kumar Mandal, Sudeshna Mukherjee

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp.13-17, Apr-2024

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Aquatic macrophytes are the most diverse group of large photosynthetic organism and fundamental ingredients of any wetland biosphere. Overexploitation of wetlands and discharge of effluents into the water of wetland is the most serious problem nowadays which directly interfering the normal growth and sustainability of the macrophytes. The present research investigates the diversity and distribution pattern of macrophytes of Chandanpur beel and Churamon beel of North Dinajpur District. This investigation disclosed a total of 19 species belonging from 14 different families among which Asteraceae, Commelinaceae, Onagraceae, Poaceae and Polygonaceae showed the equal distribution each comprise 2 sp. whereas rest of the families each contain only 1 sp. Life form (Raunkiaer,1934) and growth form (Cook,1996) classification of macrophytes also have been done. Different quantitative characters viz. frequency, density, abundance, RF, RD, RA and IVI were also evaluated where Torenia crustacea showed the highest IVI value (27.19) followed by Pontederia crassipes (19.42). Diversity analysis revealed highest species diversity and species richness in Chandanpur beel. The study provides the insight pattern of diversity as well as present status of macrophytes which will be the triggering factor for the implementation effective step regarding conservation of macrophytes in their native area.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Macrophytes, Overexploitation, Life forms, Diversity analysis

  References
  [1]A.L.Shelekar, R.M.Yewale,V.B. Bhagat, “Macrophyte diversity of Mandwa lake near dharni (Melghat) tahsil, district Amravati(M.S.),India,“ Journal of Emerging Tehnologiesand Innovative Research , Vol. 9, Issue 5,pp. 468-472, 2022.
  [2] S. Mukherjee, S. K. Mandal, “Quantitative analysis of aquatic and associated macrophytes in selected wetlands of North Dinajpur District, West Bengal,” International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol.10, Issue 3, pp. 205-212, 2023a.
  [3] S. Mondal, D. Palit, “Ecological assessment of pit lakes in Raniganj, India: Application of different indices and multivariate statistics,” Water Science, Vol. 37, Issue 1, pp. 57-70, 2023.
  [4]G.N.Thrupthi, A.G. Deviprasad, ”Aquatic plantdiversity of lakes in Somwarapete taluk, Kodagu, Karnataka,” Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology, Vol. 20, Issue 03, pp.1-10, 2023.
  [5]S. Mukherjee, S. K. Mandal, “Diversity and distribution of macrophytes in Madhya Kachnarbeel and Poktarbeel of North DinajpurDistrict,West Bengal: A study on quantitative analysis of bioindicator,”International Journal of Novel Research and Development,Vol. 8,Issue12, pp.747-755, 2023b.
  [6]L.Das,H. Salvi, R. D. Kamboj, “Phytosociological study of coastal flora of Devbhoomi Dwarka District and its islands in the Gulf of Kachchh, Gujarat,” International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol. 6,Issue 3, pp. 01-13, 2019.
  [7] N.A.A.Shaye, Y. S. Masrahi, J. Thomas, ”Ecological significance of floristic composition and life forms of Riyadh region, Central Saudi Arabia,” Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, Vol.27, Issue 1, pp.35-40, 2020.
  [8] S.K.Mandal, S.Mukherjee, “A phytosociological assessment on aquatic macrophytes diversity in two selected wetlands of Kishanganj District, Bihar,” Annals of Plant Sciences, Vol. 12,Issue08, pp. 5917-5925, 2023a.
  [9] S.K.Mandal, S. Mukherjee, “A comparative analysis of life form composition and biological spectrum of macrophyt
  es in Sitajhari river and Daluabeel of Kishanganj district, Bihar,” International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts ,Vol. 11, Issue6, pp. 85-90, 2023b.
  [10] A.Maitry, S.Chandrakar, A. Shukla, A. Chandra, “Quantitative assessment of macrophytes diversity and their status in wetland of Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh(India),” International Journal of Agricultural and Applied Sciences, Vol. 4, Issue 2, pp.120-127, 2023.
  11] P. Bujarbarua, “Study of the life form and the biological spectrum of Umanandariver Island, Guwahati, Assam, India - a tool for characterization of the phytoclimate,” Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research, Vol. 5, Issue 5,pp. 804-806, 2018.
  [12]C.D.K.Cook,“Aquatic and wetland plants of India,”Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 1-385, 1996.
  [13] .J. T. Curtis,”Plant ecology work book. A laboratory, field and reference manual,” Burgess Publishing Co.,Minneapolis, pp. 1-172,1956.
  [14] D. A. Chaudhari, S. R. Sitre, “Aquatic macrophytebiodiversity in MandaTukum lake of Mul tehsil of Chandrapurdistrict,”Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research ,Vol. 8, Issue5,pp. 122-125, 2021.
  [15] R.Chillawar,S. Telang,“Floristic diversity of sacred grove of Nanded district of Maharashtra,” Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research, vol. 8, Issue 2, pp. 513-516, 2021.
  [16]M.E.Awo, P. T.Tabot, D. Kenko, B. A. Fonge, “Occurrence and nutrient retention of aquatic macrophytes in roadside streams in the Mount cameroon region,” GCS Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol.22, Issue 01, pp. 25-37, 2023.
  [17]M. Mjelde, J.-E.Thrane, B. O. L. Demars, “High aquatic macrophyte diversity in Norwe-gian lakes north of the Arctic Circle,”Freshwater Biology, Vol. 68,pp.509–522, 2023.
  [18] P.D. Paradiya, B.N. Chauhan, N. R. Kumbhani, “Floristic diversity of Vrundavan Education campus-Ganeshpura, KadiTaluko, Mehsana district, Gujarat,”International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts,Vol.11, Issue 2, pp. 489-493, 2023.
  [19] D.Vukov, M.Ilic´,M.Cuk, R.Igic,“Environmental drivers of functional structure and diversity of vascular macrophyte assemblages in altered waterbodies in Serbia,“Diversity, Vol.15, pp. 1-14, 2023.
  [20]S.K.Mandal, S.Mukherjee, “Comparative analysis of similarity and dissimilarity indices of macrophytes in Aaralibeel and Mainapirbeel, North Dinajpur District, West Bengal,” International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews, Vol.10,Issue3, pp. 25-30, 2023c.
  [21]S.K.Mandal, S. Mukherjee,“Floristic analysis of macrophytes in Bheur Canal of North Dinajpur District, West Bengal,”International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods, Vol.11, Issue11, pp. 277-283, 2023d.
  [22]S.K.Mandal, S.Mukherjee,“Ecological assessment of macrophytes of AtiaPukurbeel and Ukhaliabeel of South Dinajpur District, West Bengal: An approach to multivariate statistical analysis,” International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology, Vol.10,Issue 6, pp. 231-236, 2023e.
  [23] M. A. Zargar, S. D. Singh, “A comprehensive floristic study of Van- Vihar National park Bhopal (M.P.),” International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol. 5,Issue 5, pp. 36-38, 2018.
  [24] N. L.Hareinda, H. Boukar, N. M.J.J.Nestor, T. Dalatou, M.B.Adji, I. Adamou, “Inventory of herbaceous species and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in their various parts : Case in the urban ecosystem of Ngaoundere, Cameroon,” Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International, Vol. 25, Issue 1, pp. 19-31, 2024.
  [25] S. K. Mandal, S. Mukherjee, “Richness and distribution of macrophytes in Dhariahurbeel, Islampur, North Dinajpur District, West Bengal: An approach to phytoecologicalstudies with multivariate analysis,” International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 16,Issue 01, pp. 26912-26916,2024.
  [26] POWO 2024. ”Plants of the World Online Facilitated bythe Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Published on the internet;http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/Retrived 18th March2024”.
  [27]IPNI (2024).International Plant Names Index.Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org, The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,18th March, 2024.
  [28[GBIF.org; (2024).https://www.gbif.org/citation-guidelines [18th March, 2024].
  [29] E.A. Philips, “Methods of vegetation study,” Holt, Rine- hart and Winston, New York,pp. 1-107,1959.

  Citation
  Sujit Kumar Mandal, Sudeshna Mukherjee, "Exploring the Diversity and Distribution of Macrophytes of Chandanpur Beel and Churamon Beel, North Dinajpur District, West Bengal: Implications for Conservation," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.2, pp.13-17, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  Optimization of Fermentation Conditions Required for Exopolysaccharide (EPS) Production by Bacillus altitudinis Strain EPBAS.1 Obtained from Brewery Wastewater Sludge

  Idorenyin O. Jacob, Veronica J. Umoh, Ukponobong E. Antia

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp.18-25, Apr-2024

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Bacteria exopolysaccharides (EPS) are long-chain high-molecular weight polysaccharides synthesize in bacteria and exported into the external environment and their production is influenced by several key cultural and fermentation conditions, which this study aimed to determine the optimum specific for Bacillus altitudinis strain EPBAS.1 obtained from brewery wastewater sludge for maximal production. Brewery wastewater sludge samples were collected and screened for EPS-producing bacteria using standard microbiological methods. The isolates were grown in broth culture for 48h, centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 30 minutes, the EPS extracted by ethanol precipitation to determine its yield, and the best EPS-producer identified molecularly and used for optimization study using one-factor at a time method. A total of 85 bacterial isolates were screened, 29 showed EPS production ability, while isolate EPBS.1 produced statistically (P<0.05) higher quantity (0.58±0.04g/100ml) of EPS, and was identified to the species level as Bacillus altitudinis strain EPBAS.1. From the optimization study, higher EPS yield (0.65±0.03g/100ml) was obtained with sucrose than other carbon sources. Organic nitrogen, with yeast extract as the most preferred, gave higher yield (0.68±0.01g/100ml) than inorganic nitrogen. pH, temperature, incubation period, inoculum size, and NaCl2 concentration gave optimal EPS yields at 7.0 (0.66±0.01g/100ml), 35oC (0.72±0.03g/100ml), 72h (0.69±0.01g/100ml), 4% (0.74±0.02g/100ml), and 5% (0.68±0.01g/100ml), respectively. The EPS extracts showed higher total carbohydrate (68.5±0.10%) than protein (16.2±0.31%) contents. Hence, the study reveals the optimal EPS production conditions for Bacillus altitudinis strain EPBAS.1 and recommends the use of sucrose, yeast extract, neutral pH, temperature at 35oC, 72h incubation time, 4% inoculum size, and 5% NaCl2 for optimal EPS production by the bacteria strain.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Optimization, fermentation conditions, exopolysaccharides, Bacillus altitudinis, brewery wastewater sludge

  References
  [1] O.O. Osemwegie, C.O. Adetunji, A.A. Eugene, I.A. Oluwaniyi, O.A. Rotimi, O.N. Charles, O.O. Abbot, “Exopolysaccharides from Bacteria and Fungi: Current Status and Perspectives in Africa,” Heliyon, Vol.6, Issue.6, pp.1-10, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04205.
  [2] L. Yi, X. Meifen, X. Dongyu, F. Shirui, M. Jiangming, L. Kehui, Y. Fangming, “Variation in Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Enterobacter sp. and their Pb2+ Adsorption Behaviors,” ACS Omega, Vol.6, pp.9617–9628, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c00185
  [3] K. Andharia, P. Shilpkar, S. Kundu, “Production and Optimization of Exopolysaccharides (EPS) Using Low-cost Bagasse as Substrate by Lysinibacillus macrolides,” Asian Journal of Biological and Life Sciences, Vol.12, Issue.1, pp.54–59, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5530/ajbls.2023.12.8
  [4] S. Rana, L.S.B. Upadhyay, “Microbial Exopolysaccharides: Synthesis Pathways, Types and their Commercial Applications,” International Journal Biological Macromolecouls, Vol.15, Issue.7, pp.577–583, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.084
  [5] S. Sharma, R. Panchal, P. Krupa, P. Mansiben, S. Meenu, “Bacterial Exopolysaccharides: Types, its Biosynthesis and their Application in Different Fields," Acta Scientific Biotechnology, Vol.3, Issue.2, pp.03–11, 2022.
  [6] M.A. López-Ortega, N. Chavarría-Hernández, M. del Rocío López-Cuellar, A.I. Rodríguez-Hernández, “A Review of Extracellular Polysaccharides from Extreme Niches: an Emerging Natural Source for the Biotechnology: from the Adverse to Diverse,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecoules, Vol.30, pp.559–577, 021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.101
  [7] A. Banerjee, S. Sarkar, G. Tanvi, P. González-Faune, G. Cabrera-Barjas, R. Bandopadhyay, D.R. Salem, R.K. Sani, “Extremophilic Exopolysaccharides: Biotechnologies and Wastewater Remediation,” Frontiers Microbioiogy, Vol.12, Issue.7, pp.1–16, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.721365
  [8] T. Siddharth, P. Sridhar, V. Vinila, R.D. Tyagi, “Environmental Applications of Microbial Extracellular Polymeric Substance (EPS): a Review,” Journal of Environmental Management, Vol.28, No.7, pp.3345–3351, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112307
  [9] R. Prete, M.K. Alam, G. Perpetuini, G. Perla, P. Paola, C. Aldo, “Lactic Acid Bacteria Exopolysaccharides Producers: a Sustainable Tool for Functional Foods,” Foods, Vol.10, Issue.16, pp.1–9, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10071653
  [10] K. Nouha, R.K. Saurabh, S. Balasubramanian, R.D. Tyagi, “Critical Review of EPS Production, Synthesis and Composition for Sludge Flocculation,” Journal of Environmental Science, Vol.7, pp.1–21, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2017.05.020.
  [11] Y.X. Song, C.H. Lu, P. Liu, X.L. Chai, X. Chen, X.B. Min, C.J.Tang, L.Y. Chai, “Insights into the Role of Extracellular Polymeric Substances in Zn2+ Adsorption in Different Biological Sludge Systems,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol.25, pp.36680?36692, 2018.
  [12] J. Wang, J. Zhang, H. Guo, Q. Cheng, Z. Abbas, Y. Tong, T. Yang, Y. Zhou, H. Zhang, X. Wei, “Optimization of Exopolysaccharide Produced by Lactobacillus plantarum R301 and its Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities,” Foods, Vol.12, pp.1-16, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12132481
  [13] I.G. Nwosu, G.O. Abu, K.O. Agwa, “Production of Microbial Exopolysaccharide by Cost-effective Medium Optimization Method,” Journal of Advances in Microbiology, Vol.19, Issue.2, pp.1-13, 2019a. https://doi.org/10.9734/jamb/2019/v19i230189
  [14] V. Ventorino, B. Nicolaus, P. Di Donato, G. Pagliano, A. Poli, A. Robertiello, V. Iavarone, O. Pepe “Bioprospecting of Exopolysaccharide?Producing Bacteria from Different Natural Ecosystems for Biopolymer Synthesis from Vinasse,” Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture, Vol.6, pp.1-10, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-019-0154-3
  [15] A. Kabir, U. Shamsuddeen, A.M. Magashi “Screening for Potential Exopolysaccharide Producers from lactobacillus Specie Isolated from Locally Fermented Milk (Nono),” UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.89-98, 2022. https://doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2271.014
  [16] K. Sharma, N. Sharma, S. Handa, S. Pathania, “Purification and Characterization of Novel Exopolysaccharides Produced from Lactobacillus paraplantarum KM1 Isolated from Human Milk and its Cytotoxicity,” Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Vol.18, No.56, pp.1-10. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43141-020-00063-5
  [17] S.W.N Hassan, H.A.H. Ibrahim, “Production, Characterization and Valuable Applications of Exopolysaccharides from Marine Bacillus subtilis SH1,” Polish Journal of Microbiology, Vol.66, Issue.4, pp.449–461, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7001.
  [18] M. Miri, H. Bergayou1, A. Belmouden, A. Moukrim, H. Baazizi, N. Boum’handi, “Medium Optimization for Exopolysaccharides Production by Bacillus Zhangzhouensis BZ 16 Strain Isolated from Khnifiss Lagoon. E3S Web of Conferences, Vol.234, pp.1-5, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123400099
  [19] K. Ng, C. Yu-Chun, C. Yen-Po, L. Ya-Hsuan, W. Sheng-Yao, C. Ming-Ju, “Characterization of Exopolysaccharide-Producing Lactic Acid Bacteria from Taiwanese Ropy Fermented Milk and their Application in Low-fat Fermented Milk,” Animal Biosciece, Vol.35 ,Issue.2, pp.281-289, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.21.0251.
  [20] A.M. Jibrin, A.O. Oluwafemi, G.Y. Japhet, H. Aisha, C.E. Evans, “Heavy Metals Biosorption by Urease Producing Lysinibacillus fusiformis 5B,” European Journal of Biological Research, Vol.10, Issue.4, pp.326–335, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4023161
  [21] N. krithiga, A. Rajalakshmi, A. Jayachitra, “Isolation, Optimization and Quantification of Exopolysaccharide Producing Bacterium from Wastewater,” Innoriginal International Journal of Sciences, Vol.1, Issue.2, pp.7-10, 2014. https://doi.org/10.9734/jamb/2019/v19i230189
  [22] J.A. Amao, P.F Omojasola, M. Barooah, “Isolation and Characterization of some Exopolysaccharide Producing Bacteria from Cassava Peel Heaps,” Scientific African, Vol.4, pp.1-12, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e0 0 093
  [23] J. Wang, J. Zhang, H. Guo, Q. Cheng, Z. Abbas, Y. Tong, T. Yang, Y. Zhou, H. Zhang, X. Wei, “Optimization of exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus plantarum R301 and its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities,” Foods, Vol.12, pp.1-16, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12132481
  [24] D. Chambi, L. Romero-Soto, R. Villca, F. Orozco-Gutiérrez, J. Vega-Baudrit, J. Quillaguamán, R. Hatti-Kaul, C. Martín, C. Carrasco, “Exopolysaccharides Production by Cultivating a Bacterial Isolate from the Hypersaline Environment of Salar de Uyuni (Bolivia) in Pretreatment Liquids of Steam-exploded Quinoa Stalks and Enzymatic Hydrolysates of Curupaú Sawdust,” Fermentation, Vol.7, No.33, pp.1-16, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7010033
  [25] I.G. Nwosu, G.O Abu, K.O. Agwa, K. O, “Isolation, Screening and Characterization of Exopolysaccharide Producing Bacteria,” Microbiology Research Journal International, Vol.29, Issue.5, pp.1-9, 2019b. https://doi.org/10.9734/mrji/2019/v29i530174
  [26] A.J. Kareem, J. Abdu, S. Salman, “Production of Dextran from Locally Lactobacillus spp. Isolates,” Reports of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Vol.8, Issue.3, pp.276-286, 2019. https://doi.org/ 103085/rbmb32274401
  [27] M. Asgher, Y. Urooj, S.A. Qamar, N. Khalid, “Improved Exopolysaccharide Production from Bacillus licheniformis MS3: Optimization and Structural/Functional Characterization,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Vol.151, pp.984-992, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.094.
  [28] M. Dwivedi, K.K. Patel, F. Shah, “Exopolysaccharide (EPS) Producing Isolates from Sugarcane Field Soil and Antibacterial Activity of Extracted EPSs,” Acta Scientific Microbiology, Vol.1, Issue.4, pp.6-13, 2018. https://doi.org/10.31080/ASMI.2018.01.0032
  [29] B. Wioleta, K.N. Izabela, “Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) as Microalgal Bioproducts: A Review of Factors Affecting EPS Synthesis and Application in Flocculation Processes,” Energies, Vol.1, Issue.4, pp.1-23, 2021.
  [30] Y. Li, M. Xin, S. Fan, J. Ma, K. Liu, F. Yu, “Variation in Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Enterobacter sp. and their Pb2+ Adsorption Behaviors,” ACS Omega, Vol.6, pp .9617-9628, 2021.
  [31] V.S. Thite, A.S. Nerurkar, N.N. Baxi, “Optimization of Concurrent Production of Xylanolytic and Pectinolytic Enzymes by Bacillus safensis M35 and Bacillus altitudinis J208 Using Agro-industrial Biomass through Response Surface Methodology,” Scientific Reports, Vol .10, Issue.1, pp.1-12, 2021.

  Citation
  Idorenyin O. Jacob, Veronica J. Umoh, Ukponobong E. Antia, "Optimization of Fermentation Conditions Required for Exopolysaccharide (EPS) Production by Bacillus altitudinis Strain EPBAS.1 Obtained from Brewery Wastewater Sludge," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.2, pp.18-25, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  Revolutionizing Mosquito Control: A Nobel Approach with Cow Dung-Based Herbal Repellents

  Aparup Roy

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp.26-31, Apr-2024

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Mosquito-borne diseases pose significant health threats worldwide, emphasizing the urgent need for effective and affordable mosquito repellents. This study investigates the development and efficacy of a novel mosquito repellent derived from cow dung supplemented with herbal ingredients. The primary objective was to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of utilizing cow dung as a base for mosquito repellent formulation, comparing its efficacy with commercially available alternatives. Through a series of experiments and comparative analyses, it was determined that the cow dung-based mosquito repellent exhibited a remarkable effectiveness, surpassing commercial repellents by 20%. The formulation process was meticulously examined, detailing the incorporation of herbal ingredients to enhance repellent properties. Moreover, the study sheds light on the potential health and environmental implications associated with the use of conventional mosquito repellents containing synthetic pyrethroids and DDT, emphasizing the need for safer alternatives. The herbal mosquito repellent developed in this study offers a cost-effective, eco-friendly solution with minimal health risks, thereby advocating for its adoption as a viable alternative to commercial repellents. Furthermore, this research underscores the importance of industry adoption to facilitate the widespread availability and utilization of herbal mosquito repellents, thereby mitigating health risks associated with conventional alternatives. Overall, this study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on sustainable vector control methods and highlights the potential of natural remedies in combating mosquito-borne diseases.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Mosquito repellent, Cow dung, Herbal ingredients, Effectiveness, Comparative analysis

  References
  [1] N.B.S Sarkari, S.P. Barthwal, A.K Gupta, M.M.S. Bagga, S.N. Mishra, V.K. Mishra. “A clinical appraisal of two epidemics of Japanese encephalitis in eastern Utter Pradesh”. In: Proceedings of National conference on Japanese encephalitis. pp 34–40, 1984
  [2] V. Ravi, S. Vanajakshi, A. Gowda, A. Chandramuki. “A laboratory diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis using monoclonal antibodies and correlation of findings with the outcome”. J. Med. Virol. 29: 221–223, 1989
  [3] A.V. Kondrachine. “Malaria in WHO Southeast Asia region”. Indian. J. Mal. Res. 29: 129–160, 1992
  [4] M. Bhatnagar, K.K. Kapur, S. Alers, S.K. Sharma. “Laboratory evaluation of insecticidal properties of Ocimum basilicum L. and O. sanctum L. plants essential oils and their major constituents against vector mosquito species”. Ent. Res. 17: 21–26, 1993
  [5] Seyoum, G.F. Killeen, E.W. Kabiru, B.G.J. Knols, A. Hassanali. “Field efficacy of thermally expelled or live potted repellent plants against African malaria vectors in western Kenya”. Trop. Med. Int. Health. 8: 1005–1011, 2003
  [6] W.S. Choi, B.S. Park, S.K. Ku, S.E. Lee. “Repellent activities of essential oils and monoterpenes against Culex pipiens fallens”. J. Am. Mosq. Control. Assoc. 18: 348–351, 2002
  [7] J. Zhu, X. Zeng, L.T. Yanma, K. Qian, Y. Han, S. Xue, B. Tucker, G. Schultz, J. Coats, W. Rowley, A. Zhang,. “Adult repellency and larvicidal activity of five plant essential oil against mosquitoes”. J. Am. Mosq. Control. Assoc. 22: 512–522, 2006
  [8] B.K. Tyagi, T. Ramnath, A.K. Shahi. “Evaluation of repellency effect of Tagetus minuta (Family: Compositae) against the vector mosquitoes Anopheles stephensi Liston, Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes aegypti L. Int. Pest. Contr”. International Journal of Biological Sciences & Research. pp 39-48, 2005
  [9] D.S. Hebbalkar, R.N. Sharma, V.S. Joshi, V.S. Bhat. “Mosquito repellent activity of oils from Vitex negundo Linn. Leaves”. Indian. J. Med. Res. 95: 200–203, 1992
  [10] Z. Li, J. Yang, X. Zhuang, Z. Zhang. “Studies on the repellent quwenling”. Malaria. Res. (In Chinese): 6, 1974
  [11] C.F. Curtis, J.D. Lines, L. Baolin, A. “Renz. Natural and synthetic repellents”. In Appropriate Technology in Vector Control, Curtis CF (ed.), ch.4.CRC Press: Florida, 1989
  [12] M.A. Ansari, R.K. Razdan. “Repellent action of Cymbopogon martini martini Stapf var. Sofia against mosquitoes”. Indian. J. Malariol. 31: 95–102, 1994
  [13] A.A. Craveiros, F.J.A. Matos, M.I.L.Machado, J.L. Alencar. “Essential oils of Tagetes minuta from Brasil. Perf. Flav”. 13: 35– 36, 1988
  [14] Gil, C.M. Ghersa, S. Leicach. “Essential oils yield and composition of Tagetes minuta accessions from Argentina. Biochem”. Syst. Ecol. 28: 261–274, 2000
  [15] E. Hethelyi, B. Danos, P. Tetenyi, G. Juhasz. “Phytochemical studies on Tagetes species; infra specific differences of the essential oil in T. minuta and T. tenuifolia”. Herb. Hungarica. 26: 145–158, 1987

  Citation
  Aparup Roy, "Revolutionizing Mosquito Control: A Nobel Approach with Cow Dung-Based Herbal Repellents," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.2, pp.26-31, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  Kidney Stone Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Ethno-Medical Approaches: A Short Communication

  Sandeep Kumar Soni, Rajesh Pandey

  Review Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp.32-38, Apr-2024

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Stone isK the dominant problem in the world due to number of factors associated with dietary habits affected to the renal, filtration and urinary systems directly and indirectly, which may causes by the deposition of elements in form of oxalate, silicate, phosphate and uric acid. Stone diseases also concerned with some major elements which comprises secondary and tertiary derivatives which partially or completely affected to concern function organs and its metabolism. Increased incidence in males as compared to females subjects were highly acknowledges. It also has been attributed to increased dietary protein intake, which increases and induced the urinary excretion of phosphates, magnesium and reduces urinary citrate status etc. The treatment of stone disease and concerned complicated factor problems resolves by medicated principles allopathically and homeopathically but the most of the prominent treatments allowed by Ayurveda system. Most of the ethno medicinal and herbal therapy not only declines the ratio of concerned elements but also possess a diverse significant protective response which is reviewed here with updated information. In this review article we are focused on the etiology and epidemiology of kidney stone in population of various age groups with respective gender ratio along with role of diet in kidney stone. The study also illustrates the ethno medical approaches with certain ethno herbal plants which are effectively used for the treatment of kidney stone.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Stone disease, complicated factors, etiology, ethno medicinal treatments

  References
  [1] P. Singh, P. C. Harris, D. J. Sas, and J. C. Lieske, "The genetics of kidney stone disease and nephrocalcinosis," Nature Reviews Nephrology, Vol. 18, Issue. 4, pp. 224-240, 2022.
  [2] S. A. Howles and R. V. Thakker, "Genetics of kidney stone disease," Nature Reviews Urology, Vol. 17, Issue. 7, pp. 407-421, 2020.
  [3] Z. Wang, Y. Zhang, J. Zhang, Q. Deng, and H. Liang, "Recent advances on the mechanisms of kidney stone formation," International Journal of Molecular Medicine, Vol. 48, Issue. 2, pp. 1-10, 2021.
  [4] P. Rungrasameviriya, A. Santilinon, P. Atichartsintop, S. Hadpech, and V. Thongboonkerd, "Tight junction and kidney stone disease," Tissue Barriers, Vol. 12, Issue. 1, pp. 2210051, 2024.
  [5] I. Sorokin, C. Mamoulakis, K. Miyazawa, et al., "Epidemiology of stone disease across the world," World J Urol, Vol. 35, pp. 1301–1320, 2017.
  [6] A. Carbone et al., "Obesity and kidney stone disease: a systematic review," Minerva Urologica e Nefrologica The Italian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, Vol. 70, Issue. 4, pp. 393-400, 2018.
  [7] S. Wang, Y. Zhang, X. Zhang, Y. Tang, and J. Li, "Upper urinary tract stone compositions: the role of age and gender," International Brazilian Journal of Urology, Vol. 46, pp. 70-80, 2019.
  [8] C. Grant, G. Guzman, R. P. Stainback, R. L. Amdur, and P. Mufarrij, "Variation in kidney stone composition within the United States," Journal of Endourology, Vol. 32, Issue. 10, pp. 973-977, 2018.
  [9] G. Tundo, A. Vollstedt, W. Meeks, and V. Pais, "Beyond prevalence: annual cumulative incidence of kidney stones in the United States," The Journal of Urology, Vol. 205, Issue. 6, pp. 1704-1709, 2021.
  [10] S. K. Soni, R. Pandey, "Interaction of Hazardous Heavy Metals with Human and Environment and their toxicological Impacts," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol. 8, Issue. 5, pp. 39-45, 2021.
  [11] R. Siener, H. Herwig, J. Rüdy, R. M. Schaefer, P. Lossin, and A. Hesse, "Urinary stone composition in Germany: results from 45,783 stone analyses," World Journal of Urology, Vol. 40, Issue. 7, pp. 1813-1820, 2022.
  [12] S. Singh et al., "Risk factors of incident kidney stones in Indian adults: a hospital-based cross-sectional study," Cureus, Vol. 15, Issue. 2, 2023.
  [13] R. Siener and C. Metzner, "Dietary weight loss strategies for kidney stone patients," World Journal of Urology, Vol. 41, Issue. 5, pp. 1221-1228, 2023.
  [14] A. Rodriguez, G. C. Curhan, G. Gambaro, E. N. Taylor, and P. M. Ferraro, "Mediterranean diet adherence and risk of incident kidney stones," The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 111, Issue. 5, pp. 1100-1106, 2020.
  [15] S. K. Soni, M. K. Solanki, "Role of Wastewater in transportation of Heavy Metals: A risk assessment to Human health," International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 10, Issue. 11, pp. 711-718, 2023.
  [16] R. K. Patel, P. K. Singh , R. Pandey, S. K. Soni, B. Patel, and S. Mishra, “Heavy metals as valuable contaminants and assurance measure of bovine milk for health prospects: An update,” International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Applications, Vol. 6 Issue. 2, pp. 135-140, 2021.
  [17]. H. Kumar, A. K. Khajuria, and N. S. Bisht, "Traditional phytoremedies used to treat urolithiasis in Pauri (Garhwal) Uttarakhand India," Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Vol. 7, Issue. 3, pp. 2941-2944, 2018.
  [18] S. K. Bishoyi and U. P. Tripathy, "Ethnomedicinal plants used in kidney stones and infection of urinary tract by tribal community of Rayagada District, Odisha," International Journal of Science and Research Archive, Vol. 8, Issue. 2, pp. 102-116, 2023.
  [19] S. Kaushik, M. Choudhary, and S. Rajpal, "Antiurolithiatic efficacy of combination preparations of Dolichos biflorus and Crataeva nurvala: folk medicines used in Indian traditional medicine," Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 7, Issue. 1, pp. 1-7, 2021.
  [20] D. M. Kasote, S. D. Jagtap, D. Thapa, M. S. Khyade, and W. R. Russell, "Herbal remedies for urinary stones used in India and China: A review," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Vol. 203, pp. 55-68, 2017.
  [21] F. Khan, M. F. Haider, M. K. Singh, P. Sharma, T. Kumar, and E. N. Neda, "A comprehensive review on kidney stones, its diagnosis and treatment with allopathic and ayurvedic medicines," Urology & Nephrology Open Access Journal, Vol. 7, Issue. 4, pp. 69-74, 2019.
  [22] B. Patel, "Herbal Alternative for Kidney Stone Diseases," Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, Vol. 9, Issue. 4, pp. 702-704, 2019.
  [23] F. Khan, M. F. Haider, M. K. Singh, P. Sharma, T. Kumar, and E. N. Neda, "A comprehensive review on kidney stones, its diagnosis and treatment with allopathic and ayurvedic medicines," Urology and Nephrology Open Access Journal, Vol. 7, Issue. 4, pp. 69-74, 2019.
  [24] W. Abbas, M. Akram, and A. Sharif, “Nephrolithiasis; prevalence, risk factors and therapeutic strategies: a review,”. Madridge J. Intern. Emerg. Med, Vol. 3, Issue 3, pp. 90-5, 2019
  [25] D. M. Kasote, S. D. Jagtap, D. Thapa, M. S. Khyade, and W. R. Russell, "Herbal remedies for urinary stones used in India and China: A review," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Vol. 203, pp. 55-68, 2017.
  [26] Dhanvantari krit, Bharatiya Jadi Butiyan; D.P.B. Publication, Delhi; pp. 1-698, 2010.
  [27] S. Aryal, P. Kuwar, and C. Thapa, "Antiurolithiatic activity of selected plants extracts against calcium oxalate crystals," J. Med. Plants Res., Vol. 15, Issue. 4, pp. 172-177, 2021.
  [28] A. Yadav, R. Das, and D. K. Mehta, "Benefaction of Herbals in the Management of Urolithiasis," Curr. Tradit. Med., Vol. 7, Issue. 4, pp. 541-551, 2021.
  [29] S. R. Ghatapanadi, N. Johnson, and A. H. Rajasab, "Medicinal plants of North Karnataka used in treatment of kidney stones and urinary tract infections," The Socioscan, Vol. 2, Issue. 3-4, pp. 23-24, 2010.
  [30] Acharya Balakrishna, Ayurveda – Jadi Buti Rahasya, Divya Publication, Patanjali yogpeetha, 1-419, 2008.
  [31] Brahmavarchas, “Ayurveda Ka Praan- Van Aushadhi Vigyan”, Yug Nirman Vistar Trust, Gayatri Tapobhumi, Mathura, 1- 474, 2010.
  [32] D. M. Awari, V. Mute, S. P. Babhale, and S. P. Chaudhari, "Antilithiatic effect of Achyranthus Aspera Linn.," Leaves extract on ethylene glycol induced nephrolithiasis," J. Pharm. Res., Vol. 2, Issue. 5, pp. 994-997, 2009.
  [33] D. M. Awari, V. Mute, S. P. Babhale, and S. P. Chaudhari, "Antilithiatic effect of Achyranthus Aspera Linn.," Leaves extract on ethylene glycol induced nephrolithiasis," Jouranl of Pharm. Research, Vol. 2, Issue. 5, pp. 994-997, 2009.
  [34] D. Chandra, “Van Aushadhi Jadibuti; Chitravali”, Hindi Seva Sadan, Mathura, 25-642, 2009.
  [35] S. Tiwari, "Plants: A Rich Source of Herbal Medicine," J. Nat. Prod., Vol. 1, pp. 27-35, 2008.
  [36] K. P. S. Kumar, D. Bhowmik, Chiranjib, Biswajit, and P. Tiwari, "Allium cepa: A traditional medicinal herb and its health benefits," Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, Vol. 2, Issue. 1, pp. 283- 291, 2010.
  [37] AJM Christina, Antilithiatic effect of Asparagus racemosus willd on ethylene glycol induced lithiasis in male albino Wistar rats,” Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology, Vol. 27, Issue. 9, pp. 633, 2005.
  [38] M. Sharma, A. Sharma, and A. Kumar, "Ethnopharmacological importance of Asparagus racemosus: A review," J. Pharm. Biomed. Sci., Vol. 6, Issue. 12, pp. 1-12, 2011.
  [39] S. M. Blake and C. P. Blake, "Kidney stone risk reduction and size reduction utilizing medical plants," GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 21, Issue. 1, pp. 080-088, 2022.
  [40] N. Sharma, B. S. Tanwer, and R. Vijayvergia, "Study of medicinal plants in Aravali regions of Rajasthan for treatment of Kidney stone and Urinary tract troubles," International Journal of PharmTech Research, Vol. 3, Issue. 1, pp. 110-113, 2011.
  [41] K. Mikawlrawng, S. Kumar, and Vandana, "Current scenario of urolithiasis and the use of medicinal plants as antiurolithiatic agents in Manipur (North East India): A Review," International Journal of Herbal Medicine, Vol. 2, Issue. 1, pp. 1-12, 2014.
  

  Citation
  Sandeep Kumar Soni, Rajesh Pandey, "Kidney Stone Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Ethno-Medical Approaches: A Short Communication," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.2, pp.32-38, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  Isolation and Characterization of Bacteria for Bio-surfactant production from oil-contaminated and Ffarmland Soil in Dutsin-Ma L.G.A

  Lawal B., Abdul N.A, Abdul U.

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp.39-43, Apr-2024

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Surface-active substances that are secreted by microorganisms are called biosurfactants. Although there are a number of known microorganisms that create biosurfactants, more research is needed to determine which ones could produce the chemical more quickly and profitably for commercial usage. These kinds of bacteria were identified in the Dutsin-Ma metropolitan investigation as being involved in the production of biosurfactant. Six soil samples in all were gathered from various locations within the Dutsin-Ma city. Six soil samples in all were gathered from various locations within the Dutsin Ma city. The tests included isolating the bacteria, identifying the group to which the organisms belong using gram staining, testing the isolated bacteria biochemically, and performing additional tests to identify bacteria that create biosurfactants. Prior to microscopic examination, the bacteria used in this investigation were first acquired macroscopically. It was noted that several colony characteristics included colour, texture, border, and height. It was noted that B. subtilis had an entire border, a smooth texture, and a yellowish coloration. The isolates` biochemical examination reveals Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas sp., and pseudomonas aeruginosa. The fact that the bacteria are there indicates that the soil is a natural habitat for them. based on the biosurfactant activity screening using the oil spread, drop collapse, and haemolysis tests. Every isolate underwent a hemolysis test, and every one of them proved positive (Pseudomonas spp., however, had a negative result). The haemolysis result demonstrates beta hemolysis activity, a sign of the strain`s capacity to generate biosurfactants. With the exception of pseudomonas sp., all isolates showed positive for the drop collapse and oil spread tests. Further research is required to determine the precise features of the type and structure of the biosurfactant that these bacteria eat, based on the results of this study.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Biosurfactants, Bacteria, Soil, Screening, Dutsin-Ma

  References
  [1] D.K. Yan., Chakrabarty A. M., Collin M. Screening for the surfactin gene in marine Bacillus strains and its molecular characterization for Bacillus tequilensis. NIOS 11. Turk J Bio. 2013; 37: 212-221, 2012.
  [2] A.G. Delgado., Kang D.W., Nelson K.G., D. Fajardo-Williams., J.F. Miceli., H.Y. Done., Popat S.C., R.Krajmalnik-Brown. Selective enrichment yields robust ethene-producing dechlorinating cultures from microcosms stalled at cis-dichloroethene. PLoS One 9:e100654. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100654, 2014.
  [3] R.B. Nielsen., J.D. Keasling Reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethene DNAPLs by a culture enriched from contaminated groundwater. Biotechnol Bioeng 62:160-5, 2009.
  [4] S.J. Barenkamp and J.W. St. Geme III Identification of a second family of high-molecular-weight adhesion proteins expressed by non-typable Haemophilus influenza, Molecular Microbiology, Vol. 19, No. 6, pp. 1215-1223, 1996.
  [5] R. R. Colwell., J. D. Walker and J. J. Cooney, Ecological aspects of microbial degradation of petroleum in the marine environment, Critical Reviews in Microbiology. vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 423–445, 2005.
  [6] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Glossary of technical terms: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Pollution Bulletin.101(2):517-525, 2012.
  [7] F.H. Chapelle, Ground–water microbiology and geochemistry (2 ed.): New York, New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., p. 477, 2001.
  [8] T. Ban & T. Sato Aqueous microbial biosurfactant solutions exhibiting ultra-low tension at oil-water inter- faces. Dev. Petr. Sci., 39: 115-25, 2001.
  [9] S.J. Barenkamp and J.W. St. Geme III Identification of a second family of high-molecular-weight adhesion proteins expressed by non-typable Haemophilus influenza, Molecular Microbiology, Vol. 19, No. 6, pp. 1215-1223, 1996.
  [10] N. Vedaraman., and N.Venkatesh,. Production of surfactin by Bacillus subtilis MTCC 2423 from waste frying oils. Brazi. J. Chem. Eng., 28(2):175–180, 2011.
  [11] Oliveira, Juliana Guerra de, and Garcia-Cruz, Crispin Humberto, Properties of a biosurfactant produced by Bacillus pumilus using vinasse and waste frying oil as alternative carbon sources. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 56(1), 155-160, 2013.
  [12] O.A. Emmanuel., O. Kessington., Obahiagbon and Mudiakeoghene,. Biodegradation of vegetable oils: A review, Scientific Research and Essay, 6: 543-548, 2009.
  [13] M. Kumar., V., Leon Materno A.D., O.A. Ilzins, Enhancement of oil degradation by co culture of hydrocarbon degrading and biosurfactant producing bacteria. Towards efficient crude oil degradation by a mixed bacterial consortium. Pol. J. Microbiol., 55(2): 139 146, 2006.
  [14] N. Popp., M. Schlomann., and Mau, M. Bacterial diversity in the active stage of a bioremediation system for mineral oil hydrocarbon contaminated soils. Microbiol. 152: 3291-3304, 2006.

  Citation
  Lawal B., Abdul N.A, Abdul U., "Isolation and Characterization of Bacteria for Bio-surfactant production from oil-contaminated and Ffarmland Soil in Dutsin-Ma L.G.A," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.2, pp.39-43, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  Gut microbiota analysis of marsh crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) of Vishwamitri River

  Shreya Kalariya, Jigna Desai, Vishal Thakur

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp.44-48, Apr-2024

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  A study was conducted to establish baseline information regarding the microbiome composition of the Marsh crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) gut flora through DNA isolation and sequencing of scat samples. Metagenomics, focusing on microbial communities within ecosystems, was employed to analyze the diverse microbiota, including bacteria, viruses, archaea, and eukaryotes. These microorganisms are ubiquitous and inhabit various environmental niches, such as soil, air, and water, and also form symbiotic relationships with host organisms, including their skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal tracts. Traditional bacterial biochemical identification approaches were found to be labor-intensive due to the inability to culture certain microbes. The use of One Codex software facilitated the analysis of the Marsh crocodile scat community, revealing a rich diversity comprising 84 phyla, 75 classes, 150 orders, 326 families, 1104 genera, and 3025 species. The gut microbiome is recognized for its significant impact on host health. In this study, Firmicutes predominated, comprising 50.07% of the phylum, followed by Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Notably, Firmicutes, including Bacilli, Gammaproteobacteria, and Clostridia, were associated with high levels of fecal coliforms in the aquatic environment inhabited by Marsh crocodiles.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  gut flora, microbiome, Firmicutes, Marsh crocodile, DNA isolation

  References
  [1] A. Mobaraki, E. Abtin, H. G. Kami, and B. Kiabi, "Reproductive biology of the Mugger Crocodile, Crocodylus palustris, in Iran (Reptilia: Crocodylidae)," Zoology in the Middle East, vol. 59, 2013, doi: 10.1080/09397140.2013.841423.
  [2] A. Mobaraki, E. Abtin, H. G. Kami, and B. Kiabi, "Reproductive biology of the Mugger Crocodile, Crocodylus palustris, in Iran (Reptilia: Crocodylidae)," Zoology in the Middle East, vol. 59, pp. 1-10, 2013, doi: 10.1080/09397140.2013.841423.
  [3] C. Santiapillai and M. de Silva, "Status, distribution and conservation of crocodiles in Sri Lanka," Biological Conservation, vol. 97, no. 3, pp. 305-318, 2001.
  [4] R. Vyas, "Current status of Marsh Crocodiles Crocodylus palustris (Reptilia: Crocodylidae) in Vishwamitri River, Vadodara City, Gujarat, India," Journal of Threatened Taxa, vol. 4, no. 14, pp. 3333-3341, 2012.
  [5] R. Vyas, "Current status of Marsh Crocodiles Crocodylus palustris (Reptilia: Crocodylidae) in Vishwamitri River, Vadodara City, Gujarat, India," J. Threat. Taxa, vol. 4, no. 14, pp. 3333-3341, 2012.
  [6] R. C. Gupta, "Indian marsh mugger and its tunnel residency behavioural patterns in a sanctuary premises in Haryana, India," J. Appl. Nat. Sci., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 25-28, 2011.
  [7] R. V. S. Pawaiya, A. K. Sharma, D. Swarup, and R. Somvanshi, "Pathology of mycotic gastritis in a wild Indian freshwater/marsh crocodile (Mugger; Crocodylus palustris): a case report," Vet. Med., vol. 56, pp. 135-139, 2011.
  [8] R. Vyas, "Current status of Marsh Crocodiles Crocodylus palustris (Reptilia: Crocodylidae) in Vishwamitri River, Vadodara City, Gujarat, India," J. Threat. Taxa, vol. 4, no. 14, pp. 3333-3341, 2012.
  [9] R. Vyas, "The Muggers (Crocodylus palustris) of Vishwamitri River: Past and Present," Herpetology and Environmental Research Project (HERP), Vadodara, Gujarat State, 32, 2010.
  [10] K. O. Chua, S. L. Song, H. S. Yong, W. S. See-Too, W. F. Yin, and K. G. Chan, "Microbial community composition reveals spatial variation and distinctive core microbiome of the weaver ant Oecophylla smaragdina in Malaysia," Sci. Rep., vol. 8, no. 1, p. 10777, 2018.
  [11] P. S. Clarke, "The natural history of sensitivity to jack jumper ants (Hymenoptera formicidae Myrmecia pilosula) in Tasmania," Med. J. Aust., vol. 145, no. 11-12, pp. 564-566, 1986.
  [12] G. A. Cresci and E. Bawden, "Gut microbiome: what we do and don`t know," Nutr. Clin. Pract., vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 734-746, 2015.
  [13] G. A. Cresci and E. Bawden, "Gut microbiome: what we do and don`t know," Nutr. Clin. Pract., vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 734-746, Nov.-Dec. 2015.
  [14] R. J. Dillon and V. M. Dillon, "The gut bacteria of insects: nonpathogenic interactions," Annu. Rev. Entomol., vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 71-92, 2004.
  [15] G. A. Cresci and E. Bawden, "Gut microbiome: what we do and don`t know," Nutr. Clin. Pract., vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 734-746, Nov.-Dec. 2015.
  [16] P. S. Clarke, "The natural history of sensitivity to jack jumper ants (Hymenoptera formicidae Myrmecia pilosula) in Tasmania," Med. J. Aust., vol. 145, no. 11-12, pp. 564-566, Nov.-Dec. 1986.
  [17] R. Siddiqui, S. Maciver, A. Elmoselhi, N. C. Soares, and N. A. Khan, "Longevity, cellular senescence and the gut microbiome: Lessons to be learned from crocodiles," Heliyon, vol. 7, no. 12, 2021.

  Citation
  Shreya Kalariya, Jigna Desai, Vishal Thakur, "Gut microbiota analysis of marsh crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) of Vishwamitri River," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.2, pp.44-48, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  The Physicochemical Dynamics of Epie Creek, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

  Oweifa Munasuonyo Domokuma, Alagoa Koru Joe

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp.49-55, Apr-2024

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  The Physicochemical Dynamics of Epie Creek, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State was investigated. This was done to measure the degree of direct and indirect human impacts on receiving systems of Epie creek, Bayelsa State. Physicochemical samples were collected for analyses once monthly from Four (4) stations for twelve (12) consecutive months between April 2021 and March 2022. Samples were collected between the hours of 08:00hrs to 12:00hrs during each sampling day using standard techniques. Physicochemical samples were analyzed for Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Alkalinity, Temperature, pH and Electrical conductivity (EC). Means and standard deviation were calculated for all physicochemical variables for both dry and wet seasons. Physicochemical data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the 95% confidence limit (P=0.05) in order to check the sources of variability and similarities in the measured values at stations within seasons. T-test was employed to determine the degree of variability of physicochemical parameters between seasons. This was aided by the SPSS® 20.0 statistics tool kit. Results indicate that all the physicochemical parameters were within the internationally permissible threshold for physicochemical parameters in fresh water. There were significant differences (P<0.05) of certain physicochemical parameters between the wet and dry seasons and between stations. It can be concluded that Epie creek in not under any immediate threat of pollution and the current practices around the creek be sustained or improved upon.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Physicochemistry, Dynamics, Epie creek, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

  References
  [1] O.F. Bilewu, I.O Ayanda and T.O Ajayi, Assessment of Physicochemical Parameters in Selected Water Bodies in Oyo and Lagos States. 3rd International Conference on Energy and Sustainable Environment IOP Conference Series: In Earth and Environmental Science, Nigeria, pp 1054 – 1062, 2022.
  [2] H.Y. Omoboye, A.I. Aduwo, H. Adewole and I.F. Adeniyi, Water quality and planktonic community of Owalla Reservoir, Osun State, Southwest Nigeria. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, Vol. 34, Issue. 11, pp. 5-10, 2022.
  [3] E. Oborie and H. Nwankwoala, Determination of Groundwater Flow Direction in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Journal of Scientific Achievements, Vol. 2, Issue 3, pp 23-27, 2017.
  [4] APHA, Standard method for the Examination of water and waste water 16th ed. American Public Health Association Washington D.C. 1985.
  [5] A.C. Chindah, A.I. Hart, A., Uzoma Periphyta associated with submerged macrophytes (Crinium natans) in the upper reaches of the New Calabar River, Niger Delta. J. Agric Biotech. Environ. Vol. 1, Issue 2, pp 37 – 46, 1999.
  [6] RPI, Environmental baseline studies for establishment of control criteria and standards against petroleum related pollution in Nigeria. RPI/R/84/15 – 17. 1985.
  [7] A.J Edogbotu The ecological quotient (EQ) of point sources of pollution along Okpoko creek, Port Harcourt. M.Sc Thesis, RSUST, Port Harcourt, pp 134, 1998.
  [8] A.I Hart & N. Zabbey Physico-chemical and benthic fauna of Woji Creek in the Lower Niger Delta, Nigeria. Environ. Ecology, Vol. 23, Issue 2, pp 361-368, 2005.
  [9] O.A. Davies, A.A Ugwumba & D.S Abolude, Physico-chemistry quality of Trans-Amadi (Woji) Creek, Port Harcourt, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Journal of Fisheries International, Vol. 3, Issue 1, pp 91-97, 2008.
  
  [10] J.F.N. Abowei & A.D.I Goerge, Some physical and chemical characteristics in Okpoka Creek; Niger Delta, Nigeria. Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences, Vol. 2, Issue 2, pp 45-53, 2009.
  
  [11] A.W. Akpan, & B.E. Akpan., Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in plankton distribution in a Nigerian tropical freshwater pond (Southern Nigeria). Acta Hydrobiology, Vol. 36, Issue 2, pp 201-211. 1994
  [12] M.A. Essien-Ibok,, A.W. Akpan, Udo M. T., Chude, L. A., Umoh & I.E. Asuquo, Seasonality in the physico-chemical characteristics of Mbo River, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agric. & Environment, Vol. 6, Issue 3, pp 60-72, 2010.
  [13] R.B Clerk Marine pollution. Clarandon Press, Oxford. 210 pp, 1986.
  [14] A.C. Chindah and S.A. Braide., Epipelic algal of tropical estuary: Case of stable and invariable seasonal community. Polish Journal. of Ecology, Vol. 51, Issue 1, pp. 91-99. 2003.
  [15] I.B Ekeh & F.D. Sikoki, The State and Seasonal variability of some pysico-chemical parameters in the New Calabar River, Nigeria. Supp, ad Acta Hydrobiol. Vol. 5, Issue 4, pp 45-60, 2003.
  [16] I.U. Ubong & A.E Gobo, Fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry and Meteorology. Tom and Harry Publications Ltd. Port Harcourt, 264 pp, 2001.
  [17] J.A. Adakole, The effects of domestic, agricultural and industrial effluents on the water quality and biota of Bindare stream, Zaria – Nigeria. PhD Thesis, Department of Biological Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. 256pp. 2000.
  [18] L. Etim & E.R Akpan Seasonal variation of metals (Hg, Pb, As) in the body tissue of Egeria radiate (Laru) Bivalvia: Tellinaceal: Doriacidae) from the Cross River, Nigeria. Journal of African Zoology, Vol. 105, Issue 1, pp 465- 472. 1991.
  [19] A.C Chindah, S.A. Braide, & C. Obunwo, The effect of municipal waste discharge on the physicochemical and phytoplankton in a brackish wetland in Bonny Estuary. Acta Hydrobiol. Vol. 40, Issue 5, pp 9-15. 1998.
  [20] N. Zabbey An Ecological Survey of Benthic Macroinvertebrates of Woji Creek, off the Bonny River System Rivers State. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Port Harcourt, 102pp, 2002.
  [21] E.A Ajao, The influence of domestic and industrial effluent on population of sessile and benthic organisms in lagos lagoon. Ph.D Thesis University of Ibadan. 411pp. 1990.
  [22] I.C. Onyema & I.T. Popoola, The Physico-Chemical Characteristics, Chlorophyll A Levels and Phytoplankton Dynamics of the East Mole Area of the Lagos Harbour, Lagos. Journal of Asian Scientific research. Vol. 3, Issue 10, pp 995-1010. 2013.
  [23] E.R. Akpan, Spatio-seasonal trend of physicochemical characteristics of Cross River Estuary, Nigeria”, Back Hugs publishers, Leiden, Netherlands. 1999.
  [24] E.R. Akpan., Influence of Meteorological and Hydrographic Factors in the Water Quality of Calabar River, Nigeria. Tropical Journal of Environmental Research, Vol. 2 Issue 3, pp 107-111. 2000.
  [25] K.J Alagoa & I.P. Aleleye-Wokoma, Human Induced Variations of Selected Physicochemical Parameters of Taylor Creek in the Niger Delta, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Resource and Environment, Vol. 2, Issue 2, pp 45-50, 2012.
  [26] J.E. Webb Biology in the tropics. Nature.Publisher, London, pp 617 – 619. 1960.
  [27] D.I. Nwankwo, Studies on the Environmental preference of blue-green algae (cyanophyta) in Nigeria coastal waters. The Nigeria Environmental Society Journal, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp 44 -51. 2004.
  [28] C.A Edokpayi, & J.A. Nkwoji, Annual changes in the physico-chemistry and macro-benthic invertebrate characteristics of the lagos lagoon sewage dump site at Iddo, Southern, Nigeria. Ecology, Environment and Conservation. Vol. 13, Issue 1, pp 13 – 18. 2007.
  [29] World Health Organization. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Manual, 4th ed. Geneva. 2011.
  [30] O. Obire, D.C. Tamuno, S.A. Wemedo, Physico-chemical quality of Elechi creek in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, vol. 7 Issue 1, pp 43-4 9, 2003.
  [31] R.G Wetzel, Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems. Third Edition, Academic Press, San Diego, 1006 pp. 2001.
  [32] S.K Gupta and R.C Gupta, General and Applied Ichthyology (Fish and Fisheries) S. Chand and Company Ltd. Ram Nagar, New Delhi, 1130pp, 2006.
  [33] B. Moss Ecology of freshwaters - man and medium. 2nd edition. Blackwell Scientific Publication. London. 417pp, 1993.
  [34] C.E. Boyd, Water quality in warm water fish ponds: Agricultural experimental station. Aubum University craft master publication Co. Alabama USA, 2nd edition , pp 35 – 69, 1981.

  Citation
  Oweifa Munasuonyo Domokuma, Alagoa Koru Joe, "The Physicochemical Dynamics of Epie Creek, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.2, pp.49-55, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  Analysis of Sex Differential Immunity and its Impacts on Health: A Comprehensive Review

  Diptarup Mallick

  Review Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp.56-65, Apr-2024

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Sex as a bio-variable affects both male and female immunity. Immunologically and phylogenetically both males and females are separated in terms of their innate and adaptive immunity and responses to self and non self antigens also and there are several influencing factors involved. Some sex differences in immune responses persist life long, while others become visible only after adolescence and before old age , indicating many immune regulatory genes( those on sex chromosomes) and sex hormones are equally engaged. There are four different life stages viz. fetal stage, childhood, adolescence and aging stage are characterized by sex differential levels of immunocytes, sex hormones and immune responsiveness . In addition ,microbiomes are influenced by early environmental exposures that also leads to sex differential immune responses. As well as micronutrient supplementations provide female-biased immunity. Henceforth, these sex differential immunity leads to variations in the frequency of some immunosuppressive diseases such as diseases caused by autoimmunity and malignant cancers, proneness to communicable diseases. Similarly differential vaccine efficiency are also seen in men and women and these differences affect their overall survival.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Sex, Innate immunity, Adaptive immunity, Genetic factors, Hormonal factors, External factors, Immunosuppressive diseases, Vaccine

  References
  [1] P. R. J. Burch , N. R. Rowell , “Genetic origin of some sex differences among human beings”, Pediatrics , Vol. 36 , pp. 658-659 , 1965 .
  [2] E. M. Hill-Burns , A. G. Clark ,“ X- Linked variation in immune response in Drosophila melanogaster”, Genetics , Vol. 183 , Issue. 4, pp. 1477-1491, 2009.
  [3] J. Kurtz et al, “Gender differences and individual variation in the immune system of the scorpion fly Panorpa vulgaris (Insecta: Mecoptera)”, Developmental and Comparative Immunology , Vol. 24 , Issue. 1 , pp. 1-12, 2000.
  [4] J. Lu, Y. Shi, T. Yao, C. Bai, J. Jiang, L. Ye, “Gender Differences in Hemocyte Immune Parameters of Hong Kong Oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis During Immune Stress ”, Frontiers in Immunology , Vol. 12 , e659469 , 2021.
  [5] V. Arizza et al, “Gender differences in the immune system activities of sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus ”, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology , Vol. 164 , pp. 447-455 , 2013.
  [6] S. Mondal , U. Rai, “ Sexual dimorphism in phagocytic activity of wall lizard’s splenic macrophage and its control by sex steroids ”, General and Comparative Endocrinology , Vol.116 ,pp. 291-298, 1999.
  [7] J. A. Fargallo , J. Martinez- Padilla , A. Toledano- Diaz , J. Santiago- Moreno , J. A. Davila ,“ Sex and testosterone effects on growth, immunity and melanin coloration of nestling Eurasian kestrels” , Journal of Animal Ecology , Vol. 76 , Issue. 1 , pp. 201-209 , 2007 .
  [8] A. Ruggieri et al, “The influence of sex and gender on immunity, infection and vaccination ”, Ann Ist Super Sanita , Vol. 52 , Issue, 2 , pp. 198-204 , 2016.
  [9] B. Berghöfer et al, “ TLR7 ligands induce higher IFN-a production in females ” Journal of Immunology, Vol. 177 , pp. 2088-2096 , 2006.
  [10] S. L. Klein , A. Jedlicka, A. Pekosz , “The Xs and Y of immune responses to viral vaccines ”, Lancet Infectious Diseases, Vol. 10 , pp. 338-349 ,2010.
  [11] M. Aomatsu, T. Kato, E. Kasahara, S. Kitagawa, “Gender difference in tumor necrosis factor-a production in human neutrophils stimulated by lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma ”, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications , Vol. 441 , pp. 220-225 , 2013 .
  [12] G. Leposavic ,I. Pilipovic ,M. Perisic ,“Cellular and nerve fibre catecholaminergic thymic network: steroid hormone dependent activity ”, Physiological Research, Vol. 60 , Suppl. 1, pp. S71-S82 , 2011 .
  [13] L. K. Case et al, “ Chromosome Y regulate survival following murine coxsackievirus b3 infection ”, G3 , Vol. 2 , pp. 115-121 ,2012.
  [14] B. R. Migeon,“The role of X inactivation and cellular mosaicism in women’s health and sex-specific diseases ”, Journal of the American Medical Association , Vol. 295 , pp. 1428-1433 , 2006.
  [15] Z. Spolarics, “The X- files of inflammation: cellular mosaicism of X-linked polymorphic genes and the female advantage in the host response to injury and infection ” , Shock , Vol. 27 , pp. 597-604 , 2007.
  [16] E. Cacciari et al, “Serum immunoglobulins and lymphocyte subpopulations derangement in Turner’s syndrome ” , International Journal of Immunogenetics , Vol. 8 , pp. 337-344 , 1981.
  [17] I. Pinheiro , L. Dejager ,C. Libert, “ X chromosome located micro RNAs in immunity: might they explain male/female differences? The X chromosome- genomic context may affect X- located miRNAs and downstream signalling, thereby contributing to the enhanced immune response in females ”, BioEssays , Vol. 33 , pp. 791-802 ,2011.
  [18] R. H. Straub, “The complex role of estrogen in inflammation ”, Endocrine Reviews , Vol. 28 , pp. 521-574 , 2007.
  [19] P. D’Agostino et al, “Sex hormones modulate inflammatory mediators produced by macrophages ”, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , Vol. 876 , pp. 426-429 , 1999.
  [20] K. Kawai et al, “Sex differences in the effects of maternal vitamin supplements on mortality and morbidity among children born to HIV- infected women in Tanzania ”, British Journal of Nutrition , Vol. 103 , pp. 1784-1791 , 2010.
  [21] C. Dominianni et al, “ Sex, body mass index, dietary fibre intake influence the human gut microbiome ”, PLoS ONE , Vol. 10 , Issue. 4, e0124599 ,2015.
  [22] A. A. Sharma et al, “Hierarchical maturation of innate immune defences in very preterm neonates ”, Neonatology , Vol. 106 , pp. 1-9 , 2014.
  [23] G. Leposavic , M. Perisic, I. Pilipovic,“ Role of gonadal hormones in programming developmental changes in thymopoietic efficiency and sexual diergism in thymopoiesis ” , Immunologic Research , Vol. 52 , pp. 7-19 , 2012.
  [24] R. Lamson et al, “ Sexual dimorphism in immune response genes as a function of puberty ”, BMC Immunology ,Vol. 7 , pp. 2 , 2006.
  [25] K. Hirokawa et al, “Slower immune system aging in women versus men in Japanese population ”, Immunity and Aging , Vol. 10 , Issue. 1 , pp. 19 , 2013.
  [26] D. Fairweather , S. Frisancho- Kiss , N. R. Rose ,“Sex differences in autoimmune disease from a pathological perspective ”, The American Journal of Pathology , Vol. 173 , pp. 600-609 , 2008.
  [27] J. Fischer, N. Jung , N. Robinson, C. Lehmann, “Sex differences in immune responses to infectious diseases ”, Infection , Vol. 43 , pp. 399-403, 2015.
  [28] I. F. Cook, “Sexual dimorphism of humoral immunity with human vaccines ”, Vaccine , Vol. 26 , pp. 3551-3555, 2008.
  [29] C. Ie sage et al, “Regulation of the p27(Kip1) tumor suppressor by miR-221 and miR-222 promotes cancer cell proliferation ”, The EMBO Journal , Vol. 26, pp. 3699-3708 , 2007.
  [30] J. B. Johnnidis et al, “ Regulation of progenitor cell proliferation and granulocyte function by micro RNA-223”, Nature , Vol. 451, pp. 1125-1129 , 2008.
  [31] L. Fontana et al, “Micro RNAs 17-5p-20a-106a control monocytopoiesis through AML 1 targeting and M-CSF receptor up regulation ”, Nature Cell Biology , Vol. 9 , pp. 775-787 ,2007.
  [32] A. Rosa et al,“The interplay between the master transcription factor PU.1 and miR-424 regulate human monocyte/macrophage differentiation ”, Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences , Vol. 104 , pp. 19849-19854 , 2007.
  [33] C. A. Liu et al, “ Prediction of elevated cord blood IgE levels by maternal IgE levels, and the neonate’s gender and gestational age ”, Chang Gung Medical Journal , Vol. 26 , pp. 561-569 , 2003.
  [34] S. S. Uppal, S. Verma, P. S. Dhot, “ Normal values of CD 4 and CD 8 lymphocyte subsets in healthy indian adults and the effects of sex, age, ethnicity, and smoking ”, Cytometry Part B: Clinical Cytometry , Vol. 52 , pp. 32-36 ,2003.

  Citation
  Diptarup Mallick, "Analysis of Sex Differential Immunity and its Impacts on Health: A Comprehensive Review," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.2, pp.56-65, 2024