Volume-9 , Issue-4 , Aug 2022, ISSN 2455-3174 (Online) Go Back

• Open Access   Article

  Assessment of Water Quality Status for Drinking Water Sources of Vikasnagar Block of Dehradun District, Uttarakhand

  S. Dwivedi

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRCS)

  Vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp.1-6, Aug-2022

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Water is one of the abundantly available substances in nature. It is an essential constituent of all animals and vegetable matter and about 75% of matter of Earth’s crust. It is also an essential ingredient of animal and plant life. Water is distributed in nature in different forms. The chief sources of water supply are ground water, surface water, sea water and rain water. Water obtained from different sources is associated with a large number of impurities. Water gets impurities of various kinds from ground or soil with which it comes in to contact Water also gets contaminated with effluents when these are allowed to flow into running water or through percolation through the ground. WQI is a statistical contrivance pre-owned to metamorphose of considerable size quantities of water quality data into a single number. The contemporary investigation was tackled to estimate the appropriateness of 8 drinking water sources of Vikasnagar block of Dehradun for drinking purpose at the time pre- and post-monsoon seasons of the year 2021. The accomplished water quality data of drinking water sources was further enforced for the estimate of weighted arithmetic Water Quality Index (WQI). At the time of pre-monsoon season four water sources were classified as Excellent while three water sources were classified as good and one water source was of poor quality due to higher permissible values of Sulphate, Calcium and Iron.It has been perceive specially the utility of WQI were under get going with ‘A’ category at a time post-monsoon phase.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Animal; Plant; Nature; Water sources.

  References
  [1] A. Prüss-Ustün, J. Wolf, J. Bartram, T. Clasen, O. Cumming, M.C. Freeman, B. Gordon, P. R. Hunter, K. Medlicott, R. Johnston, “ Burden of Disease from Inadequate Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Selected Adverse Health Outcomes: An Updated Analysis with a Focus on Low and Middle-Income Countries,” International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, Vol. 222, Issue.5, pp. 765–777, 2019.
  [2] P. Barman, J. Ghosh, S. Deb, “Study of Water Quality, Socio-economic Status and Policy Intervention in Spring Ecosystems of Tripura, North East India,” Discover Water, Vol. 2, Issue.7, pp. 1-14, 2022.
  [3] R.M. Brown, N.I. McClelland, R.A. Deininger, R.G. Tozer, “Water Quality Index-Do We Dare?,” Water Sewage Works, Vol. 117, Issue. 10, pp. 339–343, 1970.
  [4] S.B. Ghoderao, S.G. Meshram, C. Meshram, “Development and Evaluation of a Water Quality Index for Groundwater Quality Assessment in Parts of Jabalpur District, Madhya Pradesh, India,” Water Sewage Works, Vol. 22, Issue. 6, pp. 36-43, 2022.
  [5] S. Kanga Idé, M. Naimi, M. Chikhaoui , “ Assessment of Surface Water Quality Using Indices and Geographic Information System in the Sebou River Basin, Morocco,” European Scientific Journal, Vol. 17, Issue. 10, pp. 249-269, 2021.
  [6] D. J. Gadekar, S. Sonkar, “ Physico- Chemical Characteristics of Ground Water in Rahuri Tahsil of Ahmednagar District, M.S., India,” International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.1, pp.04-08, 2021.
  [7]?. Turhan, “Determination of Major Minerals in Natural Bottled Fruit-Flavored Mineral Water Samples Consumed in Turkey,” International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.3, pp.01-05, 2021.
  [8] K.Yogendra, E.T. Puttaiah, “Determination of Water Quality Index and Suitability of an Urban Waterbody in Shimoga Town Karnataka,” In Proceedings of Taal2007: The 12th World Lake Conference, pp. 342-346, 2008.
  [9] I.N. Balan, M. Shivakumar, P.D.M. Kumar, “An Assessment of Ground Water Quality Using Water Quality Index in Chennai Tamil Nadu, India,” Chronicles Young Scientist, Vol. 3, Issue.2, pp. 146-150, 2012.
  [10] S. Tyagi, B. Sharma, P. Singh, R. Dobhal, “Water Quality Assessment in Terms of Water Quality Index.” American Journal of Water Resources, Vol. 1, Issue. 3, pp. 34-36, 2013.
  [11] A. Upadhyay, M. Chandrakala, “Water Quality Index of Narmada River Water Jabalpur, MP, India,” International Journal Science and Nature, Vol.7, Issue. 4, pp. 809-812, 2016.

  Citation
  S. Dwivedi, "Assessment of Water Quality Status for Drinking Water Sources of Vikasnagar Block of Dehradun District, Uttarakhand," International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.4, pp.1-6, 2022

• Open Access   Article

  Assessment of Essential Major Minerals in European Sweet Chestnuts Grown in Turkey

  S. Turhan, N. Turfan, A. Kurnaz, G. Akgül

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRCS)

  Vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp.7-11, Aug-2022

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Chestnut fruit has been essential in public nutritional habits since old times. World chestnut production has increased gradually over the last decade due to consumers` distinct belief in its nutritional quality and potential health benefits. Turkey is one of the most important chestnut manufacturers and importers in Europe. In this study, the concentrations of the major essential minerals in forty-one samples belonging to local varieties of European sweet chestnut grown in Turkey were determined using an ICP-OES spectrometry. The mean concentrations of Na, S, Mg, P, Ca, and K in sweet chestnut samples are 44, 377, 418, 620, 1029, and 7237 mg/kg dry weight (dw), respectively. The Mg, K, and Ca concentrations are bigger than those found in the literature. Turkish chestnuts contribute significantly to the intake of K and Ca.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Sweet chestnut; Potassium; Calcium; Phosphor; Sulphur; ICP-OES; Turkey

  References
  [1] R. Massantini, R. Moscetti, M.T. Frangipane, “Evaluating progress of chestnut quality: A review of recent developments”, Trends Food Sci Technol, Vol.113, pp. 245–254, 2021.
  [2] S. Toprak, “The effect of potassium applications on fruit yield and some quality characteristics of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa mill.)”, Int J Agric For Life Sci, Vol.3, Issue.2, pp. 295–300, 2019.
  [3] U. Serdar, B. Akyüz, V. Ceyhan, K. Hazneci, C. Mert, E. Er, E. Ertan, K. Coskuncu, V. Uylaser, “Horticultural Characteristics of Chestnut Growing in Turkey”, Erwerbs-Obstbau, Vol. 60 pp. 230–245, 2018.
  [4] TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute). https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Bitkisel-Uretim-Istatistikleri-2021-37249. Access date 10.03.2022.
  [5] I. Poljak, N. Vah?i?, A. Vidakovi?, K. Tumpa, I. Žarkovi?, M. Idžojti?, “Traditional Sweet chestnut and hybrid varieties: chemical composition, morphometric and qualitative nut characteristics”, Agronomy, Vol.11, pp. 1–20, 2021.
  [6] N. Yüksel, E.Ü. Balçik, D.D. ?irinyildiz, Z. Binat, O. Boyacio?lu, “The Importance of the chestnut fruit which is one of the values of Aydin”, Turkish J Nature Sci, Vol. 9, Issue.1, pp. 162-166, 2020.
  [7] M.C.B.M. De Vasconcelos, R.N. Bennett, E.A.S. Rosa, J.V. Ferreira-Cardoso, “Composition of European chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) and association with health effects: fresh and processed products”, J Sci Food Agric, Vol. 90, pp. 1578-1589, 2010.
  [8] G. Vázquez, M. Calvo, M.S. Freire, J. González-Alvarez, G. Antorrena, “Chestnut shell as heavy metal adsorbent: Optimization study of lead, copper and zinc cations removal”, J Hazard Mate, Vol. 172, Issue. 2-3, pp. 1402–1414, 2009.
  [9] V. Corregidor, A.L. Antonio, L.C. Alves, S.C. Verde, “Castanea sativa shells and fruits: Compositional analysis by proton induced X-ray emission”, Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res B, Vol. 477, pp. 98-103, 2020.
  [10] K.O. Soetan, C.O. Olaiya, O.E. Oyewole, “The importance of mineral elements for humans, domestic animals and plants: A review”, Afr J Food Sci, Vol. 4, Issue. 5, pp. 200-222, 2010.
  [11] M. Akbulut, M.R. Bozhuyuk, S. Ercisli, A. Skender, K. Sorkheh, “Chemical composition of seed propagated chestnut genotypes from Northeastern Turkey”, Not Bot Horti Agrobo, Vol. 45, Issue. 2, pp. 425-430, 2017.
  [12] R. Blomhoff, M.H. Carlsen, L.F. Andersen, D.R. Jacobs, “Health benefits of nuts: potential role of antioxidants”, Brit J Nutr, Vol. 96, pp. 52-60, 2006.
  [13] O. Borges, B. Gonçalves, J.S. Carvalho, P. Correia, A.P. Silva, “Nutritional quality of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) cultivars from Portugal”, Food Chem, Vol. 106, pp. 976–984, 2008.
  [14] J.C.M. Barreira, S. Casal, I.C.F.R. Ferreira, M.B.P.P. Oliveira, J.A. Pereira, “Nutritional, fatty acid and triacylglycerol profiles of Castanea sativa Mill. cultivars: A compositional and chemometric approach”, J Agric Food Chem, Vol. 57, pp. 2836–2842, 2009.
  [15] V. Cristofori, M. Muganu, P. Graziosi, G. Beratazza, C. Bignami, “Comparison of nut traits and quality evaluation of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) germplasm in Latium Region (Central Italy)”, Acta Hortic, Vol. 815, pp. 133–140, 2009.
  [16] L. Neri, G. Dimitri, G. Sacchetti, “Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of cured chestnuts from three sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) ecotypes from Italy”, J Food Compost Anal, Vol. 23, pp. 23–29, 2010.
  [17] I. Mujic, V. Agayn, J. Zivkovic, D. Velic, V. Alibabic, A. Rekic, “Chestnuts a comfort ‘Health Food’”, Acta Hortic, Vol. 866, pp. 659–665, 2010.
  [18] M. Nazzaro, C. Barbarisi, F. La Cara, M.G. Golpe, “Chemical and biochemical characterisation of an IGP ecotype chestnut subjected to different treatments”, Food Chem, Vol. 128, pp. 930–936, 2011.
  [19] L. Jie, L. Xiaoyu, W. Wei, X. Wu, Z. Jun, Z. Zhu, “Measurement of protein content in chestnuts using near infrared spectroscopy”, J Chem Pharm Res, Vol. 6, Issue. 6, pp. 938–941, 2014.
  [20] F. Yang, Q. Liu, S.Y. Pan, C. Xu, Y.L.L. Xiong, “Chemical composition and quality traits of Chinese chestnuts (Castanea mollissima) produced in different ecological regions”, Food Biosci, Vol. 11, pp. 33-42, 2015.
  [21] K. Muzaffar, I.A. Maqbool, F.A. Wani, F.A. Masoodi, M.M. Bhat, “Physico-chemical characterization of sweet chestnut (castanea sativa l.) Starch grown in temperate climate of Kashmir, India”, Acta Aliment, Vol. 45, Issue. 2, pp. 258-267, 2016.
  [22] F. Yang, X. Huang, C. Zhang, M. Zhang, C. Huang, H. Yang, “Amino acid composition and nutritional value evaluation of Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) and its protein subunit”, RSC Adv, Vol. 8, pp. 2653–2659, 2018.
  [23] A. Choupina, “Nutritional and health potential of European chestnut”, Rev Bras Ciênc Agrár, Vol. 42, Issue. 3, pp. 801–807, 2019.
  [24] E.L. Piccolo, M. Landi, C. Ceccanti, A.N. Mininni, L. Marchetti, R. Massai, L. Guidi, D. Remorini, “Nutritional and nutraceutical properties of raw and traditionally obtained flour from chestnut fruit grown in Tuscany”, Eur Food Res Technol, Vol. 246, pp. 1867–1876, 2020.
  [25] T. Koyuncu, U. Serdar, I. Tosun, “Drying characteristics and energy requirement for dehydration of chestnuts (Castanea sativa Mill.)”, J Food Engin, Vol. 62, pp. 165–168, 2004.
  [26] Ü. Ertürk, C. Mert, A. Soylu, “Chemical composition of fruits of some important chestnut cultivars”, Braz Arch Biol Technol, Vol. 49, Issue. 2, pp. 183–188, 2006.
  [27] E. Ertan, “Variability in leaf and fruit morphology and in fruit composition of chestnuts (Castanea sativa Mill.) in the Nazilli Region of Turkey”, Genet Resour Crop Evol, Vol. 54, Issue. 5, pp. 691–699, 2007.
  [28] S. Ak?ll?, Y.Z. Katircio?lu, S. Maden, “Chestnut cankers in Black Sea region of Turkey”, Acta Hortic, Vol. 815, pp. 247-252, 2009.
  [29] U. Serdar, H. Demirsoy, L. Demirsoy, “Determination of superior chestnut genotypes in the central black sea region of Turkey”, Acta Hortic, Vol. 815, pp. 37-42, 2009.
  [30] U.M. Y?ld?z, M.M. Özcan, S. Çal???r, F. Demir, F. Er, “Physico-chemical properties of wild chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) fruit grown in Turkey”, World Appl Sci J, Vol. 6, Issue. 3, pp. 365–372, 2009.
  [31] S. Otles, I. Selek, “Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) fruits”, Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods, Vol. 4, pp. 199–205, 2012.
  [32] Y.B. Yurtlu, U. Serdar, E. Yesiloglu, “Physical properties of some chestnut cultivars produced in Black Sea Region of Turkey”, Acta Hortic, Vol. 1019, pp. 249-255, 2014.
  [33] F. Er, P.T. Özcan, M.M. Özcan, E. Duman, Z. Endes, “Some chemical properties of chestnut (Castanea Sativa Mill.) fruit collected from different locations in Turkey”, IAAOJ Scientific Sci, Vol. 1, Issue. 1, pp. 9-12, 2015.
  [34] Y. Ormeci, Y. Akca, S. Ercisli, “Selection of promising chestnuts (Castanea sativa) among wild growing trees from Southern Mediterranean region of Turkey”, J For Res, Vol. 27, Issue. 2, pp. 349–355, 2016.
  [35] C. Mert, Ü. Ertürk, “Chemical compositions and sugar profiles of consumed chestnut cultivars in Marmara region, Turkey”, Not Bot Horti Agrobot Cluj Napoca, Vol. 45, pp. 203–207, 2017.
  [36] S. Turhan, “Determination of major minerals in natural bottled fruit-flavored mineral water samples consumed in Turkey”, Int. J. Sci. Res. in Chemical Sciences, Vol. 8, Issue. 3, pp. 1-5, 2021.
  [37] M. A.Ali, A.M. Elgerbi, E.J. Emhemmad, W.K. Amhimmid, “Assessment of Some Physico-chemical and Bacteriological Properties of Bottled Drinking Water in the Wadi Al-Shati Area Southern of Libya”, Int. J. Sci. Res. in Chemical Sciences, Vol. 7, Issue. 6, pp. 6-11, 2020.
  [38] M.A. McCarthy, F.I. Meredith, “Nutrient data on chestnuts consumed in the United States”, Econ Bot, Vol. 42, Issue. 1, pp. 29–36, 1988.
  [39] H.R. Jeong, Y.N. Jo, J.H. Jeong, D.E. Jin, B.G. Song, Y.R. Jin, M.J. Kim, U. Lee, H.J. Heo, “Change in the chemical composition of chestnuts (castanea crenata) from different periods”, Korean J Food Sci Tech, Vol. 44, Issue. 4, pp. 396–400, 2012.
  [40] J. Díaz-Gómez, M. Hernández-Suárez, C. Díaz-Romero, E.M. Rodríguez-Rodríguez, “Composición química de cultivares locales de castañas de Tenerife:II. Composición mineral chemical composition of local chestnut cultivars in tenerife island: II. mineral composition”, CYTA - Journal of Food, Vol. 5, Issue. 3, pp. 206–213, 2006.
  [41] S. Pereira-Lorenzo, A.M. Ramos-Cabrer, M.B. Díaz-Hernández, M. Ciordia-Ara, D. Ríos-Mesa, “Chemical composition of chestnut cultivars from Spain”, Sci Hortic, Vol. 107, pp. 306–314, 2006.

  Citation
  S. Turhan, N. Turfan, A. Kurnaz, G. Akgül, "Assessment of Essential Major Minerals in European Sweet Chestnuts Grown in Turkey," International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.4, pp.7-11, 2022

• Open Access   Article

  Determination of Major and Minor Oxides in Bentonite Samples From Quarries in Turkey

  S. Turhan, O. Metin, A. Kurnaz

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRCS)

  Vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp.12-16, Aug-2022

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Bentonite mineral is widely used as additive raw or filling material in various sectors (ceramics, cosmetics, paint, textile, casting, construction, etc.). The effective and efficient use of bentonites in these sectors depends on their chemical components. In this study, a total of ninety-eight bentonite samples collected from twenty-three quarries located in different geographical regions of Turkey were analyzed by EDXRF to determine the major and minor element distributions of bentonite quarries. The mean concentrations of K2O, Na2O, MgO, Fe2O3, CaO, Al2O3, SiO2, MnO, P2O5, SO3 and TiO2 analyzed in all bentonite samples were found as 1.40%, 2.78%, 3.25%, 4.36%, 4.65%, 15.24%, 54.12%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.35% and 0.58%, respectively. The highest concentrations of SiO2, Fe2O3, K2O and SO3, and TiO2 were analyzed in samples collected from bentonite quarries located in Ordu, Çorum, Trabzon, and Çank?r? provinces, respectively. The bentonite quarries in Konya province have the highest concentrations of Al2O3, MgO, P2O5, and MnO, while the bentonite quarry in Trabzon province has the highest concentrations of Na2O and CaO.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Bentonite, Major oxides, Minor oxides, EDXRF, Turkey.

  References
  [1] DPT (State Planning Organization). Eighth Five-Year Development Plan-Mining Specialization Commission Report, General Industrial Minerals IV, "Bentonite-Barite-Diatomite-Abrasives", Working Group Report, DPT: 2621-Ö?K: 632, Ankara, 2001. (In Turkish)
  [2] D.D. Eisenhour, R.K. Brown, “Bentonite and its impact on modern life,” Elements, Vol. 5, Issue. 2, pp. 83-88, 2009.
  [3] D. Eisenhour, F. Reisch F. “Bentonite”, in Kogel, J.E., Trivedi, N.C., Barker, J.M., and Krukowski, S.T., eds., “Industrial minerals and rocks (7th ed.): Littleton, CO, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration Inc., pp. 357-368, 2006
  [4] C. Reichl, M. Schatz M, “World Mining Data 2021”, Volume 36. Mineral Production. Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Regions and Tourism, Vienna, 2021
  [5] G. Christidis, D.H. Huff., “Geologic aspects and genesis of bentonites,” Elements, Vol. 5, Issue. 2, pp. 93-98, 2009.
  [6] N. Y?ld?z, A. Çal?ml?, “Alteration of three Turkish bentonites by treatment with Na2CO3 and H2SO4,” Turkish Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 26, Issue. 3, pp. 393-401, 2002.
  [7] M.Ç. Karakaya, N. Karakaya, S. Bakir, “Some properties and potential applications of the Na- and Ca- bentonite of Ordu,” Applied Clay Sciences, Vol. 54, Issue. 2, pp. 159-65, 2011.
  [8] N. Yener, C. Bicer, M. Onal, Y. Sar?kaya, “Simultaneous determination of cation exchange capacity and surface area of acid activated bentonite powders by methylene blue sorption,” Applied Surface Science, Vol. 258, Issue. 7, pp. 2534-2539, 2012.
  [9] S.A. Memon, R. Arsalan, S. Khan, S, T.Y. Lo, “Utilization of Pakistan bentonite as partial replacement of cement in concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 30, Issue. 5, pp. 237-242, 2012.
  [10] S. Özdamar, Ö.I. Ece, B. Uz, F. Boylu, H.Ü. Ercan, G. Yanik, “Element mobility during the formation of the Uzunisa?Ordu bentonite, NE Turkey, and potential applications,” Clay Minerals, Vol. 49, Issue. 5, pp. 609–633, 2014.
  [11] F. Çoban, “The mineralogy and geochemistry of Bigadiç (Bal?kesir) bentonite deposits and the mobility of major, trace and rare earth elements during bentonitization,” Çukurova University Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Vol. 29, Issue. 2, pp. 55-68, 2014.
  [12] M.P. Mirhoseini, A. Astaraei, A. Karimi, G. Karimi, G, “Identification and purification of montmorillonite mineral of Ghaen mine bentonite,” Journal of Water and Soil (Agricultural Sciences and Technology), Vol. 28, Issue. 5, pp. 987-997, 2014.
  [13] M. Barkat, S. Chegrouche, A. Mellah, B.BBensmain, D. Nibou, M. Boufatit, M, “Application of Algerian bentonite in the removal of cadmium (II) and chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions,” Journal of Surface Engineered Materials and Advanced Technology, Vol. 4, Issue. 4, pp. 210-226, 2014.
  [14] M. Toor, B. Jin, S. Dai, V. Vimonses, “Activating natural bentonite as a cost effective adsorbent for removal of Congo-red in wastewater,” Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 21, Issue. 1, pp. 653-661, 2015.
  [15] W. Huang, Y.K. Leong, T. Chen, P.I. Au, X. Liu, Z. Qiu, “Surface chemistry and rheological properties of API bentonite drilling fluid: pH effect, yield stress, zeta potential and ageing behaviour,” Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol. 146, Issue. 10, pp. 561-569, 2016.
  [16] S.L. Abdullahi, A.A. Audu, “Comparative analysis on chemical composition of bentonite clays obtained from Ashaka and Tango deposits in Gombe state, Nigeria,” ChemSearch Journal, Vol. 8, Issue. 2, pp. 35-40, 2017.
  [17] K. Khan, S.A. Khan, M.U. Saleem, M. Ashraf, “Improvement of locally available raw bentonite for use as drilling mud”, The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal, Vol. 11, Issue. 1, pp. 274-284, 2017.
  [18] Y. Kalpakl?, “Determination of reaction conditions of the zinc adsorption onto raw ca-bentonite,” Omer Halisdemir University Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol. 7, Issue. 2, pp. 1004-1012, 2018.
  [19] K. Al-Essa, K. “Activation of Jordanian bentonite by Hydrochloric acid and its potential for olive mill wastewater enhanced treatment,” Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 15, Issue. 2, pp. 1-10, 2018
  [20] X. Ge, C. Mou, C. Wang, X. Men, C. Chen, Q. Hou, “Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of Kbentonites from the Late Ordovician to the Early Silurian in South China and their geological significance,” Geological Journal, Vol. 54, Issue. 3, pp. 514-528, 2019.
  [21] N.Siritongkham, W. Srichan, S. Khositanont, P. Limtrakun, “Mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of bentonite deposits in Lam Narai volcanic belts, Lop Buri province, central Thailand,” SN Applied Sciences, Vol. 2, Issue. 5, pp. 1-10, 2020.
  [22] A.S. Ibrahim, M.A. Al-Bidry, “Activation and enhancement of the performance of Iraqi Ca-bentonite for using as drilling fluid in Iraqi oil fields,” Iraqi Journal of Science, Vol. 61, Issue. 11, pp. 2964-2977, 2020.
  [23] B. Nabil, O.H. Malek, “Characterization and purification of Algerian natural bentonite for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications.” BMC Chemistry, Vol. 15, Issue. 50, pp. 1-11, 2021.
  [24] H.H. Ait, M. Akodad, M. Baghour, A. Moumen, A. Skalli, G. Azizi, H. Gueddari, M. Maach, M. Aalaoul, A. Anjjar, L. Daoudi, “Valorization of Moroccan bentonite deposits: “purification and treatment of margin by the adsorption process,” Molecules, Vol. 26, Issue. 18, pp. 1-20, 2021.
  [25] ?. Turhan, S. Tokat, A. Kurnaz, A. Alt?kulaç, “Distribution of elemental compositions of zeolite quarries and calculation of radiogenic heat generation,” International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 2020, DOI: 10.1080/03067319.2020.1839439
  [26] ?. Turhan, A.M.K. Garad, A. Hançerlio?ullar?, A. Kurnaz, E. Gören, C. Duran, M. Karata?l?, A. Alt?kulaç, G. Savac?, A. Ayd?n, “Ecological assessment of heavy metals in soil around a coal-fired thermal power plant in Turkey,” Environmental Earth. Sciences, Vol. 79, Issue. 134, pp. 1-15, 2020.
  [27] A.A. Yaroshevsky, “Abundances of chemical elements in the earth’s crust,” Geochemistry International, Vol. 44, Issue. 1, pp. 48–55, 2006.

  Citation
  S. Turhan, O. Metin, A. Kurnaz, "Determination of Major and Minor Oxides in Bentonite Samples From Quarries in Turkey," International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.4, pp.12-16, 2022