Volume-10 , Issue-2 , Feb 2024, ISSN 2454-9312 (Online), 2454-6143 (Print) Go Back

• Open Access   Article

  Assessment of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices Among Households in Owerri West Local Government Area, Imo State, Nigeria

  Orji S. Mercy, Ede A. Okorie, Osuoji J. Nkechi, Nwazunku A. Alugbala, Anyanwu E. O, Ihekwoaba E. Nwaoma, Nnamdi O. Mbaegbu, Opara M. Chigozie, Ogbonna M. Chidiadi

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp.1-7, Feb-2024

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  Abstract
  Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) are very important to the well-being and health of people. Also, it is not only a requirement for health, but it contributes to the life development of people in the society, enhances school attendance for children and helps to create good health for people living in pliant environments. This study aimed to assess the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices in Owerri West Local Government Area, Imo state. A cross-sectional descriptive design was adopted using a multi-stage sampling technique to recruit a total of 443 participants and using a questionnaire and checklist as instruments for the data collection process. The collected data were entered into computer software (Microsoft excel and analysed by using IBM-SPSS statistics version 23). The results of this study was presented in tables (frequency and percentage) and charts. The findings showed that 59.6% of the respondents lack access to potable water supply. Concerning the main source of water supply used by the community, 46.9% reported public taps, 5.3% reported stream/river/well, 29.5% reported hand pumps. Out the 443 respondents, majority (47.7%) treated their drinking water by boiling and only 27% use improved pit latrine, 24.4% use pit flush toilet while 2.3% practice open defecation. Majority of the respondents (69.6%) do wash their hands after defecation. In terms of waste disposal, 32.6% reported open dumping practice, 61.5% reported clean toilet, 29.8% said they had washing basin in the toilet, 53.8% said available of cleaning materials, 76.5% said presence of water supply. In conclusion, the findings of this study showed some level of improvement with the provision of a good supply of water for human use. It also recorded a good practice of hand washing among the household members. However, sanitation and hygiene are still a major challenge since a considerable proportion of respondents do not treat their drinking water. Therefore, the recommendations should include; uninterrupted campaigns among the household people and beyond toward proper disposal of household waste, engagement in the promotion of good hygiene practices (hand-washing with soap and water, water treatment before use and involvement of community participation in clean-up exercises.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Assessment, Household, Hygiene, Sanitation, Water

  References
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  Citation
  Orji S. Mercy, Ede A. Okorie, Osuoji J. Nkechi, Nwazunku A. Alugbala, Anyanwu E. O, Ihekwoaba E. Nwaoma, Nnamdi O. Mbaegbu, Opara M. Chigozie, Ogbonna M. Chidiadi, "Assessment of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices Among Households in Owerri West Local Government Area, Imo State, Nigeria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.10, Issue.2, pp.1-7, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  Corporate Governance Dynamics: Exploring Influence on Financial Performance and Market Valuation

  G. Thouseef Ahamed, S. Aneel Amrutha Raju

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp.8-17, Feb-2024

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  Abstract
  The study explores the intricate relationship between corporate governance variables and financial performance indices in various sectors using data from 48 companies operating in 24 sectors. ANOVA, Regression analysis and correlation analysis are employed as quantitative research methods for revealing the interrelationships amongst board composition, CEO remuneration, executive directors’ proportion and financial measures such as EV/Net Operating Revenue, P/B Ratio among others. The results show that while Board Size positively influences trading capabilities executive directors are associated with higher asset turnover ratio. Conversely, negative correlations were reported between executive stock ownership and Price-to-Book ratio which may affect market valuation. Also, current ratio has positive relationship with CEO remuneration while gender diversity influences P/B Ratio favorably among other factors considered in this study. It is worth noting that independent directors’ proportion, ownership concentration and committee structure do not significantly explain variations on financial performance indicators. This study adds to existing knowledge on understanding the complex interaction between corporate governance systems and financial performance emphasizing their importance to in determining company valuation measures.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Corporate governance, financial performance, Board size, Executive directors, CEO remuneration, Gender diversity, Committee structure

  References
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  Citation
  G. Thouseef Ahamed, S. Aneel Amrutha Raju, "Corporate Governance Dynamics: Exploring Influence on Financial Performance and Market Valuation," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.10, Issue.2, pp.8-17, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  Designing a CAD model and Optimization of a Glass Cleaning Robot Body Part by Generative Design Using Autodesk Fusion 360

  Pramiti Tewari, Nitesh Pandey, Amit Kumar Srivastava, Pankaj Gupta

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp.18-24, Feb-2024

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  Abstract
  Over the years, there have been major developments in the field of robotics, the autonomous cleaning systems was another such advancement. The research paper presents the designing and optimization of the leg of the Smart Glass Cleaning Robot by using the Generative Design module. The main aim of the leg mechanism in a glass cleaning robot is to provide stability and mobility, ensuring the safe and effective operation of the robot on vertical or horizontal glass surfaces. This critical component is fundamental to the robot’s ability to adhere to glass, maintain equilibrium, and navigate while carrying out tasks. In this research paper, the author delves into the significance of the leg mechanism in smart glass cleaning robots, elaborating the component’s role in the efficiency, safety, complexity and precision of the cleaning process. Additionally, the author discusses the challenges associated with the design and potential future advancements in area, aiming to contribute to the ongoing development of glass cleaning robots. The exploration of various modules leads to a manifold reduction in the maintenance costs of the overall machinery.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Adherence, Optimization, Generative Design, Stress analysis, Topology Optimization, CAD, Autodesk

  References
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  Citation
  Pramiti Tewari, Nitesh Pandey, Amit Kumar Srivastava, Pankaj Gupta, "Designing a CAD model and Optimization of a Glass Cleaning Robot Body Part by Generative Design Using Autodesk Fusion 360," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.10, Issue.2, pp.18-24, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  Turkey`s legal and international responsibility for its water practices towards Syria, from huge dams to cutting off water to civilians

  Ali Trmosh, Bassam Ahmad, Mohammad Ghafar

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp.25-33, Feb-2024

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  Abstract
  Turkish water practices on the Euphrates River have reached an extent that cannot be tolerated. They have implemented large water projects that reserve water in giant tanks, reducing the level of water crossing into Syria. They were a cause of environmental deterioration along the river’s course, which made the living, agricultural and economic reality deteriorate. In addition to the fact that these tanks, with their huge water reserves and their continuous filling and emptyi*///ng operations, caused tectonic activation in the tectonic layers of the Earth, which was and still represents the nucleus of devastating earthquakes. Then, if we add to the above Turkey’s neglect of international and bilateral treaties between it and Syria, and its cutting off of water to the civilian population in the city Al-Hasakah, we find that it bears a legal and international responsibility for which it deserves accountability and accountability before the entire world.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  legal responsibility - Turkey - Syria - Euphrates River - water practices - dams - cutting off water.

  References
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  Citation
  Ali Trmosh, Bassam Ahmad, Mohammad Ghafar, "Turkey`s legal and international responsibility for its water practices towards Syria, from huge dams to cutting off water to civilians," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.10, Issue.2, pp.25-33, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  Englerophytum Magalismontanum Sond. T.D. Penn (Sapotaceae): A Review of Its Botany, Nutritional Profile and Ethnomedicinal Potential

  Kaone Kgotla Mokwena

  Review Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp.34-45, Feb-2024

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  Abstract
  Indigenous plants possess immense potential to play a vital role in resolving the intercontinental challenges relating to issues of food security, climate crisis, and loss of biodiversity. However, their utilization remains considerably low, which represents an unnoticed opportunity in their exploitation. Unlocking the potential of these plants requires extensive research, investment and knowledge dissemination to increase awareness of their numerous benefits and to cultivate a market demand for their products. Of the few, Englerophytum magalismontanum remains one of the underutilized indigenous plants capable of aiding many indigenous communities as a nutritional and pharmacological source. It is a tropical and sub-tropical indigenous plant that holds an immeasurable value as a food and medicinal source. Therefore, this review paper stands to extensively summarize researches that have been linked to the botany, ethnobotany, nutritional profile and ethonopharmacological potential of Englerophytum magalismontanum from all parts of the world to help encourage awareness and full exploitation of this plant species.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Indigenous plants, Engelophytum magalismontanum, Ethnobotany, Nutritional profile, Phytochemistry, Ethnophamacology

  References
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  Citation
  Kaone Kgotla Mokwena, "Englerophytum Magalismontanum Sond. T.D. Penn (Sapotaceae): A Review of Its Botany, Nutritional Profile and Ethnomedicinal Potential," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.10, Issue.2, pp.34-45, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  The Living Arrangements of Older Persons in Rural and Urban Settings of Srinagar and Indore Districts

  Mubeena Khanday, Varsha Patel, Asma Jaan

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp.46-52, Feb-2024

  Abstract

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  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Older people`s living situations typically have a significant role in influencing their overall quality of life. Later-life living arrangements are dynamic, subject to shifts brought about by life events including becoming a widow, facing financial difficulties, and having fewer family members available. In order to comprehend older people`s living arrangements and how they relate to their socioeconomic and demographic status, this study takes a descriptive method. Data was collected from 400 elderly respondents of the selected rural and urban areas through Purposive sampling technique. The data collected for the study was analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Bivariate cross tabulation with chi-square test statistics were used to find out the association. The results of this study indicated that living with Son/s (Rural 70.5% and Urban 66.6%) was the most common type of living arrangement for older persons living in both rural and urban areas. Higher proportion 12.1% of the elderly from rural areas lived alone compared to their urban counterparts 6.1%. Proportion of elderly living alone was highest in the age group 60-70 years (Rural 4.7% and Urban 4.2%) This proportion reduced when the elderly moved to the age group 71-80 and 81-90 years and proportion of elderly females who lived alone 5.7% and 2.3% from the respective areas was higher than that of elderly males who lived alone 6.3% and 3.8%. The findings of this study revealed that there are not much urban rural differentials in living arrangement of elderly and living arrangements play a significant role in the life satisfaction and fulfillment of older persons and family will continue to be a significant social institution for the care and support for elderly in India.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Elderly people; living arrangements; socio-economic and demographic variables; rural and urban areas.

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  [21] Zakir Husain and Saswata Ghosh, "Is Health Status of Elderly Worsening in India? A Comparison of Successive Rounds of National Sample Survey Data." Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol. 43, Issue 02, pp. 211-231, 2011.
  [22] Subhojit Dey, Devaki Nembair, Kabir Sheikh, and Srinath Reddy, "Health of the Elderly in India: Challenges of Access and Affordability." Aging in Asia: Findings from new and emerging data initiatives. Panel on policy research and data needs to meet the challenge of aging in Asia,” The National Academies Press, pp. 371-386, 2012.

  Citation
  Mubeena Khanday, Varsha Patel, Asma Jaan, "The Living Arrangements of Older Persons in Rural and Urban Settings of Srinagar and Indore Districts," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.10, Issue.2, pp.46-52, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  Exploring the Fire Resistance Characteristics of Ceiling Materials Derived From Wood in Nigeria

  Majidadi T. Solomon, Longtau Pirmak, Birmah M. Nyadar, Israel O. Ekeyi

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp.53-60, Feb-2024

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  Abstract
  The careful selection of building materials, particularly when it comes to ceiling finishes, holds immense significance in ensuring the safety and integrity of structures. While certain materials boast commendable fire resistance attributes, others may fall short in this critical aspect. Thus, it becomes imperative to thoroughly evaluate the fire resistance properties of various ceiling materials. In a comprehensive study conducted herein, a total of six (6) samples of ceiling materials underwent rigorous analysis to ascertain their density and its correlation with key fire resistance metrics such as ignitibility, flame spread, and smoke density. These samples were subjected to a controlled range of temperatures from 20°C to 180°C to gauge their flammability and smoke emission characteristics. The findings of the study unveiled a clear link between the density of the samples and their ignition time, as well as the duration of flame spread. Notably, the densities of the samples ranged from 492.42 kg/m3 to 1,442.31 kg/m3, showcasing considerable variability in their structural composition. Ignition times exhibited a broad spectrum, spanning from 28 seconds to 492 seconds, while flame spread durations fluctuated between 95 seconds and 147 seconds. Furthermore, the rate of heat absorption, ranging from 164 sec/°C to 510 sec/°C, provided valuable insights into the materials` ability to withstand thermal stress. Similarly, the recorded smoke density values, ranging between 26 mg/m3 and 144 mg/m3, underscored the importance of considering smoke emission as a critical factor in fire safety assessments. Considering these findings, it is prudent to exercise caution when utilizing wood-based ceiling materials, particularly in areas of buildings where heating is required. Unless treated with effective, nontoxic fire retardants, the use of such materials may pose significant fire safety risks. Therefore, architects, engineers, and building planners are encouraged to prioritize the selection of ceiling materials with proven fire-resistance properties, thereby enhancing overall building safety standards and mitigating the potential for fire-related incidents.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Ceiling Finishes, Fire Resistance, Temperature, Flash Over, Flame Spread

  References
  [1] Designation: E11-16a, “Standard Test Methods for iTeh Standards iTeh Standards Document Preview,” Des. E119-16a. An American National Standard., vol. 1, pp. 1–6, 2003, doi: 10.1520/E0119-16A.
  [2] CIB Report 269, “Rational Fire Safety Engineering Approach to Fire Resistance of Buildings,” Rational fire Safety Engineering approach to fire Resistance of Build., vol 269, Publication 2001.
  [3] Emmanuel Olanipekun, Sunday Nunayon, “A Study of Operational Readiness of Egress System in Students` Halls of Residence: The Case of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife,” IISTE Civil and Environmental Research vol. 9, issue. 1, pp. 5–19, 2017.
  [4] Damoah I, Tingbani I, Kumah C, Akwei C, Amoako O, “Factors influencing school building construction projects abandonment,” Int. J. Constr. Manag., vol. 22, issue. 6, pp. 961–976, 2022, doi: 10.1080/15623599.2019.1675025.
  [5] Ruvalcaba Ayala and Bailey C. G., “Mechanical properties and structural behavior of masonry at elevated temperatures,” Fac. Eng. Physical Sci. Mech. Aeosp. Civ. Eng., PhD Civil, uk-ac-man-scw:120795, p. 294, 2011.
  [6] Asad Aldefae, Abbas Essa, Abbas Edan, “Fire resistance of selected construction materials,” AIP Conference. Proceeding., vol. 2213, issue. March, 2020, doi: 10.1063/5.0000053.
  [7] Fehim Findik, “Structural materials, fire, and protection,” Heritage and Sustain. Development., vol. 4, issue. 2, pp. 134–144, 2022, doi: 10.37868/hsd.v4i2.114.
  [8] Kunasegaram Sajanthan, Balasingam Balagasan, Navaratnarajah Sathiparan, “Prediction of compressive strength of stabilized earth block masonry,” Advances in. Civil Engineering., vol. 2019, 2019, doi: 10.1155/2019/2072430.
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  [10] Jozef Martinka, Jozef Mitterpach, Topmas Štefko, Igor Wachter, Peter Rantuch, “Fire hazard of epoxy-based transparent wood,” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry., vol. 148, issue. 19, pp. 9893–9907, 2023, doi: 10.1007/s10973-023-12360-5.
  [11] Hannah Skaar Amthor, “Factors affecting pressure-resistant insulation wood fiber boards” Norwegian University of Life Science, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Nature Management, Masters Thesis, 2018
  [12] Odaudu Ugbede Sunday, “Analysis of the Recap of the National Fire Safety Code of Nigeria and the Effectiveness on Public Building”, CARD International Journal of Environmental Studies and Safety Research (IJESSR), vol. 103, issue 3, pp. 2536 – 7285, 2013.
  [13] Emmanuel Olanipekun, Sunday Nunayon, “A Study of Operational Readiness of Egress System in Students` Halls of Residence: The Case of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife”, IISTE Civil and Environmental Research, vol. 9, issue. 1, 2017

  Citation
  Majidadi T. Solomon, Longtau Pirmak, Birmah M. Nyadar, Israel O. Ekeyi, "Exploring the Fire Resistance Characteristics of Ceiling Materials Derived From Wood in Nigeria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.10, Issue.2, pp.53-60, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  Impact of Classroom Behaviour of Teachers on Students’ Outcomes at Secondary Level: A Meta-Analysis

  Nikunja Ranjan Dash, Krutibash Rath

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp.61-70, Feb-2024

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  Abstract
  In the present study, the investigator attempts to find out the effect size of classroom behaviour of teachers and its impact on students’ outcomes at the secondary level by conducting a meta-analysis. The sample of the current investigation consists of 32 studies published in different countries in the above-specified areas from 2000 to 2015, selected by applying purposive sampling techniques. Moreover, 30 experts were selected to confirm and examine the findings` relevance in the Indian context. The study found eight dimensions of teacher behaviour, each having varied effects on different aspects of students` outcomes at the secondary level. Among these, the majority of experts opined that the academic optimism, expressive, and socially reinforcing behaviour of teachers exert a more positive influence, whereas authoritarian and culturally abnormal behaviour has more negative effects on students` outcomes at the secondary level. This research work carries implications for teachers and teacher educators/trainers, underscoring the importance of self-awareness and preparation to create a positive and conducive learning environment. It will also facilitate administrators, policymakers, researchers, and others in orienting themselves to understand and address the diverse needs of 21st-century classrooms. Furthermore, it provides theoretical evidence, emphasizing its significance in the continual efforts to improve the quality of secondary education in India. Additionally, it will serve as a valuable source for conducting further research, taking into account specific dimensions in various contexts. In doing so, it contributes not only to the theoretical understanding of the subject but also offers practical insights for improving teaching practices and educational policies.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Teacher Behaviour, Meta-Analysis, Effect size.

  References
  [1] A. Hanif, & K. Saba, “A study of effectiveness of trained and untrained teachers at elementary level”. Master Thesis, University of the Punjab., Lahore, 2000.
  [2] A.L. Goodwin, “Defining teacher quality: Is consensus possible?” Cochran-Smith, M., Feiman-Nemser, S., McIntyre, D.J. and Demers, K.E. Third Edition, Routledge publisher, New York, pp.399–403, 2008.
  [3] A. Sunbul, “Introduction to Teaching as a Profession,” Pegem Academic publication, Ankara, Turkey, 2001.
  [4] B. O. Smith, “Research in teacher education”,Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1971.
  [5] B. S. Bloom, “Human characteristics and School Learning”, McGraw Hill, New York, 1976.
  [6] B.V. Rosenshine, “Synthesis of Research on Explicit Teaching”, Journal of Educational Leadership,Vol.43, Issue.7, pp. 60-69, 1986.
  [7] G. P. O’NEILL, “Teaching Effectiveness: A Review of the Research”, Canadian Journal of Education, Vol.13, Issue.1, pp.162-185, 1988.
  [8] H.K. Wong, & R.T. Wong, “The first days of school: How to start school successfully”, Harry K. Wong Publications, Sunnyvale, California, 1991.
  [9] H. L. Darling, & J. Bransford, “Preparing Teachers for a Changing World: What Teachers Should Learn and Be Able To Do”, Jossey Bass, San Francisco, 2006.
  [10] H. McBer, "Research into teacher effectiveness: Early professional development for teachers”,.David Fulton Publishers, pp.193-209, 2012.
  [11] J. Bruner, “The Process of Education”, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1977.
  [12] J.E. Brophy, & T.L. Good, “Teacher Behavior and Student Achievement”, Macmillan publisher, Third Edition, New York, pp. 376-391, 1986.
  [13] J. Hattie, “Teachers make a difference: What is the research evidence?”, Australian Council for Educational Research, Camberwell, Vol.36, Issue. 2, pp.27-38, 2003.
  [14] J. Thumpson, “Education in International Context Modules”, University of Bath Summer School, 1993.
  [15] L.K. Hayon, “Reflection and professional knowledge: A conceptual framework”, In C.Day, M. Pope, & P. Denicolo Edition, Insight into teachers’ thinking and practice, Routledge , pp.57-70, 1990.
  [16] M. Barber, & M. Mourshed, “How the world’s best-performing school systems come out on top”, McKinsey & Company, London, 2007.
  [17] M. Cochran-Smith, “The outcomes question in teacher education”, Journal of Teaching and Teacher Education, Vol.17, Issue.5, pp.527-546, 2001.
  [18] M. Sisman, “Instructional Leader ship” Pegem Academic publication, Ankara, Turkey, 2004.
  [19] N.C., Loes, K., Saichaie, R.. Padgett, & E, Pascarella, “The effect of teacher behaviours on stdents incination to inquiry and lifelong learning”, International Journal for scholarship for teaching and learning, Vol.6, Issue.2, pp.1-20, 2012.
  [20] N. R. Dash, K.B. Rath, "Effect of Reflective Strategy on Student’s Outcome at Secondary Level: A Meta- Analysis," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.5, Issue.8, pp.77-89, 2019.
  [21] Priscilla Jeptoo Rotich, Agumba Ndaloh, Kiprotich Sang, "Influence of Learner Gender on Performance in Integrated English in Public Day Secondary Schools in Nandi North Sub County, Kenya," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.9, Issue.11, pp.91-99, 2023.
  [22] R. J. Marzano, & J. S. Marzano, “The key to classroom management”, Journal of Educational Leadership, Vol.61, Issue.1, pp.6-13, 2003.
  [23] V. Brooks, & P. Sikes, “The Good Mentor Guide: Initial Teacher Education in Secondary Schools”, Open University Press, Buckingham UK & Bristol USA, 1997.

  Citation
  Nikunja Ranjan Dash, Krutibash Rath, "Impact of Classroom Behaviour of Teachers on Students’ Outcomes at Secondary Level: A Meta-Analysis," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.10, Issue.2, pp.61-70, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  Reconsidering the No-Detention Policy: Impact on Underprivileged Regions of West Bengal

  Abhisek Panda, Aditya Majee

  Review Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp.71-75, Feb-2024

  Abstract

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  Abstract
  Education system has been drastically changed after implementation of the RTE act 2009. Enrollment rate has been increased and dropout rate has been reduced in elementary education by the implementation of no detention policy but quality has decreased. Due to that the no detention policy has been modified through implementation of the NEP in 2020. The study provides the consequence and adverse effect of the policy on education of deprived section. The study was try to examine the parent’s perception about no detention policy and explore the adverse effect of on detention policy according to teachers’ perception on backward district in West Bengal. As a sample data was collected from 300 parents and 20 teachers through using open-ended and close-ended questionnaire. The study revealed that the parents are aware about no detention policy’s norms, principles and importance of evaluation in elementary education. Teachers view that the modified no detention policy also increases dropout rate of tribal children and decrease the enrollment rate in tribal areas school institutions. They also say it negatively effect on girls’ education and their empowerment in tribal areas.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  No detention policy, Backward District, Adverse effect on education

  References
  [1] A. Panda, “School Merging - Is it the Only Stepping Stone for Achieving Quality Education?” International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, Vol. 9, Issue 1, pp. 395-400, 2021.
  [2] R. Chakrabarty, M. Tarafdar, S. R. Ahmed, “A Review Article on No Detention Policy and Its Impacts on Different Schools Boards in West Bengal,” International Journal of Advanced Education and Research, Vol. 2, Issue 3, pp. 159-161, 2017.
  [3] A.K. Rai, & S. Majumder, “Withdrawing the No-detention Policy: Punishing Children for the System’s Failure” Social Change, Vol. 49, pp. 353 - 360.
  [4] R. Fatima, “A Study of Perception of Government School Teachers towards No-Detention Policy,” International Journal of Social Science and Human Research, Vol. 5, Issue 3, pp. 814-820, 2022.
  [5] S. Venkataraman, “Views on New Education Policy framework-2016 with Regard to Restoration of Detention Policy between Class Six to Nine, Merger and Consolidation of Schools,” International Journal for Research in Education, Vol. 5, Issue 3, 2016.
  [6] N. Kunwar, “No Detention Policy in Primary Schools: Debates, Prospect and Linkages to Reading Achievement” IRJMSH, Vol. 12, Issue 7, 2021.
  [7] District Statistical Handbook: Purulia. Govt. of India; 2013.
  [8] M.C. Goud, “A study on No-Detention Policy and its Impact on the Quality Education in Government Schools of Sangareddy Mandal,” International Journal of Education, Vol. 9, 2018.
  [9] Hindustan Times (2020) “Govt. to implement amended no-detention policy from April 1” published article by Fareeha Iftikhar Feb 20, 2020.
  [10] R. McGrath, “First Generation Students: The Dropout Disaster,” University of Maryland, 2009.
  [11] K. Sabharwal, “No detention policy: Rethinking Education System of India,” International Journal of Academic Research and Development, Vol 3, Issue 1, pp. 609-614, 2018.
  [12] N. Rupeja, “No detention, a boon or bane? The Hindu, December 10, 2017.
  [13] Times of India (2017) “24 states look set to scrap no-detention policy in schools 2018” August 5, 2017
  [14] Times of India, “Detention in standards V and VIII back after Parliament nod”.
  [15] A. Jaiswal, “Naxalism and Tribes in India” Indi@Logs, Vol 7, pp. 81-91, 2020.
  [16] J. Bhattacharya, “Wastage and Stagnation in Primary Schools,” International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Studies, Vol. 1, Issue. 5, pp- 19-25, 2015.

  Citation
  Abhisek Panda, Aditya Majee, "Reconsidering the No-Detention Policy: Impact on Underprivileged Regions of West Bengal," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.10, Issue.2, pp.71-75, 2024