Volume-9 , Issue-1 , Feb 2021, ISSN 2348-3423 (Online) Go Back

• Open Access   Article

  Numerical Investigation of Random Laser based on “Lucky photon” model

  A. Sharma

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRPAS)

  Vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp.1-4, Feb-2021

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  Abstract
  The spectral behavior of a random lasing system is calculated using numerical calculations. The random lasing system comprises of TiO2 powder dispersed in Rhodamine 6 G dye solution. In the present work, the random lasing action is simulated by using lucky-photon model, which does not take into account the interference effect. By tracking individual photon and repeating the same several times, we found that the intensity fluctuation at a particular wavelength shows Levy like distribution with power law parameter m = 1.62. Some exponential decay is observed at higher output intensity, which is yet need to be resolved. Results show that with increasing particle diameter intensity decreases and intensity is higher for higher particle density. The difference between them decreases as an increase in the particle diameter.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Random laser, lucky photon model, Levy distribution, Gaussian distribution.

  References
  [1]. V. S. Letokhov. “Generation of Light by a Scattering Medium with Negative Resonance Absorption”, Soviet Physics JETP, vol.26, pp 835-840, 1968.
  [2]. N. M. Lawandy, R. M. Balachandran, A. S. L. Gomes, and E. Sauvain, “Laser action in strongly scattering media”, Nature, vol. 368, pp 436-438, 1994.
  [3]. A. L. Burin, M. A. Ratner, H. Cao, and R. P. H. Chang, “Model for a random laser”, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 87, pp 215503.1-215503.4, 2001
  [4]. H. Cao, J. Y. Xu, S. H. Chang, and S. T. Ho. “Transition from amplified spontaneous emission to laser action in strongly scattering media”, Phys. Rev. E, vol. 61, pp. 1985-1989, 2000
  [5]. S. Mujumdar, M. Ricci, R. Torre, and D. S. Wiersma, “Amplified extended modes in random lasers”, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 93, pp 053903.1-053903.4, 2004
  [6]. S.B. Doma, N.A. El-Nohy, M.A. Salem “Ground States of Few Electron Atoms in a Strong Magnetic Field Using Diffusion Monte Carlo Method” Int. J. Sci. Res. in Physics and Applied Sciences, vol. 8, Issue.1, pp.1-7, 2020
  [7]. S. Mujumdar and H. Ramachandran , “Spectral features in emissions from random amplifying media”, Optics Communications ,vol.176, pp 31-41, 2000.
  [8]. D. Sharma, H. Ramachandran and N. Kumar, “Levy statistics of emission from a novel random amplifying medium: an optical realization of the Arrhenius cascade”, Opt. Lett., vol. 31, pp 1806-1808, 2006
  [9]. B Garcia-Ramiro, M A Illarramendi, I Aramburu, J Fernandez, R Balda and M Al-Saleh, “Light propagation in optical crystal powders: effects of particle size and volume filling factor”J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, vol.19, pp. 456213.1-456213.13, 2007

  Citation
  A. Sharma, "Numerical Investigation of Random Laser based on “Lucky photon” model," International Journal of Scientific Research in Physics and Applied Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.1, pp.1-4, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  An Experiment for Obtaining Hydrogen and Its Mechanism of Burning

  N.C. Pandey

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRPAS)

  Vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp.5-10, Feb-2021

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  An experiment for getting hydrogen is fabricated. The main emphasis of the investigation is based on hydrogen gas because on igniting it in the presence of oxygen for obtaining fire, its molecular bond is broken. By gaining excess amount of kinetic energy, both the electrons leave from the molecular structure. So the covalent bond is dissociated. It becomes now impossible for the electrons to return even in the atomic level. Because the hydrogen atom is a mono electronic atom and the centre of the atom has been shifted due to the force of repulsion applying in between the relative protons. Due to change of positions of protons, the electrons can not come back to respective original state but wonder for finding the positions for revolution permanently else where. Thus the atomic state of both the hydrogen atoms is also lost. The free charge of protons now exert forces on hydrogen and oxygen molecular gases for breaking the respective covalent bonds in bulk. However the molecular bond of oxygen is also destroyed but the atomic state still remains existing. Because the sharing electrons are returned back to original positions in atomic co orbitals. A whirlwind of energetic electrons separated from the hydrogen and relaxing on co orbitals of oxygen atoms is created. It can be manipulated that these electrons are responsible for emitting flame of fire as radiation of thermal energy. The oxygen atoms play the important role to relax electrons by giving place respectively in the partially vacant co orbitals of 2p sub orbit for taking possession. The excess of kinetic energy of electrons required more than orbiting in the captured co orbitals is transformed as radiation emitted. In this procedure, both the electrons of hydrogen molecule are donated to atomic oxygen for increasing the electronic configuration from 2p4 to 2p6. After accepting electrons, the oxygen atom becomes negatively charged ion by two units. One unit of negative charge is neutralized by one proton of hydrogen nuclei to make OH assembly, and the other unit of negative charge makes the assembly as negatively charged (OH)- radical. The other proton of hydrogen nuclei (H)+ is also used in making electrovalent bonding between charge constituents by (H)+ ?? (OH)- interaction resulting H2O molecule in addition during the process of burning of hydrogen gas for liberating energy.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Hydrogen gas, zinc metal, sulfuric acid, chemical reaction, oxygen, reagent bottle, fire, pressure difference, thrust, electrovalent and covalent bonds, Coulomb electrostatic force of attraction, water molecule, exothermic, enthalpy.

  References
  [1] S. Prakash “NEW INTERMEDIATE PHYSICS”, Nageen Publication, India, pp. 1030, 1911.
  [2] S. P. Jauhar “Chemistry”, Modern Publication, India, pp. 283 - 286, 2015.
  [3] D. P. Khandelwal “OPTICS AND ATOMIC PHYSICS”, Himalaya Publication, India, pp. 309 – 313, 2008.
  [4] S. L. Gupta “ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS”, Pragati Publication, India, pp. 5 - 8, 1989.
  [5] N. C. Pandey “Co Orbitals View at a Glance”, International Journal of Scientific Research in Physics and Applied Sciences, vol. 7, No. 6, pp. 24 – 30, 2019.
  [6] B. Varshneya “CHEMISTRY PART- 2”, Student Advisor Publication”, India, pp. 83, 2018.
  [7] K. Jain “CHEMISTRY”, Chitra Publication, India, pp. 150, 2019.
  [8] N. C. Pandey “Pattern for Absorption and Emission Transitions Involved in Luminescence”, International Journal of Scientific Research in Physics and Applied Sciences, vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 22 – 25, 2020.
  [9] M. C. Daniel “Absorption Spectrum of OH Radical in Water” J. Phys. Chem. (A), Vol. 112, No. 51, pp. 13372 – 13381, 2008.

  Citation
  N.C. Pandey, "An Experiment for Obtaining Hydrogen and Its Mechanism of Burning," International Journal of Scientific Research in Physics and Applied Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.1, pp.5-10, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  CVD Diamond Incubation on SnO2 Coated Silicon Substrate

  J.R. Mahajan

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRPAS)

  Vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp.11-13, Feb-2021

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  Abstract
  Substrate treatment affects the nucleation and growth of the diamond films. In the case of silicon substrate the scratching of the sample with diamond paste is popular process. In the present study efforts were taken to study incubation period of diamond deposition before actual starting of diamond crystallites. The SnO2 is used as overlayer on the pre-scratched Si substrate. The deposited samples were characterised by Scanning electron Micrograph and Raman Spectra.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  HFCVD, Incubation Period, SnO2, Diamond, Pre-scratching

  References
  [1]. S.Matsumoto, Y. Sato, M.Kamo and N. Setaka, “Vapor Deposition of Diamond Particles From Methane” Jpn. J. Appl. Phy. 21, L183, 1982.
  [2]. C.P.Klages, “Chemical Vapor Deposition of Diamond” Appl. Phy. A 56, 513, 1993.
  [3]. R. F. Davis, “Diamond films and coatings” Edited by R.F Davis, Noyes Publications USA, 1993.
  [4]. H.O.Pierson, “Handbook of Carbon, Diamond and fullerines: Properties, Processing and applications” Noyal Publications USA 1993.
  [5]. F.P.Bundy, H.T.Hall, H.M.Strong and R.H.Wentorf, “Man Made Diamond” Nature, 176, 51, 1955.
  [6]. P. M. Koinkar, J. R. Mahajan, P. P. Patil, M. A. More, “Field emission characteristics of chemical vapor deposited diamond thin films with SnO2 as overlayer on silicon” Thin solid films 474 (1-2), 275-278, 2005.
  [7]. J. R. Mahajan, M. A. More, P. P. Patil, S. R. Sainkar. “Influence of SnO2 over layer on nucleation and growth of diamond films on silicon substrate” Materials Science and Engineering: B 97 (2), 117-122, 2003.
  [8]. S.A.Solin and A.K.Ramadas, “Raman Spectrum of Diamond” Phy. Rev. B 1(4),1687,1970.
  [9]. W. Zhu, C.A. Randall, A.R. Badzian and R Messier, “Graphite Formation in Diamond Film Deposition” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A7, 2315, 1989.

  Citation
  J.R. Mahajan, "CVD Diamond Incubation on SnO2 Coated Silicon Substrate," International Journal of Scientific Research in Physics and Applied Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.1, pp.11-13, 2021