Volume-8 , Issue-3 , Sep 2021, ISSN 2348-6341 Go Back

• Open Access   Article

  Alleviation of Boiler Corrosion during Acid Pickle by Sodium carboxymethyl Cellulose and Polyethylene Glycol

  U.E. Itodoh, I. C. Madufor, M.U. Obidiegwu, E. E. Oguzie

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (JPCM)

  Vol.8 , Issue.3 , pp.1-11, Sep-2021

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  Abstract
  Boilers are commonly used in water treatment facilities for heating operations. However, they are severely attacked by carbonic acid thus requiring acid cleaning. Acid cleaning is one of the maintenance operations done to ensure extension of boilers shelf life, promote operational efficiency and reduce cost of maintenance. Given thermal conductivity of aluminium, it is used for boiler manufacture. Hence, it became pertinent to study alleviation of boiler corrosion during acid pickle by sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) using weight loss measurement along with potentiodynamic polarization measurement. Influence of potassium iodide (KI) on SCMC was also studied. Findings showed that aluminium corrosion was minimized as inhibition efficiency stood at 96.43% after 1-day exposure to 2 g SCMC+PEG/L of 0.5 M HCl at 30 ?C while 82.14% and 91.07% were obtained by 2 g SCMC and 2 g SCMC+KI, respectively within 1 L of 0.5 M HCl at 30 ?C. Increasing thermal influence as well as immersion period reduced inhibition efficiency while increasing content of the compounds ameliorated inhibition efficiency. Inhibitory performance demonstrated by the compounds was afforded owing to molecular adsorption of the compounds which followed Freundlich isotherm model on the aluminium surface. Thermodynamic considerations led to proposition of physisorption mechanism. Polarization study conveyed that all the inhibitive compounds exhibited mixed inhibitory behaviour alongside predominant dampening of anodic dissolution of aluminium under the studied conditions. Anticorrosive performance of SCMC, SCMC+KI and SCMC+PEG was dependent on temperature of the medium, immersion period, compounds content and possible synergism.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Adsorption, Aluminium, Corrosion Inhibition, Synergism, Sodium carboxymethyl Cellulose, Polyethylene Glycol, Weight loss, Polarization

  References
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  [11] M.M. Solomon, S.A. Umoren, I.I. Udosoro, A.P. Udoh, “Inhibitive and Adsorption Behaviour of Carboxymethyl Cellulose on Mild Steel Corrosion in Sulphuric Acid Solution,” Corrosion Science, Vol. 52, Issue. 4, pp. 1317–1325, 2010.
  [12] U.E. Itodoh, I.C. Madufor, M.U. Obidiegwu, E.E. Oguzie, “Mitigation of Uniform and Electrochemical Corrosion of Aluminium in Acidic Medium by Sodium carboxymethyl Cellulose and Polyethylene Glycol,” International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol. 7, Issue. 7, pp. 19-29, 2021.
  [13] M.M. Solomon, S.A. Umoren, I.I. Udosoro, A.P. Udoh, “Inhibitive and Adsorption Behaviour of Carboxymethyl Cellulose on Mild Steel Corrosion in Sulphuric Acid Solution.” Corrosion Science, Vol. 52, Issue. 4, pp. 1317–1325, 2010.
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  Citation
  U.E. Itodoh, I. C. Madufor, M.U. Obidiegwu, E. E. Oguzie, "Alleviation of Boiler Corrosion during Acid Pickle by Sodium carboxymethyl Cellulose and Polyethylene Glycol," Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Vol.8, Issue.3, pp.1-11, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Effect of Deposition Voltage Variation on the Optical Properties of PbMnS Thin Films Deposited by Electrodeposition Method

  A.N. Nwori, L.N. Ezenwaka, I.E. Ottih, N.A. Okereke, N.S. Umeokwona, N.L. Okoli, I. O. Obimma

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (JPCM)

  Vol.8 , Issue.3 , pp.12-22, Sep-2021

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  Semiconductor thin films of lead manganese sulphide (PbMnS) have been successfully deposited on conductive fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrate using an electrodeposition method. Lead acetate (Pb(CH3COO)2) Manganese sulphate (MnSO4.H2O) and Thiourea (CH4N2S) were the starting materials used for sources of lead (Pb), manganese (Mn) and sulphur (S) ions respectively. Deposition voltage was varied and the deposited thin films were characterized to determine the effect of deposition voltage on their optical properties for possible device applications. The results of the characterizations showed that the spectral absorbance, refractive index as well as optical conductivity of the films are generally high but decreases with an increase in wavelength. The optical bandgap energy of the films is in the range of 1.5 eV to 1.9 eV and Urbach energy of the films was found to increase with an increase in the deposition voltage. The optimum deposition voltage for deposition of thin films of this nature is found to be in the range of 1.80 volts to 2.20 volts. These properties exhibited by the deposited thin films of PbMnS position them for applications in solar cells for solar energy harnessing, waveguide application because of their high refractive index value, photodetector and photo-thermal applications owing to their high value of optical conductivity. The bandgap energy of the films is found to be blue-shifted and thus affirm its application for solar energy development. The Urbach energy behaviour envisages that the crystallinity of the films decreases when the films are deposited at higher deposition voltage.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Lead manganese sulphide (PbMnS), Optical properties, Bandgap, Urbah energy, Photodetector

  References
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  Citation
  A.N. Nwori, L.N. Ezenwaka, I.E. Ottih, N.A. Okereke, N.S. Umeokwona, N.L. Okoli, I. O. Obimma, "Effect of Deposition Voltage Variation on the Optical Properties of PbMnS Thin Films Deposited by Electrodeposition Method," Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Vol.8, Issue.3, pp.12-22, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Study of the Optical and Solid-State Properties of Copper Manganese Sulphide (CuMnS) Thin Film Semiconductors for Possible Optoelectronics Applications

  A.N. Nwori, L.N. Ezenwaka, I.E. Ottih, N.A. Okereke, N.S. Umeokwona, N.L. Okoli, I. O. Obimma

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (JPCM)

  Vol.8 , Issue.3 , pp.23-33, Sep-2021

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  Abstract
  The study of optical and solid-state properties of semiconductor thin films of CuMnS that can be used for optoelectronic applications have been carried out. Before the study, the films were synthesized on conductive fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrate by optimizing deposition voltage using an electrodeposition method. Copper sulphate, Manganese sulphate and Thiourea were the starting materials used to source copper, manganese and sulphur ions respectively. The synthesized thin films were characterized for their optical properties using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The results showed that the synthesized thin films of CuMnS absorb high in both visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and the absorbance decrease with an increase in deposition voltage. The transmittance and reflectance of the films are low throughout the VIS and NIR except the film deposited at 1.0 V which increase with wavelength. The refractive index of the films is found to be high both in VIS and NIR regions and equally increased with an increase in deposition voltage. The extinction coefficient which determines the rate at which light is lost in a material is low for the films and increases with wavelength except for the film deposited at 1.0 V which has the highest value of 0.25 in the VIS and NIR regions. The bandgap energy of the films decreases as deposition voltage increased and is found to be in the range of 1.9 eV to 2.2 eV. The Urbach energy of the films is low (0.4 to 1.8 eV) with the highest value exhibited by the film deposited at a voltage of 1.0 V. These properties place the films to be good materials for many applications such as in photovoltaic cell application, photothermal, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and in high-temperature devices.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Copper Manganese Sulphide, Extinction Coefficient, Bandgap, Urbah energy, LED

  References
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  Citation
  A.N. Nwori, L.N. Ezenwaka, I.E. Ottih, N.A. Okereke, N.S. Umeokwona, N.L. Okoli, I. O. Obimma, "Study of the Optical and Solid-State Properties of Copper Manganese Sulphide (CuMnS) Thin Film Semiconductors for Possible Optoelectronics Applications," Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Vol.8, Issue.3, pp.23-33, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Theoretical model for Bandgap Engineering of Semiconductor Quantum Dots

  H.I. Ikeri, A.I. Onyia, V.M. Adokor

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (JPCM)

  Vol.8 , Issue.3 , pp.34-40, Sep-2021

  Abstract

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  Citation

  Abstract
  Bandgap engineering model in semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) is here presented for technological applications. The model obtained demonstrates that the optical bandgap can be tuned to custom-designed by varying the confinement size. This results in significant increase in energy of band-to-band excitation peaks and hence a blue shift in the absorption and luminescence bandgap energies with decreasing QD size. This offers potential revolutionary solutions in many areas of modern science and engineering technology to overcome the fundamental limitation of conventional semiconductors that have their bandgap fixed. In addition, QDs display broad absorption band characteristics with narrow-emission spectra that are tunable due to size quantization effects, which contribute to advancement of medical imaging and opens up several multiplexing potentials such as multicolor detection with a single wavelength excitation source. It is found that CdSe and CdS QDs posses an optical spectrum that confer on them potential active materials for efficient light emitting diode (LED) and lasers operating over the whole range of visible region. ZnS QD possesses the widest bandgap energy which plays a vital role for absorption and emission of high energy blue photons and permits devices to operate at much higher voltages and temperatures crucial for optoelectronic device applications such as Pn junctions and power transistors. In addition, the wide bandgap absorption spectra will be relevant in high optical transmittance specifically in the range of visible to infra red (IR) spectral region.GaAs, InAs and InSb QDs show promising optical bandgap energies in the visible to near infrared (NIR) spectral region which is desirable for optoelectronic devices, operating at NIR wavelengths. We found that PbS, PbSe and PbSe QDs displayed exceptional optical characteristics that are favorable for solar cells applications owing to the fact that their absorption band are fairly good match to the solar spectrum.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Theoretical model, Quantization effect, Bandgap engineering, Quantum confinement, quantum dot, Schrodinger equation, Spherical potential well, opto electronics

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  Citation
  H.I. Ikeri, A.I. Onyia, V.M. Adokor, "Theoretical model for Bandgap Engineering of Semiconductor Quantum Dots," Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Vol.8, Issue.3, pp.34-40, 2021