Volume-8 , Issue-1 , Mar 2021, ISSN 2348-635X Go Back

• Open Access   Article

  Glass Fiber with Plastic Waste Composite Roofing Material

  Florante D. Poso Jr., Aaron V. Bandahala, Jenice Dianne T. Peregrino, John Darrel B. Perez, Joseph Andrei I. Ruivivar

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp.1-7, Mar-2021

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  A simulation analysis of the roofing material between a controlled mixture of fiber-reinforced sample and 25 different mixtures of fiber with HDPE plastic samples with various percentages of volume between fiber and HDPE plastic using Finite Element Analysis was conducted using ANSYS software and were subjected to compressive, tensile, and flexural forces to calculate the deformation, strain and stress. High-Density Polyethylene is a petroleum-made thermoplastic polymer used in wide variety of applications as one of the most versatile plastic materials around, including plastic bottles, milk jugs, and shampoo bottles, bleach bottles, cutting boards, and piping. HDPE reportedly improves the material’s tensile strength and can be used as an additive reinforcement in various commercial and domestic applications like roofing-reinforcement. The results shows that the 50% fiber and 50% plastic composite material have the largest results in terms of deformation, strain and stress when subjected to tensile, compressive and flexural force. However, the results for the 98% HDPE and 2% fiber composite material have the lowest in deformation and stress values. The findings showed that the higher percentage of fiber, the lower the deformation, stress and strain of the material. However, the 70% fiber and 30% plastic can still be utilized because the results are still within the acceptable limits.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Glass Fiber, HDPE, Plastic Waste Material, Composite Roofing, Roofing Material

  References
  [1] R. Geyer, J. Jambeck and K. Law, "Production, Use, and Fate of All Plastics Ever Made," Sci. Adv. 2017;3: e1700782, pp. 1-5, 2017
  [2] J. Hopewell, R. Dvorak and E. Kosior, "Plastics Recycling: Challenges and Opportunities," Philosophical Transactions of The Royal B: Biological Sciences, 2009.
  [3] Malgwi G.S.1 and Abdulkadir S.A., “Characterization of Household Solid Waste Generated In Wuro Hausa Yola-South Local Area of Adamawa State in Northern Nigeria”, World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.56-61, June 2020.
  [4] L. Parker, "The World`s Plastic Pollution Crisis Explained," Plastic Pollution Facts and Information, 7 June 2019.
  [5] F. Arrakhiz, M. Achaby, A. Kakou, S. Vaudreuil, K. Benmoussa, R. Bouhfid, O. Fass-Fehri and A. Qaiss, "Mechanical Properties of High Density Polyethylene Reinforced with Chemically Modified Coir Fibers: Impact of Chemical Treatments," Material and Design, Vol. 37, pp. 379-383, 2012.
  [6] R. Bajracharva, A. Manalo, W. Karunasena and K. Lau, "Tensile Properties of Glass Fiber Reinforced Recycled Mixed Plastic Composites," Materials for a Lighter and Smarter World, pp 7-9, 2014.
  [7] M. Bahra, V. Gupta and a. L. Aggarwal, "Effect of Fiber Content on Mechanical Properties and Water Absorption Behaviour of Pineapple/HDPE Composite," Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol. 4, pp. 3207–3214 , 2017.

  Citation
  Florante D. Poso Jr., Aaron V. Bandahala, Jenice Dianne T. Peregrino, John Darrel B. Perez, Joseph Andrei I. Ruivivar, "Glass Fiber with Plastic Waste Composite Roofing Material," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.1, pp.1-7, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Effects of Soil Stabilizers on the Free Swell Index and Unconfined Compressive Strength of Clayey Soil

  Florante D. Poso Jr., Gerardo DB Abestilla, Doreen Edsel M. Babina, Maria Grelielle F. Bernabe, Jane Valerie L. Clores, Joshua P. Mangila

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp.8-12, Mar-2021

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  Abstract
  Excessive moisture content in soil due to rain significantly decreases its bearing capacity, for this reason, stabilizers are used to stabilize the soil, however, the production and use of such chemicals generates large quantities of carbon dioxide that has negative impact to the environment. Table salt is one sustainable alternative for cement and lime, as its hygroscopic property helps remove moisture in soil. The study aims to develop a comparative analysis between cement, lime, and salt as soil stabilizers by determining their strength using free swell index and unconfined compressive strength. Results from experiments with fat clay soil show that stabilized soils achieved an ultimate strength at stabilizer amount of 6% of the mass of soil. Salt attained the smallest amount of swelling, while cement gained the highest compressive strength. In addition, results show that as the percentage amount of stabilizer in clayey soil increases, the swelling potential decreases while unconfined compressive strength increases.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Clayey Soil, Free Swell Index, Soil Stabilizers, Stabilize, Unconfined Compressive Strength

  References
  [1] B. Munhunthan and F. Sariosseiri. “Effect of cement treatment on geotechnical properties of some Washington State soils. Engineering Geology, 104(1-2), 119–125, 2009.
  [2] El Shinawi, A. “Instability improvement of the subgrade soils by lime addition at Borg El-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt”, Journal of African Earth Sciences, 130, 195–201, 2017.
  [3] A. K. Jha., & P. V. Sivapullaiah, “Mechanism of improvement in the strength and volume change behavior of lime stabilized soil”, Engineering Geology, 198, 53–64, 2015.
  [4] P. Dubey and R. Jain, “Effect of Common Salt (NaCl) on Engineering Properties of Black Cotton Soil”, International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering, 2(1), 64-68, 2015.
  [5] H. Afrin. “A Review on Different Types Soil Stabilization Techniques.” International Journal of Transportation Engineering and Technology, 2017.
  [6] A. Thakur, A. Pandey , I. Singh, “Enhancing the Properties of Sub-Grade Using Lime and Poly Vinyl Alcohol”, World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.3, pp.31-38, September 2020.
  [7] G. P. Makusa, ‘Soil Stabilization Methods and Materials.” Luleå University of Technology, 2012.

  Citation
  Florante D. Poso Jr., Gerardo DB Abestilla, Doreen Edsel M. Babina, Maria Grelielle F. Bernabe, Jane Valerie L. Clores, Joshua P. Mangila, "Effects of Soil Stabilizers on the Free Swell Index and Unconfined Compressive Strength of Clayey Soil," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.1, pp.8-12, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Seepage Losses Measurement of Desert Minor and Development of Gauge-Discharge Rating Curve: A case study in District Ghotki, Sindh

  Shoukat Ali Shah, Madeeha Kiran, Tahira Khurshid

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp.13-22, Mar-2021

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  Pakistan is blessed with an intricate irrigation system typically comprising a wide network of canals, minors, distributaries, and watercourses. A huge amount of flowing water from irrigation channels is lost by seepage, which is the cause of waterlogging, salinity, and affects the conveyance efficiency of water to the field. This potential menace is solving efficiently by the Government, a lining of irrigation canals, minors, and distributaries to overcome the seepage losses. In this case study, seepage loss, conveyance efficiency, and calibration of the gauge rating curve are typically developed for a Desert Minor. There is a dire need to identify and prioritize the cause of losses in earthen channels so that rehabilitation and maintenance can be done accordingly. The general inflow-outflow technique was properly used to accurately estimate the seepage losses by using the current meter. The proper discharge was carefully measured for the seepage losses in a selected length in Desert Minor. Inflow was carefully measured at 28RD 159.933 and outflow 31.28 RD, 158.533 cusecs in a selected reach. The total selected reach length was 3.28 RD where the key difference of proper discharge of 1.35 cusecs was noted. Seepage loss of 2.35 cusecs was determined. The total wetted area of the minor was 2834093 ft² calculated. The total seepage loss of Desert Minor 17.46 CFS and 17.4% were carefully estimated. The conveyance efficiency of desert minor 83% was properly recorded. For calibration of the Gauge rating curve, three different discharges were measured head of Desert Minor 95.463, 163.198, and 202.534 cusecs on different gauge levels 0.95, 1.5 and 2 feet. An equation and rating table of a Desert minor was developed to calculate the different discharges with gauge height.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Seepage Losses, Conveyance Efficiency, Desert Minor, Rating Curve

  References
  [1] R.V. Worstell, “Estimating seepage losses from canal systems”, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division. American Society of Civil Engineers. 102(IRI), pp. 137-147, 1976.
  [2] Z. Iqbal, R.T. MacLean, B.D. Taylor, F.J. Hecker, & D.R. Bennett, “Seepage losses from irrigation canals in southern Alberta”, Canadian Bio-Systems Engineering/Le genie des biosystèmes au Canada. Vol. 44, pp. 1.21-1.27, 2002.
  [3] WAPDA. Hunting Technical Services, Ltd & Sir McDonald & Partners. Principles and Criteria for Future Development, Ground Water Development. Lower Indus Report. WAPDA, Pakistan, Vol. 17, 1965.
  [4] H. Bouwer, “Theory of Seepage from Open Channels”, Chapter.2 in Advances in Hydroscience Volume. 5. V.T. Chow, ed. Academic Pr, New York. NY; Vol. 1069. pp. 121-172, 1969.
  [5] A.R. Kachimov, “Seepage Optimization for Trapezoidal Channel”, J. Irrig. Drain. Engg. ASCE. Vol. 118, pp. 520-525, 1992.
  [6] M.H.S. Yussuff, H.S. Chauhan, M. Kumar & V.K. Srivastava, “Transit Canal Seepage to sloping Aquifer”, J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. ASCE:120: pp. 97-109, 1994.
  [7] T. Sultan, A. Latif, A.S. Shakir, K. Kheder, & M.U. Rashid, “Comparison of Water Conveyance Losses in Unlined and Lined Watercourses in Developing Countries”, Technical Journal, UET, Taxila, Vol. 19, Issue. 2, pp. 23-27, 2014.
  [8] U.S. Tariq, T.A. Khan, “Impact of Water Losses and maintenance of Canal Irrigation System on Agriculture (Case Study Urmar Minor of Warsak Gravity Canal Pakistan)”, American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, Vol. 4, Issue. 5, pp. 550-562, 2014.
  [9] R.S. Gupta, “Hydrology and Hydraulics System”, Edition: Second, Prospectus Heights, III: Waveland Press, US: ISBN: 1577660307, ISBN13: 9781577660309. pp. 867, 2001.
  [10] E.J. Kennedy, “Discharge Ratings at Gauging Stations. Techniques of Water-Resources Investigation”, USGS Publications Warehouse. 1984. doi:10.3133/twri03A10.

  Citation
  Shoukat Ali Shah, Madeeha Kiran, Tahira Khurshid, "Seepage Losses Measurement of Desert Minor and Development of Gauge-Discharge Rating Curve: A case study in District Ghotki, Sindh," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.1, pp.13-22, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Design, Sizing and Performance Evaluation of Biopesticide Production Plant

  R.E. Nnam, I.N. Onwuka, G.S. Uzoechi, C.V. Arinze

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp.23-31, Mar-2021

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  The toxicity, persistence, and non-biodegradability of chemical pesticides have increased calls for the adoption of sustainable and cost-effective pest control measures. Bio-pesticides present a sustainable alternative to synthetic pesticides but it is still underutilization in agrarian countries like Nigeria because of low production capacity. The feasibility of economically mass production of a stable product is a key factor to a successful microbial pest control product. In the production of bio-pesticide economically, two phases are involve namely, development of the production process and the development of the product. In this research, the development of the product was duly, carried out by identifying the unit operations involved, evaluating the material and energy balance necessary for product processing. Each unit operation was properly sized and a centrifuge designed. Product development involves product formulation, packaging of formulated products and application of the formulated product to evaluate its efficacy. Therefore, the key elements to successful bio-pesticides are both production efficiency and product efficacy. The efficacy of the formulated product was tested on its ability to repel and control insect pests on leaves of five different crop plants for six days. The mortality rate of the individual pest was 90%, 90%, 93.3%, 93.3% and 96.7% for Myzus persicae, Chilo partellus, Aphis craccivora, Spodoptera frugiperda and Popillia japonica Newman, respectively.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Design, Material balance, Energy balance,Bio-pesticide, Neem seed, Decanter Centrifuge

  References
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  [4] T. J. P Ivase, B. B Nyakuma, B. U.Ogenyi, A. D. Balogun, M. N. HASSAN, “Current status, challenges, and prospects of biopesticide utilization in Nigeria” Agriculture and Environment, 9 95-106, 2017.
  [5] J. Liu, K. Wu, K. Hopper and K. Zhao, “Population dynamics of Aphis glycines (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its natural enemies in soybean in Northern China”, Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 97: 235-239, 2004.
  [6] A. Youdeowei, “Major Arthropod Pests of Food and Industrial Crops of Africa and their Economic Importance”, In: The search for sustainable solutions to crop pest problems in Africa, Cotonou (Benin), 5–9 Dec. 1988.
  [7] E. C. Oerke, and H. W. Dehne, “Safeguarding production—losses in major crops and the role of crop protection”, Crop Protection 23(4), 275–285, 2004.
  [8] E. C. Oerke, “Crop losses to pests”, The Journal of Agricultural Science 144(1), 31–43.
  [9] F. Olayemi, J. Adegbola, E. Bamishaiye, and A. Daura, “Assessment of post-harvest challenges of small scale farm holders of tomatoes, bell and hot pepper in some local government areas of Kano State, Nigeria”, Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 3(2), 39–42, 2010.
  [10] J. Adegbola, U. Anugwom, and E. Adu, “The concept of withholding period and pesticideresidue in grain storage”, Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2(4), 598, 2012.
  [11] L. G. Copping, and J. J. Menn, “Biopesticides: a review of their action, applications, and Efficacy”, Pest Management Science 56(8), 651–676, 2000.
  [12] T. Glare, J. Caradus, W. Gelernter, T. JacksonN Keyhani, J. Köhl, P. Marrone, L. Morin, and A. Stewart, “Have biopesticides come of age?” Trends in Biotechnology, 30(5), 250–258, 2012
  [13] P. Acharya, S. A. Mir, and B. Nayak, “Competence of Biopesticide and Neem in Agriculture” International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-6, 2017.
  [14] B. E. Agbo, A. I. Nta, and M. O. Ajaba, “A Review on the Use of Neem (Azadirachta indica) as a Biopesticide”, Journal of Biopesticides and Environment, Vol. 2 no.1-2, Page 58 – 65, 2015
  [15] K. V. Usharani, N. Dhananjay and R. L. Manjunatha, “Neem as an Organic Plant Protectant in agriculture”, Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry; 8(3): 4176-4184, 2019.
  [16] ?. Özger, D. POHL and ?. KARACA, “The use of neem extracts as bioinsecticide”, Türk. biyo. müc. derg., 4 (2): 165-178, 2013.
  [17] F. L. Mc Ewen, “Food production – the challenge of pesticides”, Bio Sci, 28: 773-777, 1978.
  [18] W. Ravensberg, PhD thesis, Wageningen University: The development of microbial pest control products for control of arthropods: a critical evaluation and a roadmap to success, pg 47-48, 2010.
  [19] Couch, T.L., 2000. Industrial fermentation and formulation of entomopathogenic bacteria. In: J.-F. Charles, A. Delécluse and C. Nielsen-LeRoux (eds), Entomopathogenic bacteria: from laboratory to field application. Kluwer, Dordrecht. pp. 297-316, 2000.
  [20] Wraight, S.P., M.A. Jackson and S.L. de Kock, 2001. Production, stabilization and formulation of fungal biocontrol agents. In: T.M. Butt, C. Jackson and N. Magan (eds), Fungi as biocontrol agents: progress, problems and potential. CAB International, Wallingford. pp. 253-287, 2001.
  [21] Ehlers, R.-U. and D.I. Shapiro-Ilan, 2005. Mass production. In: P.S. Grewal, R.-U. Ehlers and D.I. Shapiro-Ilan (eds), Nematodes as biocontrol agents. CAB International, Wallingford. pp. 65-78, 2005.
  [22] F.M. Onu and M.E. Ikehi. “Effectiveness OF Neem and Garlic Extracts in the Control of Storage Pests of Cereal Grains. 2015. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1710.9603.
  [23] K. O. Boadu, S. K. Tulashie, M. A. Anang, J. D. Kpan, “Production of natural insecticide from Neem leaves (Azadirachta indica)”, Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, 1 (4):33-38, 2011.
  [24] H. S. Shannag, J. L. Capinera, and N. M. Freihat, “Efficacy of different neem-based biopesticides against green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)”, International Journal of Agricultural Policy and Research, Vol.2 (2), pp. 061-068, 2014.
  [25] Lowery DT, Isman MB (1996). Inhibition of aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) reproduction by neem seed oil and azadirachtin. J. Econ. Entomol. 89(3):602-607, 1996.
  [26] Tang YQ, Weathersbee AA, Mayer RT (2002). Effect of neem extract on the brown citrus aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Hymenoptera: Aphididae). Environ. Entomol. 31(1):172-176, 2002.
  [27] Kraiss H, Cullen EM (2008). Efficacy and nontarget effects of reduced-risk insecticides on Aphis glycines (Hemiptera : Aphididae) and its biological control agent Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 101(2):391-398, 2008.
  [28] B. E. Agbo, A. I. Nta, and M. O. Ajaba, “A Review on the Use of Neem (Azadirachta indica) as a Biopesticide”, Journal of Biopesticides and Environment, 2 (1-2), 58 – 65, 2015.
  [29] Verma, S.P., B. Singh, and Y.P. Singh. 1985. Studies on the comparative efficacy of certain grain protectants against Sitotroga cerealella Oliver. Bull. Grain Technol. 24: 37-42. 1985.
  [30] Isman, M.B., 2006. The role of botanical insecticides, deterrents and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world. Annual Review of Entemology 51, 45-66, 2006.
  [31] Upadhyay, R.K., 2007. Evaluation of biological activities of piper nigrum oil against Tribolium castaneum. Bulletin of Insectol 60(1), 57-61, 2007.
  [32] Rajendran, S., Sriranjini, V., 2008. Plant products as fumigants for stored product insect control. Journal of Stored Product Research 44, 126-135, 2008.
  [33] Upadhyay, R.K, Ahmed, S., 2011. Management strategies for the control of stored grain insect pests in farmer stores and public warehouses. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 7(5), 527-549, 2011.
  [34] Anyanga, O.M., Muyinza, H., Hall, D.R., Porter, E., Farman, D.I. Talwana, H., Mwanga, R.O.,
  [35] Madzimure, J., Nyahangare, E.T., Hove, T., Hamudikuwanda, H., Belmain, S.R. Stevenson, P.C., Mvumi, B.M., 2013. Efficacy of Strychnos spinosa (Lam.) and Solanum incanum L. aqueous fruit extracts against cattle ticks. Tropical Animal Health and Production 45, 1341–1347, 2013.
  [36] Amoabeng, B.W., Gurr, G.M. Gitau, C.W., Stevenson, P.C., 2014. Cost: benefit analysis of botanical insecticide use in cabbage: implications for smallholder farmers in developing countries. Crop Protection 57, 71-76, 2014.
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  Citation
  R.E. Nnam, I.N. Onwuka, G.S. Uzoechi, C.V. Arinze, "Design, Sizing and Performance Evaluation of Biopesticide Production Plant," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.1, pp.23-31, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Influence of Ceramic Filter on Surface Defects in Investment Casting

  M.R. Alizadeh, Y. Miladi

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp.32-35, Mar-2021

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  Abstract
  Although casting in vacuum atmosphere can reduce some metallurgical defects, surface defects in investment casting in vacuum induction melting (VIM) furnace are usual and inevitable. As a result, if the cleanliness of ingot and crucible are not controlled, these defects will elongate the time of finishing process or even worse, will cause the reject of casting parts. In this investigation the effects of ceramic filter on preventing inclusions to the mold cavity is studied. To perform this study practically, eight firs nozzle vanes from the gas turbine of MS5002D are cast in VIM furnace. The alloy was cobalt base super alloy FSX-414 and the pouring temperature was 1485 °C. The filter used in all of the melts made from zirconia. The mesh of filter was 10 ppi, and its thickness was 20 mm with diameter of 90 mm. The crucible was made from Alumina. The results showed in four molds the filter remained in the gate of pouring cup but in the others it floated on the top of the melt. Finally, the fluorescence inspection test uncovered that in the latter group which filter was not floated, the percentages of the surface defects were lower and reached to minimum 0.4 percent. In addition, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images demonstrated that the inclusions were almost aluminum and its oxide which may relate to the reaction between melt and crucible walls.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  ceramic filter, surface defects, investment casing, super alloy

  References
  [1]. R. Rajkolhe, J. G. Khan, “Defects, Causes and Their Remedies in Casting Process”, nternational Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.2, No.3, pp. 375-383 March 2014.
  [2]. D.N. Shivappa1, Rohit, A. Bhattacharya, “Analysis of Casting Defects and Identification of Remedial Measures – A Diagnostic Study” International Journal of Engineering Inventions Vol. 1, pp.01-05 October, 2012.
  [3]. H. Roshan “Process optimization as a tool in the analysis of steel casting defects” Steel Casting Company Milwaukee, WI 53217.
  [4]. T. M. Wolf, M. Argueso & Co., Inc. “Investment Casting Waxes : Influences Which Eliminate Wax Pattern Defects”.
  [5]. A.P.More, Dr.R.N.Baxi, Dr.S.B.Jaju “Review of Casting Defect Analysis to Initiate the Improvement Process” Mechanical Engineering Department, G.H.Raisoni College of Engineering Vol. 2 (4), pp.292-295 , 2011
  [6]. L. Elmquist, ” Defect formation in cast iron” School of Engineering Jönköping University Swedenm Tammerfors, Finland, November 8, 2012.
  [7]. P. W. Marek et al., “A study of technological properties of Investment casting waxes” Applied Plasma Science, Vol. 10, pp 37-40, 2015.
  [8]. S. Simmonds., “Formation and avoidance of surface defects during casting and heat treatment of single-crystal nickel base super alloys” University of Leicester, pp 24-28 2013.
  [9]. M. C. Flemings, “Solidification processing”, (New York: McGraw-Hill), 1974 p 196.
  [10]. A. Reisa, Y. Houbaertc et al “Modeling of shrinkage defects during solidification of long and short freezing materials”, University of Ghent, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 903, Gent, Belgium.

  Citation
  M.R. Alizadeh, Y. Miladi, "Influence of Ceramic Filter on Surface Defects in Investment Casting," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.1, pp.32-35, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Development and Evaluation of Small Size Engine Driven Rice Thresher

  Tamiru Dibaba

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp.36-41, Mar-2021

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  Abstract
  The postharvest losses is the major problem in developing countries like Ethiopia. This losses occurred at different stage such as during harvesting, threshing and transporting. Therefore, to minimize these losses different machines are required out of which the rice threshing machine is necessary in the country. The performance parameter of the machine such as: maximum threshing capacity 449.84kg/hr., maximum threshing efficiency 99.9%, and maximum cleaning efficiency 99.84% was very much acceptable. But, the maximum percentage damage 10.51% and maximum scatter loss 6.07% was recorded at maximum speed 1139rpm. Therefore to minimize this values, some adjustment on the machine should be done before release to the farmer or minimize the speed of the machine to medium which means 980rpm.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  rice, threshing capacity, threshing efficiency, cleaning efficiency

  References
  [1] Amadu N. ‘’Development and Performance Evaluation of an Improved Soybean Thresher’’. Unpublished M.Sc Thesis Ahmadu Bello University, aria, Nigeria, 2012.
  [2] Barris p, Zaslvasky J, Perrin S. La filiere riz au Mali: competitivite et perspective de marche. Document de travail, Agence Francaise de Developpement, 2005
  [3] Dereje Ashagari. ‘’The Utilization and Conditions of Postharvest Concept in Ethiopia’’. In EARO.Postharvest Food Preparation and Storage,and Research and Extension on Agricultural by-products Utilization Technologies. Amharic Version.2000.
  [4] Food Agency Organization, ‘’Rice Post Harvest Technology’’. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestryand Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan. Pp.167-179, 1995.
  [5] Gbabo A, Gana IM. Amoto MS. ‘’Design, fabrication and testing of a millet thresher’’. Net Journal of Agricultural Science, volume 1, issue-4:pp.100-106. 2013.
  [6] M.H.M.A. Bandara and M. Rambanda.``Performance evaluation of four wheel tractor driven high capacity combined paddy thresher``. Tropical Agricultural Research Vol. 22, issue-3, pp. 273-281, 2011.
  [7] Okaka, J.C. ‘’Cereals and Legumes’’: Storage and Processing
  Technology. Data and Microsystems Publications, Enugu, Nigeria.1997.
  [8]Pirot R. ‘Motorization in tropical cultures’’. CIRAD publications, French, pp: 43-75, 1998.
  [9]Tamiru Dibaba and Teka Tesfaye. ‘’Evaluation and Selection of Existing Machines For Rice Threshing’’. Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology. Vol. 2 Issue 7, 2015.
  [10]Toma R.B.LT. Fransler, and M.T. Knipe. ‘’World food shortage’’: the dimension, science of food and agriculture, July, 1990 http://www.arec.Umd

  Citation
  Tamiru Dibaba, "Development and Evaluation of Small Size Engine Driven Rice Thresher," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.1, pp.36-41, 2021