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• Open Access   Article

  Morphological Alterations in Haemocytes of Adult American Cockroach, Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus) (Insecta: Blattodea: Blattidae) in Response to Thermal Stress and Induced Infection

  Shrubawati Sarkar, Jayati Ghosh

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.5 , pp.1-7, Oct-2021

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  Abstract
  American cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) are considered as potential vectors and possible reservoirs of pathogenic organisms. They respond to any infection by mounting immune responses mediated by morphologically and functionally distinct haemocytes. To understand the effect of abiotic stress like heat, cold and biotic stress induced by infection on American cockroahes, microscopic study of haemocytes was carried out from adult P. americana (Linnaeus) (Insecta: Blattodea: Blattidae). In the present study, morphological alterations of haemocytes were observed at high temperature (45°C for 12 hours), low temperature (4°C for 12 hours) and following inoculation with E. coli bacteria compared to the control haemocytes. Stress induced necrotic changes of haemocytes like loss of cellular integrity, vacuolization, cell swelling, blebbing, margination of chromatin, membrane rupture were recorded in all the three types of stress conditions. The most affected haemocytes were Plasmatocytes, Granulocytes and Prohaemocytes. Unusual nuclear separation in a cap like bleb formation and margination were observed at low temperature. Cellular aggregation and phagocytic extensions of Granulocytes and Plasmatocytes were visible after induced infection. This is the first study where the changes in the primitive immune cells of American cockroaches have been reported in response to abiotic and biotic stress. Hemocyte structural modifications and changes observed in the present study have potential implications in the study of stress response in P. americana in the extreme environment and in destruction of pathogens. Cellular aggregation and phagocytosis are characteristics defence reactions which are not found in thermal stressed cells. Although vacuolization, blebbing and chromatin margination were common alterations in response to all types of stresses applied in this study.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Haemocyte, Morphology, Thermal stress, Infection, Cockroach

  References
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  Citation
  Shrubawati Sarkar, Jayati Ghosh, "Morphological Alterations in Haemocytes of Adult American Cockroach, Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus) (Insecta: Blattodea: Blattidae) in Response to Thermal Stress and Induced Infection," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.5, pp.1-7, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Indigenous Knowledge Meets Science: A Saponin Phytochemical Screening of Folk Medicines Used for Treating Cough and Colds in Cagraray Island, Philippines

  Michael B. Bibon

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.5 , pp.8-15, Oct-2021

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  Abstract
  Shortcomings on access to quality health care professionals and facilities caused the locals of Cagraray island to rely on folk medicines for treating cough and colds. These illnesses were often treated by the ingestion of antibacterial medicines, expectorants, and antitussives. Saponin, an antibacterial chemical and expectorant, exists in some plant extracts in a form of phytochemical. This study screened the saponin content of folk medicines in Cagraray island used for treating cough and colds. Field immersion through survey and interview was conducted to 8 folk healers considered as key informants of the study. Saponin Foam Test was administered for 3 trials to the prescribed 9 folk medicinal herbs to test the levels of saponin and subjected for quantitative analysis. The screening test revealed the presence of the phytochemical saponin in varying quantities across tested medicinal herbs. This was supported by ANOVA indicating significant difference in the levels of saponin from different folk medicinal herbs tested [F (8, 18)=122.47, p<0.05]. The result concluded a strong link between science and indigenous knowledge by proving the potentiality of the folk medicines to treat cough and colds. Nonetheless, the research recommends to further study the phytochemical contents of the identified medicinal plants, with or without saponin, to testify the truthfulness of their healing effect and toxicity levels.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Cough and Colds, Cagraray Island, Indigenous Knowledge, Phytochemical Screening, Saponin Testing

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  Citation
  Michael B. Bibon, "Indigenous Knowledge Meets Science: A Saponin Phytochemical Screening of Folk Medicines Used for Treating Cough and Colds in Cagraray Island, Philippines," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.5, pp.8-15, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Growth Dynamics of Major Mangrove Species in the Sundarbans Reserve Forest of Bangladesh

  ASM Helal Siddqui, Md. Akramul Islam

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.5 , pp.16-24, Oct-2021

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  Abstract
  To conduct the present study, data was collected from 33 Permanent Sample Plots with a view to observing the growth dynamics of important mangrove species with a multistage sampling technique in the Sundarbans Reserved Forest (SRF), Bangladesh. The salinity of the soil varies from 5 to 28 ppt and PH ranges from 5.0 to 6.0. There were 25970 ha-1 of seedlings in the LSWZ (>5 ppt), 32212 ha-1 in the MSWZ (5-18 ppt), and 26424 ha-1 in the SSWZ (>18 ppt). The chronology of the total number of seedlings in each salinity zone were 43%, 24%, and 33% respectively. Total numbers of regeneration for H fomes 9303, 5970 and 4818; E agallocha 7273, 12970, 3091; for C decandra 2303, 636, 11242; for X moluccensis 879, 909,233; for B sexangula 2788, 1303, 152; for S apetala 333, 1273, 0; for A officinalis 697, 636, 30; for C ramiflora 758, 30,0; for A corniculatum 242, 30, 4576; for R apiculata 121, 606,0; for A cucullata 394, 394, 182; for P paludosa 485, 0,0 and for N fruiticans 485, 455,0 in less, moderate and strong salinity zones consecutively. Total regeneration percentage with average annual increase of growth (DBH, cm and Height, m) of each species of H fomes 27.5%, 0.025 and 0.020; E agallocha 7.0%, 0.023 and 0.012; C decandra 39.2%, .033 and 0.034; B sexangula 13.6%, 0.156 and 0.055; X mekongensis 3.1%, 0.029 and 0.028; A officinalis 4.6%, 0.024 and 0.053; S apetala 0.8%, 0.146 and 0.348; A corniculatum 0.6%, 0.019 and 0.156 in different saline zone of Sundarbans.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Growth Dynamics, Mangrove, Permanent Sample Plots, Regeneration, Sundarbans

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  Citation
  ASM Helal Siddqui, Md. Akramul Islam, "Growth Dynamics of Major Mangrove Species in the Sundarbans Reserve Forest of Bangladesh," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.5, pp.16-24, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Evaluation of Bacterial and Protozoan Contamination of Local Soup Condiment (Daddawa) Produced by North-Western Community, Nigeria

  Yusuf Muhammad Sanyinna, Daniel Dan-Inna Attah, Muhammad Kabiru Kele, Regina Doro Jabaka

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.5 , pp.25-31, Oct-2021

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  Abstract
  Soup condiments are edible food items added to dishes, used as thickeners for soup and as food supplements such as sauce added to food to impact specific flavours. They are abundantly produced in Nigeria especially in its North-Western part. The aim of this research was to determine the bacterial and protozoan contamination of local soup condiment (Daddawa) produced by North-Western Community, Nigeria. Samples were randomly collected from three sellers each in Dabai, Bedi, Senchi and Zuru, aseptically placed into polythene bags and labelled correctly. 8g of nutrient agar powder was weighed and dissolved in 350mls of distilled water, hot plated and sterilised by autoclaving at 121°C for 15 minutes and allowed to cool. 20mls of the prepared nutrient media was poured into a sterile petri dish and allowed to solidify. The protozoa present in the samples were identified by direct microscopy. A total of 12 samples from the four study areas were examined. The mean bacterial count of the samples in Dabai, Bedi, Senchi and Zuru were 125.3, 85.0, 75.3 and 39.7 respectively. A total of four bacterial species were isolated with 43 isolates. 19(44.1%) was recorded in Staphylococcus aureus which was the most prevalent in the study areas followed by Shigella dysenteriae 13(30.2%), Escherichia coli 8(18.6%) and Salmonella typhi 3(6.9%). The highest prevalence rate of the identified protozoa was recorded in Entamoeba histolytica 2(50.0%) followed by Giardia lamblia 1(25.0%). In conclusion, this study had confirmed that local soup condiments are contaminated by bacteria and protozoa. Staphylococcus aureus and Entamoeba histolytica respectively were the most prevalent in the study areas. It was recommended that urgent review of the entire process in the study areas and North-Western Nigerian Community as a whole be carried out to ensure awareness and that all the condiments are produced by following the standard operation procedure.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Evaluation, Bacteria, Protozoa, Contamination, Local Soup Condiment & North-Western Community

  References
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  Citation
  Yusuf Muhammad Sanyinna, Daniel Dan-Inna Attah, Muhammad Kabiru Kele, Regina Doro Jabaka, "Evaluation of Bacterial and Protozoan Contamination of Local Soup Condiment (Daddawa) Produced by North-Western Community, Nigeria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.5, pp.25-31, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Diversity and Abundance of Zooplankton at Saheb Bandh, Purulia, West Bengal

  Dhrubajyoti Chattopadhyay, Suvendu Panda

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.5 , pp.32-34, Oct-2021

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  Abstract
  The Saheb Bandh is an artificial lake located in the District Purulia. In this present study, we have shown monthly changes in diversity and density of Zooplankton in Saheb Bandh of Purulia. The study was done from March 2021 to August 2021 for six months. The average Zooplankton diversity at Saheb Bandh consisted of 20 genera, classified into four major groups, viz, Rotifera > Cladocera > Copepoda> Ostracoda. The Zooplankton sample consisted of 40% Rotifera, 35% Cladocera 15% Copepoda, and 10% Ostracoda respectively. Rotifera was the dominant group of Zooplankton recorded with respect to diversity and population density status. The current study on Zooplankton diversity at Saheb Bandh provides useful knowledge on a general freshwater ecosystem. In freshwater aquaculture management, it will be helpful strategies to protect the aquatic biodiversity in the agriculture area.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Zooplankton, Shaheb Bandh Lake, Rotifera, Zooplankton diversity, Abundance

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  Citation
  Dhrubajyoti Chattopadhyay, Suvendu Panda, "Diversity and Abundance of Zooplankton at Saheb Bandh, Purulia, West Bengal," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.5, pp.32-34, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Phytochemical and in vitro Antimicrobial Assessments of Various Parts of Securinega virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Baill.

  Ezeabara Chinelo A., Gabriel Shalom O.

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.5 , pp.35-38, Oct-2021

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  Abstract
  Securinega virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Baill. is a deciduous perennial shrub. The phytochemical and antimicrobial activity screenings of the leaf, stem, root, and blend (root+stem) extracts of the plant were carried out using standard techniques. Test of significance was measured using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, terpenes, saponins, and sterols were detected in all the parts examined while hydrogen cyanide was found only in the leaf. The plant extracts exhibited a dose-dependent effects on the microorganisms tested. At 150 Mg/ml, the blend of stem and root extract had the highest inhibitory activities against Streptococcus agalactiae (6.27±0.04 mm), Salmonella typhi (5.77±0.04 mm) and Escherichia coli (5.74±0.02 mm) while the leaf extract had the highest level of inhibitory effects against Geotricum candidum (7.52±0.11 mm) and Aspergillus fumigatus (6.62±0.25 mm). The leaf, stem and root of S. virosa are endowed with phytochemicals that possess antimicrobial qualities, hence, suggesting their extraction for pharmaceutical applications.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Phytochemicals, Flavonoids, Saponins, Plant Extracts, Streptococcus agalactiae, Geotricum candidum

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  Citation
  Ezeabara Chinelo A., Gabriel Shalom O., "Phytochemical and in vitro Antimicrobial Assessments of Various Parts of Securinega virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Baill.," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.5, pp.35-38, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Interaction of Hazardous Heavy Metals with Humans and Environment and their Toxicological Impacts

  Sandeep K. Soni, Rajesh Pandey

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.5 , pp.39-45, Oct-2021

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  Citation

  Abstract
  Heavy metals are non-biodegradable segments of the world`s surface that gather and endure uncertainly in the climate because of human exercises. Since the mechanical rebellion, the incorporated convergence of Cd, As, Hg, Pb, Cu, and Zn has steadily harmed soil and water assets, bringing about monstrous yield misfortunes in plants. These worries have become a significant wellspring of coherent concern. To expand plant productivity, it`s basic to comprehend the subatomic and physiological reaction of plants to critical metal pressing factor. Late examination has expanded our comprehension of how plant synthetic substances put together and facilitate improvement reaction to numerous normal prompts to support life. In this examination, we will investigate the modern information on the immediate and backhanded impacts of perilous Heavy metals on people, just as their capacity and pessimistic results in soil contamination and the climate.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Heavy metals, contaminants, human health, Hazardous materials WHO

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  Citation
  Sandeep K. Soni, Rajesh Pandey, "Interaction of Hazardous Heavy Metals with Humans and Environment and their Toxicological Impacts," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.5, pp.39-45, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Psycho Medicinal Uses of Some Indigenous Plants in Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand (Western Himalaya)

  P.S. Chauhan, G.K. Dhingra

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.5 , pp.46-50, Oct-2021

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  Abstract
  Present investigations was carried out in different blocks of district Tehri Garhwal, (Uttarakhand) to study the folk or traditional uses of some indigenous plants for ailments of various psychological disorders. 30 plant species belonging to 24 families were identified from study area, which is used by local peoples. Some psychological demurs i.e. religious deities, devil soul, ghostly elements and super natural powers are common in hills, and these demurs caused various psychological disorders. Even peoples of hills region depend on modern allopathic medicine but because of their deep-rooted beliefs in religious metaphysical and ghostly elements of their villages, also believe on their traditional practices for ailments of some psychological disorders.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Traditional knowledge, Psycho medicinal, worship, treatment, divine power and Benincasa hispida

  References
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  Citation
  P.S. Chauhan, G.K. Dhingra, "Psycho Medicinal Uses of Some Indigenous Plants in Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand (Western Himalaya)," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.5, pp.46-50, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  The Biological Characteristics of Human Rotavirus and Their Relationship to Gastroenteritis, As a Literature Review

  Ali R. Hameed, Bakri Y. Mohamed, Adam D. Abakar, Karim S. Ali

  Review Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.5 , pp.51-58, Oct-2021

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  Abstract
  Rotavirus Group A (RVA) is still the leading cause of severe acute diarrhea in children all over the world. Ruth Bishop and her colleagues identified the virus in humans in 1973, and it belongs to the Reoviridae family, Genus Rotavirus (Group III – dsRNA). The virus has a segmented double-stranded RNA genome and is non-enveloped, icosahedral, and triple-layered. Each of the 11 segments of the viral genome encodes at least six structural proteins (VP1 through VP4, VP6 and VP7), as well as five or six nonstructural proteins (NSP1-6) depending on the strain. Rotavirus is known for transmitting from person to person via the feces–oral route. The RV may also be spread through feces-contaminated water in low-income communities. The RV might also be handed down from one child to the next by polluting contaminated surfaces. Rotaviruses (RVs) cause diarrhea and enterocyte death when they infect mature enterocytes on the tips of the villi of the small intestine. Symptoms of RV infection, including acute watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and a low-grade fever, can last for days and cause dehydration. Rotavirus infection was detected by electron microscopy, immunochromatography, EnzymeLinked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), RNA PAGE, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Due to the lack of a particular antiviral treatment, effective RV vaccinations are beneficial in reducing morbidity and death. Oral Rotavirus vaccinations are available worldwide (RotaTeq and Rotarix).

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Rotavirus, Discovered, Structures, Target organ, Gastroenteritis, Pathogenesis

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  Citation
  Ali R. Hameed, Bakri Y. Mohamed, Adam D. Abakar, Karim S. Ali, "The Biological Characteristics of Human Rotavirus and Their Relationship to Gastroenteritis, As a Literature Review," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.5, pp.51-58, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Evaluation of Antibacterial Potential of Butea Monosperma Leaf Extract

  E. Shravya puri, A. Sabitha Rani, G. Sulakshana

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.5 , pp.59-61, Oct-2021

  Abstract

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  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Butea monosperma leaf extract was evaluated in vitro for its antibacterial activity against various bacterial species i.e. Bacillus subtilis, staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using Agar well diffusion technique. Different concentrations of leaf (500- 2000µg), extracted with petroleum ether was evaluated. All the concentrations of leaf extract shoed antibacterial activity. The antibacterial potential of extract increased with the increase in concentration of test solution. Higher activity was reported at 2000µg of leaf extract in all four bacterial genera tested. Among all, high inhibition zone were observed against P.aeruginosa (1.9 cm) followed by S.aureus (1.8 cm), B.subtilis (1.7 cm) and E.coli (1.6 cm).

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Antibacterial activity, Butea monosperma, leaf extract, zone of inhibition, Bacillus subtilis, staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

  References
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  Citation
  E. Shravya puri, A. Sabitha Rani, G. Sulakshana, "Evaluation of Antibacterial Potential of Butea Monosperma Leaf Extract," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.5, pp.59-61, 2021