Volume-7 , Issue-1 , Feb 2020, ISSN 2347-7520 (Online) Go Back

• Open Access   Article

  Comparative Anatomical Study of the Eye in Three Different Birds

  Ameer M. Taha, Hamid Hassan Hamid1

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp.62-65, Feb-2020

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  The present study investigated the comparative anatomy of the eye in three types of birds that differ in the nature, environment and categories. These birds are the Eurasian sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus (from carnivores), the Common starling Sturnus vulgaris (from omnivorous) and the spotted sparrow Taeniopygia guttata (from Grainivorous). The results showed that the eye in three types of the birds was spherical or semi-spherical . In sparrowhawk, however, is larger than the other two types in terms of size. In the starling is larger than the spotted sparrow relative to the size of the body. The eye is located on the sides of the head in the three birds, but in different position. The basic structure of the eyeball in the three types is relatively similar, and appeared to consist of three tunics: the fibrous tunic (the sclera) altered at the front of the cornea, the second tunica is the Uvea which contains three parts including choroid, the ciliary body and iris, while the third tunic is the retina. , in addition number of structures that do not belong to any of the previous tunics, they are the lens, optic nerve, and pectin oculi. The iris located behind the cornea with an orange color appeared in the sparrowhawk and with a black color in the starling, while in the spotted sparrow was a dark brown color, as the area of the optic nerve exit from the eye differed in the three birds.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Comparative anatomy, eye, Birds

  References
  [1] M. A. E. Saadatlou, R. Shahrouz, "Histoanatomical study of the lens and ciliary body in ostrich eye". Veterinary Research Forum, Vol.7,No.3,pp.221 – 226,2016.
  [2] B. A. Moore, L. P. Tyrrell, J. M. Kamilar, S. P. Collin, N. J. Dominy, M. I. Hall, C. P. Heesy, T. J. Lisney, E. R. Loew, G. L. Moritz, S. S. Nava, E. Warrant, K. E. Yopak, E. Fernández-Juricic, "Structure and Function of Regional Specializations in the Vertebrate Retina". In: Kaas, J (ed.), Evolution of Nervous Systems 2ed. 1: pp. 351–372.2017.
  [3] Mohammed Al-Sakqaid, " Birds Do you see things as we see"؟ journal of Harra,No.2, p.57,2016. ( in Arabic).
  [4] O. Nilsson, "Animal Biology Series", Oxford University Press. PP. 319-420, 2002.
  [5] K. Bharti, S. Miller, H. Arnheite, "The new paradigm: retinal pigment epithelium cells generated from embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells". Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. Vol. 24.No.1,pp,21-34, 2010.
  [6] P. Olsson, "Color Vision in Birds: Comparing behavioural thresholds and model predictions Lund" Doctoral dissertation Lund University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology. 2016.
  [7] M. A. Gali, S. A. Abid, "A comparative study to determine the nature of the eye lens protein in the two types of birds Iraqi". Baghdad science Journal, Vol. 12, No.2,pp,:238-241,2015.
  [8] M. A. Ali, "Histological and histomorphometric study of retina in pigeon and duck". Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.2,pp,260- 266.2016.
  [9] S. A. Abed, "A comparative histological study of tunica vasculosa in the eyeballs of some selected vertebrates from Iraqi environment". International Journal for Sciences and Technology,Vol.11,No.2,pp,81-86.2016.
  [10] K. V. Kardong, "Vertebrates Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution", 6th ed., McGraw – Hill. pp 681 – 690. 2012.
  [11] P. M. Treuting, S. M. Dintzis, "Comparative Anatomy and Histology A Mouse and Human Atlas", 1st ed., Elsevier Inc. pp: 403 –405. 2012.
  [12] S. A. Abid, "A Comparative Histological Study of the Retina in the Two Types of Iraqi Vertebrates". International Journal of Science and Research, Vol.7, No.1, pp,656- 660.2018.
  [13] M. L. V. Gallego, "Imaging of physiological retinal structures in various raptor species using optical coherence tomography (oct)". tiermedizinischen Doktorwürde der Tierärztlichen Fakultät der Ludwig – Maximilians - Universität München. 2015.
  [14] S. K. Suvarna, C. Layton, J. D. Bancroft, "Bancroft΄s theory and practice of histological techniques", Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier , 7th ed.: pp 87. 2013.
  [15] S.A. Al-Juburi," A comparative phenotypic and histological study of the eye in two types of Iraqi birds ( Falco tinnunculus L. and Streptopelia decaocto F". M.Sc. Thesis. Sciences college for Girls. Baghdad university. In Arabic. (2014).
  [16] A. M. Al- Hamdany, "Comparative Anatomical, Histological with Developmental Study at light and Electron microscopic level of eye and alimentary canal for three species of birds which differ in nutrient nature". Ph.D. Thesis. Education college, Mosul University. In Arabic. (2012).
  [17] G.M. Ragab, "Histological description and fine structure of the falcon eye iris (Accipiter nisus). Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science, Vol. 23, No.7, pp,29-34. In Arabic. (2012).
  [18] A. A. Abed, D. Ahmed, H. M. Hamodi, "Anatomical and histological study of eye structure in the Iraqi Pin – tailed Sandgrouse bird Pterocles alchata caudarus ". Tikrit Journal of Pure Science, Vol. 15,No.2,pp,246-260. In Arabic. (2010)
  [19] A. A. Abd, S. A. Al Majeed, "Anatomical, Histological Study Eye of the Bird Corncrake crexcrex". Rafidain journal of science, Vol.21, No.4, pp,1-26.2010.
  [20] F. C. Lima, L.G. Vieira, A. L. Q.Santos, S. B. De Simone, L.Q. L. Hirano, J. M. M. Silva, M. F. Romão, " Anatomy of the scleral ossicles in brazilian birds". Brazilian Journal Morphology Sciences, Vol.26, No.3-4,pp,165- 169. 2009.

  Citation
  Ameer M. Taha, Hamid Hassan Hamid1, "Comparative Anatomical Study of the Eye in Three Different Birds," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.62-65, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Documenting Some Species of Bats in the Central and Coastal Regions of Syria

  Yara Al- Ramadan, Nahla Ibrahim, Anouar Al- Omar

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp.66-71, Feb-2020

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  We have studied and documented Six Species of bats in the central region of Syria (Eastern, and Western Homs countrysides) and some areas of the Syrian coastal region (Draykish, Safita and Ash Shaykh Badr).These Species are: Roussettus aegyptiacus, Myotis myotis, Myotis blythii, Pipistrellus kuhlii, Pipistrellus savii, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. The Species Pipi strellus savii has been recorded for Syria for the first time in Slanfah – Lattakia on 2/10/2018. Pipistrellus kuhlii has been recorded in Sukkarah (eastern Homs countryside) on 16/7/2017 and Ash Shaykh Badr (Tartus) on 19/8/2017, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum has been recorded in Fajlit (Draykish) on 30/9/2017 and Al-Zahabiya (Shin district west Homs countryside) on 1/8/2017. Myotis myotis, Roussettus aegyptiacus have been recorded in in Al-Dawwar cave - Kafr Sanif (Safita – Tartus) on 5/10/2017 and on 14/7/2018, Myotis plythy has been recorded Which Myotis myotis, Roussettus aegyptiacus in same cave on 14/7/2018, the morphometric measurements of these Species have been taken and classified and compared with previous studies in Syria and Egypt.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Roussettus aegyptiacus; Myotis myotis; Myotis blythii; Pipistrellus kuhlii; Pipistrellus savii; classification.

  References
  [1]: D. Rawal, “Relationship between Number of Teats and Litter Size in Eutherian Mammals”. International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.6, Issue.1, pp.249-252, 2019.‏
  [2]. N.E. Middleton, H. Nicolaou, “An Introduction to the Bats of Cyprus”, Echoes Ecology Ltd, 2006.
  [3]. E.K. Elisabeth, “Insect pursuit, prey capture and echolocation in pipestirelle bats (Microchiroptera)”. Animal Behaviour, vol. 50, Issue .4:pp. 861-880, 1995.
  [4]. P. Benda, M. Andreas, D. Kock, Lucan, R.K. Munclinger, et al, “Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of the Eastern Mediterranean. Part 4. Bat fauna of Syria: distribution, systematics, ecology”, Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae, Vol.1, Issue. 70, pp.1-329, 2006.
  [5]. A. Shehab, A. Karataş, Z. Amr, I. Mamkhair, M. Sözen, “The distribution of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in Syria. Vertebrate Zoology”, vol. 1, Issue. 57, pp. 103-132, 2007.
  [6]. S. I. Atallah, D.L. Harrison, “New records of rodents, bats and insectivores from the Arabian Peninsula”, Journal of Zoology, Vol.3, Issue. 153, pp. 311-319, 1967. ‏
  [7]. E.L.Trouessart, “Mammifères: Par E.-L”, Tróuessart et Max Kollmann. J.-B. Baillière et fils, 1923.
  [8]. M.B. Qumsiyeh, Z.S. Amr, R.M. Al-Oran, “Further records of bats from Jordan and a synopsis. Turkish Journal of Zoology, Vol. 4, Issue. 22,pp. 277-284, 1998.
  [9]. S.C. Frantz, “Batproofing structures with birdnetting checkvalves”, DigitalCommons, 1986.
  [10]. P. Benda, A. Karataş, “On some Mediterranean populations of bats of the Myotis mystacinus morpho-group (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)”, Lynx (Praha), Issue. 36, pp 9-38, 2005.
  [11]. A.H. Shehab, I.H. Mamkhair, “Notes on two species of horseshoe bats, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum and R. euryale (Rhinolophidae, Chiroptera), from northern Syria”, Zoology in the Middle East, vol. 1, Issue., 39,pp 25-30, 2006.
  [12]. J. Gaisler, “Ecology of bats. In Ecology of small mammals”, Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 281-342, 1979.
  [13]. C. Srinivasulu, P.A. Racey, S. Mistry, “A key to the bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of South Asia”, Journal of Threatened Taxa, Vol. 7, Issue. 2, pp.1001-1076, 2010.
  [14]. M.B. Qumsiyeh, “Mammals of the holy land”, Texas Tech University Press, 1996.

  Citation
  Yara Al- Ramadan, Nahla Ibrahim, Anouar Al- Omar , "Documenting Some Species of Bats in the Central and Coastal Regions of Syria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.66-71, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Multilocation Evaluation for yield and Yield Related Traits in Three-Way Cross Maize Hybrids in Kenya

  Benard Masila, Charles Langat

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp.72-78, Feb-2020

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Maize (Zea mays L.) is the third most important crop after wheat and rice worldwide. It is the main staple food in Kenya. The objective of this study was to evaluate genotype by environment interactions and yield stability of twenty three-way cross hybrids at four locations in Kenya evaluated in two seasons. The experiment was conducted in an alpha lattice design (Incomplete Randomized Block Design) with three replications. There was significant variation for grain yield among the genotypes, locations and their interaction. Stability analysis was evaluated using the joint regression, additive main effects and multiplicative interactions (AMMI) and GGE biplot methods. The environmental and genotypic means ranged from 2.72 to 7.67 and 2.39 to 5.56 respectively. The regression coefficient (βi) and deviation from regression (s2di) values of these genotypes ranged from 0.55 to 1.64 and 0.02 to 0.59 respectively. There were also significant differences for genotypes, environments and genotype by environment interaction for the AMMI analysis of variance. The total proportion of variation contributed by genotypes, environments and genotype by environment interaction was 8.82%, 76.03% and 9.17% respectively. When considering the Pi, βi, S2 di and the AMMI biplot analysis, the most stable genotype in the high yielding category in this study considering all stability parameters was WE-CMT-TWC-1001 (G1) followed by WE-CMT-TWC-1003 (G3) and WE-CMT-TWC-1020 (G20). The best genotype with both high mean yield and high stability was WE-CMT-TWC-1003 (G3). The genotypes identified could be utilized as reference for genotype evaluation and tested further for selection.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Multilocation trial, grain yield, three way cross maize hybrids

  References
  [1] B. Mbuvi, M. Mwimali, M. Githiri, “Estimation of General and Specific Combining Ability of Maize Inbred Lines Using Single Cross Testers for Earliness”, W J Agric Res, Vol.6, No.2, pp.37–48, 2019.
  [2] R. U. Aziz, S. Gaherwal, “Egg parasitism caused by Trichogramma spp. Against maize stem borer, Chilo partellus”, Intl J Scientific Res in Biol Science, Vol.4, No.5, pp.14–17, 2017.
  [3] D. Chepkesis, H. Parzies, C. Schroeder, T. Onyango K’Oloo, R. Nar Bahadur, N. Jick, D. Gemenet, “Potentials of Hybrid Maize Varieties for Small-Holder Farmers in Kenya: A Review Based on Swot Analysis”, Afric J Fd, Agric, Nutr and Dvpt, Vol.13, No.2, pp.7562–7568, 2013.
  [4] D. Djurovic, M. Madic, N. Bokan, V. Stevovic, D. Tomic, S. Tanaskovic, “Stability Parameters for Grain Yield and its Component Traits in Maize Hybrids of Different FAO Maturity Groups”, J Cntrl Eurpn Agric, Vol.15, No.4, pp.199–212, 2014.
  [5] Y. Beyene, S. Mugo, T. Tefera, J. Gethi, J. Gakunga, S. Ajanga, H. Karaya, R. Musila, W. Muasya, R. Tende, S. Njoka, “Yield stability of stem borer resistant maize hybrids evaluated in regional trials in east Africa”, Afric J Plt Sci, Vol.6, No.2, pp.77–83, 2012.
  [6] F. Nzuve, S. Githiri, D. M. Mukunya, J. Gethi, “Analysis of Genotype x Environment Interaction for Grain Yield in Maize Hybrids”, J Agric Sci, Vol.5, No.11, pp.75-85, 2013.
  [7] M. Kwabena Osei, B. Annor, J. Adjebeng- Danquah, A. Danquah, E. Danquah, E. Blay, H. Adu-Dapaah, “Genotype × Environment Interaction: A Prerequisite for Tomato Variety Development”, In S. Tatu Nyaku & A. Danquah (Eds.), Recent Advances in Tomato Breeding and Production, IntechOpen, London UK, pp.72-91, 2019.
  [8] E. Tena, F. Goshu, H. Mohamad, M. Tesfa, D. Tesfaye, A. Seife, “Genotype × environment interaction by AMMI and GGE-biplot analysis for sugar yield in three crop cycles of sugarcane (Saccharum officinirum L.) clones in Ethiopia”, Cogent Fd and Agric, Vol.5, No.1, 2019.
  [9] J. Adjebeng-Danquah, J. Manu-Aduening, V. E. Gracen, I. K. Asante, S. K. Offei, “AMMI Stability Analysis and Estimation of Genetic Parameters for Growth and Yield Components in Cassava in the Forest and Guinea Savannah Ecologies of Ghana”, Intrnl J Agrmy, PP.1-10, 2017.
  [10] B. Mitrovic, D. Stanisavljevic, S. Treskic, M. Stojaković, M. Ivanovic, G. Bekavac, M. Rajković, “Evaluation of Experimental Maize Hybrids Tested in Multi-Location Trials Using AMMI and GGE Biplot Analyses”, Turk J Fld Crps, Vol.17, No.1, pp.35–40, 2012.
  [11] G. V. Miranda, L. V. de Souza, L. J. M. Guimarães, H. Namorato, L. R. Oliveira, M. O. Soares, “Multivariate analyses of genotype x environment interaction of popcorn”, Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, Vol.44, No.1, pp.45–50, 2009.
  [12] S. A. Eberhart, W. A. Russell, “Stability Parameters for Comparing Varieties”. Crp Sci, Vol.6, No.1, pp.36–40, 1966.
  [13] A. Morsy, W. Fares, S. Ragheb, M. Ibrahim, “Stability Analysis of some Soybean Genotypes using a Simplified Statistical Model”, J Plnt Prod, Vol.6, No.12, pp.1975–1990, 2015.
  [14] D. Bassa, F. Gurmu, H. Mohammed, “Comparison of Univariate and Multivariate Models to Analyze Stability of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Genotypes in Ethiopia”, Agrotechnology, Vol.8, No.2, pp.1-7, 2019.
  [15] M. Matin, A. Aminul Islam, M. Khaleque Mian, J. Ahmed, M. Amiruzzaman, “Stability analysis for yield and yield contributing characters in hybrid maize (Zea mays L.)”, Afric J Agric Res, Vol.12, No.37, pp.2795–2806, 2017.
  [16] T. R. A. de Oliveira, H. W. L. de Carvalho, G. H. F. Oliveira, E. F. N. Costa, G. de A. Gravina, R. D. dos Santos, J. L. S. de. Carvalho Filho, “Hybrid maize selection through GGE biplot analysis”, Bragantia, Vol.78, No.2, pp.166–174, 2019.
  [17] C. Singh, A. Gupta, V. Gupta, P. Kumar, R. Sendhil, B. Tyagi, G. Singh, R. Chatrath, G. Singh, “Genotype x environment interaction analysis of multi-environment wheat trials in India using AMMI and GGE biplot models”, Crp Brdng and Appl Biotech, Vol.19, No.3, pp.309–318, 2019.
  [18] T. Tefera, S. Mugo, Y. Beyene, H. Karaya, J. Gakunga, G. Demissie, “Postharvest Insect Pest and Foliar Disease Resistance and Agronomic Performance of New Maize Hybrids in East Africa”, Intrnl J Plnt Brdng and Gntics, Vol.7, No.2, pp.92–104, 2013.
  [19] C. Magorokosho, B. Vivek, J. MacRobert, “Characterization of Maize Germplasm Grown in Eastern and Southern Africa. Results of the 2008 Regional Trials Coordinated by CIMMYT”, Harare, Zimbabwe, pp.1-64 2009.
  [20] SAS, “SAS ® 9.4 for Windows”, SAS Institute Inc, Cary, N.C, USA, 2013.
  [21] A. Bisawas, U. Sarker, B. Banik, M. Rohman, M. Talukder, “Genotype x environment interaction for grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds under salinity stress”, Bngldsh J Agric Res, Vol.39, No.2, pp.293–301, 2014.
  [22] J. B. Duarte, M. J. Zimmermann, “Selection of locations for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) germoplasm evaluation”, Revista Brasileira de Genética, Vol.14, No.3, pp.765–770, 1991.
  [23] H. Mafouasson, V. Gracen, M. Yeboah, G. Ntsomboh-Ntsefong, L. Tandzi, C. Mutengwa, “Genotype-by-Environment Interaction and Yield Stability of Maize Single Cross Hybrids Developed from Tropical Inbred Lines”, J Agrnmy, Vol.8, No.62, pp.1-17, 2018.
  [24] S. Ngailo, H. Shimelis, J. Sibiya, K. Mtunda, J. Mashilo, “Genotype-by-environment interaction of newly-developed sweet potato genotypes for storage root yield, yield-related traits and resistance to sweet potato virus disease”, Heliyon, Vol.5, No.3, pp.1-23, 2019.
  [25] E. K. Mageto, D. Makumbi, K. Njoroge, R. Nyankanga, “Genetic analysis of early-maturing maize (Zea mays L.) Inbred lines under stress and non-stress conditions”, J Crp Imprvmnt, Vol.31, No.4, pp.560–588, 2017.
  [26] W. Anley, H. Zeleke, Y. Dessalegn, “Genotype X environment interaction of maize (Zea mays L.) across North Western Ethiopia”, J Plnt Brdng and Crp Sci, Vol.5, No.9, pp.171–181, 2013.
  [27] J. Crossa, “From Genotype × Environment Interaction to Gene × Environment Interaction”, Currnt Gnmcs, Vol.13, No.3, pp.225–244, 2012.
  [28] L. C. I. da Silveira, V. Kist, T. O. M. de Paula, M. H. P. Barbosa, L. A. Peternelli, E. Daros, “AMMI analysis to evaluate the adaptability and phenotypic stability of sugarcane genotypes”, Scientia Agricola, Vol.70, No.1, pp.27–32, 2013.
  [29] F. E. Below, J. R. Seebauer, “Management and environmental factor contributions to maize yield”, MDPI Books, pp.1-189, 2019.
  [30] T. Welu Gebremedhin, “Adaptation of food barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes”, J Agric Sci, Vol.60, No.2, pp.227–235, 2015.
  [31] P. C. Rodrigues, D. G. S. Pereira, J. T. Mexia, “A comparison between Joint Regression Analysis and the Additive Main and Multiplicative Interaction model: The robustness with increasing amounts of missing data”, Scientia Agricola, Vol.68, No.6, pp.679–686, 2011.
  [32] D. Bustos-Korts, I. Romagosa, G. Borràs-Gelonch, A. M. Casas, G. A. Slafer, F. van Eeuwijk, “Genotype by Environment Interaction and Adaptation”, In R. A. Meyers (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, Springer New York, New York, pp.1–44, 2018.
  [33] W. Yan, M. S. Kang, B. Ma, S. Woods, P. L. Cornelius, “GGE Biplot vs. AMMI Analysis of Genotype-by-Environment Data”, Crp Sci, Vol.47, No.2, pp.643–653, 2007.
  [34] G. A. Owusu, D. Nyadanu, P. Owusu-Mensah, R. Adu Amoah, S. Amissah, F. C. Danso, “Determining the effect of genotype × environment interactions on grain yield and stability of hybrid maize cultivars under multiple environments in Ghana”, Ecol Gntcs and Gnmcs, Vol.9, pp.7–15, 2018.

  Citation
  Benard Masila, Charles Langat, "Multilocation Evaluation for yield and Yield Related Traits in Three-Way Cross Maize Hybrids in Kenya," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.72-78, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Cytoprotective Properties of Makabuhay (Tinospora crispa) Bark Decoction in Cisplatin-induced Nephrotoxic Mice

  Mark Paolo B. Alburo, John Lorenz Ladisla, Daniel Maravillo, Lawrence O. Paragas

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp.79-83, Feb-2020

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Renal failure in cancer patients is one common problem in chemotherapy. Patients are frequently treated with nephrotoxic antibiotics like cisplatin. After a single dose of cisplatin, thirty-three percent (30%) of patients develops nephrotoxicity that leads to acute kidney injury. This study investigated the cytoprotective properties of makabuhay bark decoction in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxic mice. The makabuhay was extracted through decoction. Nine adult albino mice were used and divided into three groups. Nephrotoxicity was induced through repeated low dose cisplatin intraperitoneally and makabuhay extracts were administered orally. The treatment lasted for five consecutive days and animals were sacrificed under anesthesia on the 6th day after an overnight fast. Blood was collected for blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels evaluation. Results showed that there is a significant difference in the blood urea nitrogen levels of makabuhay treated mice compared to other groups. However, serum creatinine levels among treatments did not show any significant difference. On the other hand, kidney sections of mice were prepared and interpreted. The normal control group showed normal kidney tissues. Kidney sections from the cisplatin group showed severe renal degeneration and necrosis with congestion. The makabuhay treated mice presented moderate renal congestion and degeneration. The data from this study, proved that makabuhay possess cytoprotective properties in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity using established mouse model.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  nephrotoxicity, cisplatin, cytoprotection, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine

  References
  [1] Adikwu, E., & Bokolo, B., “Ethanolic leaf extract of Ocimum gratisssiumum ameliorates methotroxate-induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats" , Asian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2018
  [2] Ahmad, W., Jantan, I., & Bukhari, S. N., “Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook .f. & Thomson: A Review of its Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Aspects”, Drug and Herbal Research Centre, 2014.
  [3] Calvo, E., Chen, V. J., Marshall, M., Ohnmacht, U., Hynes, S. M., Kumm, E., ... & Kays, L., “Preclinical analyses and phase I evaluation of LY2603618 administered in combination with pemetrexed and cisplatin in patients with advanced cancer”, Investigational new drugs, 32(5), 955-968, 2004.
  [4] Dasari, S., & Tchounwou, P. B. “Cisplatin in cancer therapy: molecular mechanisms of action”, European journal of pharmacology, 740, 364-378, 2014.
  [5] Galia, M. L., & Galia, J. D., “Antiangiogenic activity of TinosporarumphiiBoerl (makabuhay) leaf and stem extracts”, International Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 5(1), 54-9, 2016.
  [6] Goldstein, R. S., & Mayor, G. H., “The nephrotoxicity of cisplatin”, Life Sciences, pp 685-690, 1983.
  [7] Hipol, R. L., Cariaga, M. F., & Hipol, R., “Anti-inflammatory Activities of the Aqeous extract of the stem of Tinospora crispa (Family Menispermaceae)”, Journal of Nature Studies, pp 88-95, 2012
  [8] Jagetia, G. C., & Rao, K., “Evaluation of Cytotoxic Effects of Dichloromethane Extract of Guduchi (Tinospora Cordifolia Miers ex Hook F & THOMS) on Cultured Hela Cells”, Oxford University Press, pp 267-272, 2006
  [9] Kadir, F. A., Othman, F., Mahmood, A. A., Hussan, F., & Hassandarvish, P., “Effect of Tinospora on thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhossis in rats”, Indian Journal of Pharmacology Vol 43, pp 64-68, 2011.
  [10] Kim, Y. H., Kim, Y. W., Oh, Y. J., Back, N. I., Chung, S. A., Chung, H.G., Lee, K. T., “Protective Effect of the Ethanol Extract of the Roots of Brassica rapa on Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in LLC-PK1 Cells and Rats”, Kyung-Hee University, 2006.
  [11] Kooti, W., Servatyari, K., Behzadifar, M., Asadi-Samani, M., Sadeghi, F., Nouri, B., & Marzouni, H. Z., “Effective Medicinal Plant in Cancer Treatment, Part 2: Review Study”, Journal of Evidence Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, pp 982-995, 2017.
  [12] Lakshimi, Neelima, Kasthuri, Umarani, & Sudhakar, “Protective Effect of Bauhinia purpurea on Gentamicin-induced Nephroxicity in Rats”, Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, pp 551-554, 2009.
  [13] Noor, H., & Ashcroft, S. J., “Antidiabetic effects of Tinospora crispa in rats”, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, pp 149-161, 1989.
  [14] Oun, R., Moussa, Y. E., & Wheate, N. J., “The side effects of platinum-based chemotherapy drugs: a review for chemists”, Dalton transactions, 47(19), 6645-6653, 2018.
  [15] Pinzani, V., Bressolle, F., Haug, I. J., Galtier, M., Blayac, J. P., & Balmès, P., “Cisplatin-induced renal toxicity and toxicity-modulating strategies: a review”, Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology, 35(1), 1-9., 1994.
  [16] Ries, F., & Klasterky, J., “Nephrotoxicity induced by cancer chemotherapy with special emphasis on cisplatin toxicity”, American Journal of Kidney Diseases, Vol 8, pp 368-379, 1986.
  [17] Sharp, C. N., “Developing a more clinically-relevant mouse model of cisplatin-nephrotoxicity”, University of Louisville, pp 1-5, 2016.
  [18] Singh, S. K., D, C. I., Terasaki, M., Bonn, V. E., Hawkins, C., Squire, J., & Dirks, P. B., “Identification of a Cancer stem cell in Human Brains Tumors”, American Association for Cancer Research, pp 5821-5828, 2003.
  [19] Tan, R. S., & Bajo, L. M.“Modulation of Tinospora rhumpii and zinc Salt on DNA Damage in Quinoline-Induced Genotoxicity and Hepatoxicity in Male Albino Mice”. Advances in Toxicology, pp 1-9, 2014.

  Citation
  Mark Paolo B. Alburo, John Lorenz Ladisla, Daniel Maravillo, Lawrence O. Paragas, "Cytoprotective Properties of Makabuhay (Tinospora crispa) Bark Decoction in Cisplatin-induced Nephrotoxic Mice," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.79-83, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  In Vitro Propagation of Endangered Medicinal Plant Ormocarpum Sennoides (Willd.) DC From Internodal Segments

  G. Nandhini, J. Anbumalarmathi, K. Mercy Madhumitha

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp.84-89, Feb-2020

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  An efficient regeneration protocol was established for in vitro propagation through direct and indirect regeneration of Ormocarpum sennoides from internodal explants. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of 6-benzyladenine amino purine (BAP), 2, 4 Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and Napthalene acetic acid (NAA) either alone or in combinations. Indirect regeneration, MS medium supplemented with D1: BAP 2.5 mg/L has shown the highest regeneration percentage of 88.9% with shoot length of 8.36 cm and root length of 1.52 cm. In indirect regeneration I4: BAP 2.0 mg/L + IAA 3.0 mg/L has shown the highest callus induction percentage of 86.7% and maximum callus weight of 1.03g. The highest frequency of shoot regeneration (68.3%) with maximum shoot length (3.53 cm) was observed in MS medium supplemented with IS5: BAP 3.5 mg/L. The highest frequency of root regeneration (56.1%) with maximum root length (1.53 cm) was observed in MS medium supplemented with IR5: IAA 2.5 mg/L + NAA 1.0 mg/L. The in vitro derived rooted plantlets were successfully hardened and were acclimatized in the greenhouse.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Ormocarpum sennoides, endangered medicinal plant, direct and indirect regeneration, hardening

  References
  [1] J.K. Grover, S. Yadav, V. Vat, “Medicinal plants of India with antidiabetic potential,” Journal of Ethnopharamacol, Vol. 81, pp. 81-100, 2002.
  [2] J.B. Calixto, “Efficacy, safety, quality control, marketing and regulatory guidelines for herbal medicines (phytotherapeutic agents),” Brazil Journal of Medical Biology Research, Vol. 33, pp. 179-189, 2000.
  [3] T. Rathakrishnan, “Traditional Agricultural Practices: Applications & Technical Implementations,” New India Publishing, pp. 210, 2009.
  [4] Subodh Kapoor. “The Indian Encyclopedia: Biographical, Historical, Religious, Administrative, Ethnological, commercial and scientific,” Genesis Publishing Pvt. Ltd., pp. 5353, 2002.
  [5] S. Srividya, T. P. Sastry, B. Santhosh Kumar, T. Hemalatha, “Osteopotential bone-implant containing porous biphasic calcium impregnated with casein, egg yolk, and Ormocarpum sennoides- An in vitro study,” International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, Vol. 6, Issue. 1, pp. 275-282, 2015.
  [6] S. Sukasini, M. Bhargav Iyer, S. Sakthi Priyadarshini, P.R. Kumar, ”Retrospect of Ormocarpum sennoides (willd.) DC: A Boon to phytomedicine,” Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine, Vol. 4, Issue. 10, pp. 203-208, 2015.
  [7] Saikat Paul, Aryadeep Roychoudhury, “Comparative Analyses of Regeneration Potentiality of Eight Indigenous Aromatic Indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) Varieties,” International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.6, Issue.1, pp.55-64, 2019.
  [8] P. Shanthi, “In vitro Propagation of Ormocarpum sennoides (willd) DC Prodr. from shoot tip explants”, Indian Journal of plant physiology, Vol. 13, Issue.1, pp.29-32, 2008.
  [9] T. Murashige, F. A. Skoog, “A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture,” Plant Physiol, Vol. 15, pp. 473-497, 1962.
  [10] U. Thiripurasundari, M.V. Rao, “Indirect organogenesis from nodal explants of Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt,” Indian Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 11, pp. 352-354, 2012.
  [11] M. Anita, “Effect of plant growth regulators on callus multiplication and in vitro plant regeneration in Bacopa monnieri L,” International Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, Vol. 6, Issue. 5, pp. 337-345, 2017.
  [12] R. Sujithra Devi, J. Anbumalarmathi, S. Aruna Sharmili, K. R. Santhiya, “Callus induction and micropropagation in Phyllanthus amarus,” International Journal of Herbal Technology, Vol. 1, Issue. 1, pp. 23-26, 2016.
  [13] Ankita R. Patel, Kaplesh B. Ishnava, “In vitro Shoot Multiplication from nodal explants of Coccinia garcinii – an important medicinal climber,” International Journal of Current Biotechnology, Vol. 2, Issue. 2, pp. 16-20, 2015.

  Citation
  G. Nandhini, J. Anbumalarmathi, K. Mercy Madhumitha, "In Vitro Propagation of Endangered Medicinal Plant Ormocarpum Sennoides (Willd.) DC From Internodal Segments," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.84-89, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Prescription Pattern of Antihypertensives And Factors Associated With The Control of Blood Pressure Among Hypertensive Patients Receiving Care In A Nigerian Tertiary Hospital.

  Ukoha-Kalu Blessing Onyinye, Adibe Maxwell Ogochukwu, Ukwe Chinwe Victoria

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp.90-94, Feb-2020

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Hypertension undoubtedly is the leading cause of cardiovascular death worldwide. The study aimed to identify the prescription pattern of antihypertensive and factors associated with the control of blood pressure among hypertensive patients receiving care in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital. The study was a retrospective cross sectional study carried out at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Ituku/Ozalla, Enugu State Nigeria. A well Structured Pro-forma was used to extract variables from patient folders. These variables include Age, gender, marital status, religion, state of origin, educational level, occupation, Blood Pressure, age at first dose of antihypertensive, co-morbidities (diabetes, CKD), antihypertensive(s) used, duration of therapy, reasons for stopping (if stopped). Quantitative data was managed using Microsoft office excel and statistical product and services solution (SPSS) for windows. Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± SD and categorical variables as percentages with 95% confidence intervals. The students’t-test and the paired sample t-test were used to compare continuous variables while the pearson chi square test and fishers exact test will be used to compare categorical variables. All statistical test will be considered significant when the 2- sided p-value is <0.05.Three hundred and Ninety patient Folders were used for the study. About 174 (42.4%) of the patients were male while 216 (52.7%) were female with a mean age of 62 years. Amlodipine with a frequency of 182 (64%) was the most prescribed antihypertensive in this study followed by losartan 182 (46.43%) and the least being atenolol and nebivolol with frequency of 4 (1.03%) each. 302 (94.4%) patients had hypertension and an existing comorbidity while 88(22.6%) had no comorbidities. The most common comorbidities were diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease.About 197 (50.3%) of the patients had their blood pressure under control while 193(49.7%) had uncontrolled blood pressure. Age, Monthly income, educational status and presence of comorbidity were the major predictors of uncontrolled blood pressure. Amlodipine was the most frequently prescribed antihypertensive. About half of the patient had their blood pressure uncontrolled. Age and monthly income were associated with uncontrolled blood pressure.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  prescription pattern, hypertension, Blood pressure control

  References
  [1] J. T. Akinlua, R. Meakin, A. Umar, N. Freemantle. Current Prevalence Pattern of Hypertension in Nigeria: A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE, 10(10): 1-18, 2015. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140021
  [2] H. Alan, M. D. Gradman, J. N. Basile, L. Barry. Combination therapy in hypertension on behalf of the American Society of Hypertension Writing Group. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension, 4(2):90–98, 2010
  [3] H. Alan, M. D. Gradman, J. N. Basile, L. Barry. Combination therapy in hypertension. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension, 4(2): 90–98, 2010 doi:10.1016/j.jash.2010.03.001
  [4] M.H. Alderman. Distribution and determinants of cardiovascular events during 20 years of successful antihypertensive treatment, J Hypertension; 16: 761-769, 1998.
  [5] P. A. Amira. Severe renovascular hypertension in an infant with congenital solitary pelvic kidney. Pediatr Nephrol, 437-440, 2005.
  [6] B. T. Babawale, C. E. Amadi, C. O. Amira, A. M. Chinyere. Antihypertensive prescription patters of non specialist practitioners in Lagos Nigeria. The Nigerian journal of medical practice, 14(1):6-10, 2016.
  [7] S. I. Baffa, U. Rabi, M. Niyang, B. Gobir, U. A. Okon. Prevalence and Determinants of Tobacco use in Nigeria: A one year review, 2014. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 8(3): 873-877, 2017.
  [8] Q. O. Bakare, M. R. Akinyinka,, O. Goodman, Y. A. Kuyinu, O. K. Wright, A. Adeniran, O. O. Odusanya. Antihypertensive use, prescription patterns, and cost of medications in a Teaching Hospital in Lagos, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, 19:668‑6672, 2016. DOI: 10.4103/1119-3077.188709
  [9] G. L. Bakris. The role of combination antihypertensive therapy and the progression of renal disease hypertension, Am J Hypertens; 11: 158S-162, 1998.
  [10] R. Beaglehol, R. Bonita, G. Alleyne, R. Horton, L. Li. UN. High-level meeting on non-communicable diseases: addressing four questions. Lancet, 378(24):449–455, 2011, 2011.
  [11] M. Bello. Nigerians wake up to high blood pressure. Bulletin World Health Organization. 91(541):242–243, 2013.
  [12] A. V. Chobanian, G. L. Bakris H. R. Black. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension, 42(6):1206-52, 2003.
  [13] I. Emmanuel. Prescribing patterns in systemic hypertension and pharmaco-economics (cost effectiveness and cost minimisation analyses) of the commonly prescribed antihypertensives in a district hospital in Enugu State, Southeast Nigeria. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 6(1):20-26, 2018
  [14] W. O. Erhun, G. Olayiwola, E. O. Agbani, N. S. Omotosho. Prevalence of hypertension in a university community in South West Nigeria. Af J Microbiol Res., 2005;8:15:9, 2010.
  [15] E. Etuk, S. A. Isezuo, A. Chika, J. Akuche, M. Ali. Prescription pattern of anti-hypertensive drugs in a tertiary health institution in Nigeria. Ann Afr Med, 7:128-32, 2007.
  [16] R. Gupta, V. P. Gupta. Hypertension epidemiology in India: Lessons from Jaipur Heart Watch. Curr Sci., 97:349-55, 2011.
  [17] S. Y. Hsiao. ‘Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Taiwan’, Journal of human hypertension,15:793-798, 2001.
  [18] M. Johannesson, H. Aberg, L. Agreust, L. Borgquist, B. Jonsson. Cost benefit analysis of non-pharmacological treatment of hypertension. Journal of Internal Medicine; 230(5):307-312, 1991.
  [19] P. H. Lui, J. D. Wang. Antihypertensive medication prescription patterns and time trends for the newly diagnosed uncomplicated hypertension patients in Taiwan. BMC Health Ser Res;8:133, 2008.
  [20] A. Olowofela, A. O. Isah. Antihypertensive medicines prescriptions before and after Nigeria Hypertension society Guidelines and prescribers awareness of the guidelines. NMJ, 58(3):107-113, 2018.
  [21] C. A. Onwuchekwa, S. Chineye. Clinical profile of hypertension at a university teaching hospital in Nigeria. Vascular Health Risk Management, 6:511-516, 2010.
  [22] H. V. Rachana, M. C. Shivamurthy. Anti Hypertensive Prescribing Patterns and Cost Analysis for Primary Hypertension: A Retrospective Study, Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR, 8: 4-17, 2018
  [23] World Health Organization. A Global Brief on Hypertension; Silent Killer, Global Public Health Crisis. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013.

  Citation
  Ukoha-Kalu Blessing Onyinye, Adibe Maxwell Ogochukwu, Ukwe Chinwe Victoria, "Prescription Pattern of Antihypertensives And Factors Associated With The Control of Blood Pressure Among Hypertensive Patients Receiving Care In A Nigerian Tertiary Hospital.," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.90-94, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  A Comparative Study between Plant and Callus Extracts: Analysis of Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Anticancer Properties of Ormocarpum Sennoides (Willd.) DC

  G. Nandhini, J. Anbumalarmathi, K. Mercy Madhumitha, G. Shanmuga Priya

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp.95-103, Feb-2020

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  A comparative study was conducted between the in vivo grown plant and in vitro callus of Ormocarpum sennoides (Willd.) DC using aqueous, methanol and ethyl acetate as solvents. MS medium supplemented with BAP 2.0 mg/L + IAA 3.0 mg/L has shown the highest callus induction percentage of 86.7% with the maximum callus weight of 1.03g. Ormocarpum sennoides contains a maximum of 7% total ash. The phytochemical analysis revealed that the aqueous, methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of both plant and callus showed the presence of many phytochemical compounds. FTIR analysis of plant and callus aqueous extract had a maximum characteristic band at 3403.18 cm -1 indicating the presence of O-H stretching and 3406.51 cm-1 indicating the presence of N-H stretching respectively. The GC-MS analysis of methanol extract of the plant indicates the presence of Alpha.-Methyl Mannofuranoside and Silane,[[(3.Beta.)-Gorgost-5-en-3-yl]oxy]Trimethyl-. Callus extract indicates the presence of D-Glucopyranoside, Methyl 3-O-Methyl, Ala-.Beta.-Ala, Trimethylsilyl ester and 4-Pentadecyne,15-chloro-. Plant extract exhibited maximum total phenol content and DPPH radical scavenging activity than callus extracts. Methanol and ethyl acetate plant showed a maximum zone of inhibition of 6 mm against Bacillus subtilis. While the ethyl acetate extract of both plant and callus showed a maximum zone of inhibition of 7mm against Escherichia coli. Aqueous extract of plant and callus showed a maximum zone of inhibition of 10mm and 9mm against Staphylococcus aureus respectively. Anticancer studies revealed that in vivo plant has the inhibitory percentage of 24.9% whereas callus exhibits only 9.3% as an inhibitory percentage against HeLa cells.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  In vivo plant, callus, phytochemicals, antioxidants, antibacterial, anticancer

  References
  [1] S. Ganesan, S. Parasuraman, S. U. Maheswaran, N. Gnanasekar, “Wound healing activity of Hemidesmus indicus formulation”. Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, Vol. 3, pp. 66-67, 2012.
  [2] M. Gayathri, K. Kannabiran, “Hypoglycemic activity of Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats”. International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries, Vol. 28, pp. 6-10, 2008.
  [3] S. Sukasini, M. Bhargav Iyer, S. Sakthi Priyadarshini, P. R. Kumar, “Retrospect of Ormocarpum sennoides (willd.) DC: A Boon to phytomedicine”. Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine, Vol. 4, Issue. 10, pp. 203-208, 2015.
  [4] M. Dinesh Kumar, K. M. Maria John, S. Karthik, “The Bone Fracture Healing Potential of Ormocarpum cochinchinense methanolic extract on albino Wistar rats”. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, Vol. 19, pp. 1-10, 2013.
  [5] S. Srividya, G. Sridevi, “Anti-Arthritic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Ormocarpum sennoides”. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 8, Issue. 5, pp. 117-121, 2016
  [6] Clements R. Markham, “Travels in Peru and India: While Superintending the Collection of Chinchona Plants and Seeds in South America, and their Introduction into India”, Cambridge University Press, pp. 554, 2012.
  [7] Y.S. Kumar, S.S. Deepika, Jalalpure, S. Sainiprem, “Phytochemical screening of various extracts of stem bark of Bauhinia racemose”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Vol. 2, Issue. 5, pp. 1-6, 2010.
  [8] Saikat Paul, Aryadeep Roychoudhury, “Comparative Analyses of Regeneration Potentiality of Eight Indigenous Aromatic Indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) Varieties,” International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.6, Issue.1, pp.55-64, 2019.
  [9] R. Sujithra Devi, J. Anbumalarmathi, S. Aruna Sharmili, K.R. Santhiya, “Callus induction and micropropagation in Phyllanthus amarus”. International Journal of Herbal Technology, Vol. 1, Issue. 1, pp. 23-26, 2016.
  [10] U. Thiripurasundari, M.V. Rao, “Indirect organogenesis from nodal explants of Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt” Indian Journal of Biotechnology,Vol. 11, pp. 352-354, 2012.
  [11] R. Sujithra Devi, J. Anbumalarmathi, S. Aruna Sharmili, “Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles, Antibacterial Screening and Larvicidal activity of Phyllanthus amarus”. Journal of Chemical Biological and Physical Sciences, Vol. 7, Issue. 14, pp. 1239-1247, 2017.
  [12] Syed Zennat Shaheen, Krishnan Bolla, Kandukuri Vasu, M. A. Singara Charya, “Antimicrobial activity of the fruit extract of Coccinia indica”. African Journal of Biotechnology. Vol. 8, Issue. 24, pp. 7073-7076, 2009.
  [13] A. Divya, J. Anbumalarmathi, S. Aruna Sharmili, “Phytochemical Analysis of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Clitoria ternatea Blue and White Flowered Leaves”. Advances in Research, Vol. 4, Issue. 5, pp. 1-13, 2018.
  [14] T. Sabitha, S. Aruna Sharmili, J. Anbumalarmathi, K. Umamaheshwari, K. Shyamala, M. Velvizhi, “Phytochemical analysis of Aerva lantana, Adathoda vasica, Pisonia alba, Sesbania grandiflora, and Indigofera aspalathoides”. Innovare Journal of Ayurvedic Science, Vol. 4, Issue. 3, pp. 12-15, 2016.
  [15] F. Jeniffer Usha, S. Aruna Sharmili, J. Anbumalarmathi, “Screening the Phytochemical Constituents, Antimicrobical and Antioxidant activity of Acacia nilotica, Ficus bengalensis, and Thespesia populnea” European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5(3), 458-463, 2018.
  [16] S. Sandhya, S. Aruna Sharmili, J. Anbumalarmathi, K. Umamaheswari, “Phytochemical Analysis, GC-MS Composition, Antibacterial, Antioxidant Activity of Nyctanthes arbortristis and Nerium oleander”. Journal of Chemical Biological and Physical Sciences, Vol. 6, Issue. 2, pp. 415-426, 2016.
  [17] J. Anbumalarmathi, S. Aruna Sharmili, Esther Sharon. “Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum – graecum L.): Antibacterial activity of its phytochemical constituents”. International Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine, Vol. 6, Issue. 2, pp. 2166-2171, 2016.
  [18] T. Soujanya, R. Ramalakshmi, S. Aruna Sharmili, J. Anbumalarmathi, K. Umamaheshwari, “In vitro phyto-chemical analysis and antioxidant activities of Minor Millets”. International Journal of Advanced Life Sciences, Vol. 10, Issue. 1, pp. 100-11, 2017.

  Citation
  G. Nandhini, J. Anbumalarmathi, K. Mercy Madhumitha, G. Shanmuga Priya, "A Comparative Study between Plant and Callus Extracts: Analysis of Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Anticancer Properties of Ormocarpum Sennoides (Willd.) DC," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.95-103, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  A Study on Ecology of Amphibians breeding habitats of Kokrajhar District, Assam, India

  Jwngma Narzary

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp.104-109, Feb-2020

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Amphibians generally have a biphasic life cycle. They complete their development stages in water. The time taken for a tadpole from egg to reach metamorphosis varies from weeks to month and depends upon a number of factors. Water temperature is an important factor as it influences feeding rate, size, and metamorphosis and growth rate of a tadpole. Water quantity and water quality are also important factors for the development of tadpoles. Water quality parameters directly influence biotic components present in the habitat. Of biotic components planktons determine the availability of food in the ecosystem. In the present study certain water quality parameters and some planktons were recorded from the habitats of Kokrajhar district, Assam, India (89.46′E to 90.38′E longitude and 29.19′N to 26.54′N latitudes).

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Amphibia, Breeding habitats, water quality, planktons

  References
  [1] S.N. Stuart, J.S. Chanson, N.A. Cox, B.E. Young, A.S.L. Rodrigues, D.L. Fischman & R.W. Waller, Status and trends of amphibian declines and extinction worldwide. Science, vol.306, pp.1783-1786. 2004.
  [2] C.K. Dodd, L.L. Smith, Habitat destruction and alteration. Pages 94-112 in R.D. Semlitsch, editor. Amphibian conservation. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 2003.
  [3] B.E. Taylor, D.E. Scott, J.W. Gibbons, Catastrophic reproductive failure, terrestrial survival and persistence of the marbled salamander. Conservation Biology, vol. 20, pp. 792-801. 2006.
  [4] P.K. Meshram, P.K. , Diversity of some fauna in National Chambal sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh, India. Biodiversitas, vol. 11, Issue.4, pp. 211-215. 2010.
  [5] D. Roy, A. Choudhury , B. Borah, Role of weather condition on the daily appearance and advertisement call initiation time of Polypedates leucomystax during breeding season. Zoos’ Print J., vol.19, Issue.3, pp.1408-1410.2004.
  [6] M. E. Doreas, K.D. Foltz, Environmental effects on anuran advertisement calling. American Zoology, vol.31, Issue.5, pp.111A.1991.
  [7] S.J. Kupferberg, The role of larval diet in anuran metamorphosis. Amer. Zool., vol.37, pp. 146-159. 1997.
  [8] J. Travis, Phenotypic variation and the outcome of interspecific competition in hylid tadpoles. Evolution, vol. 34, pp.40-50. 1980.
  [9] J. M. Ao, S. Bordoloi. Amphibian distribution with respect to water chemistry in the wetlands of Kohima district, Nagaland, India, Aquaculture,vol. 4, Issue.2, pp.259- 263, 2003.
  [10] T. Bortamuli, S. Bordoloi, Wetlands of Sivasagar district of Assam as Congenial habitat for Amphibia, Proc. of Taal 2007: The 12th World Lake Conference, pp.525-528, 2008.
  [11] B. Nigombam, S. Bordoloi, Loktak Lake, Manipur, India: A congenial habitat for the amphibian fauna. Proc. of Taal 2007: The 12th World Lake Conference, pp.519-524.2008.
  [12] M. Dey, A study on habitat selection and probable Anthropogenic threats of Anurans in Borak valley, Northeast India. Assam University journal of Science and Technology: Biological and Environmental sciences, Vol. 6, Issue.1, pp. 28-36. 2010.
  [13] APHA. Standard method for the examination of water and wastewater, 19th edition. American public health association, 1015, fifteen street NW Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C.20R.C.0015, 2005.
  [14] B.K. Sharma, Rotifers from some tropical flood plain lakes of Assam (N.E. India). Tropical Ecology, vol.41, Issue.2, pp. 175-181.2000.
  [15] A. Dubois, The influence of man on the distribution of amphibians on the Himalayas of Nepal: an example of critical evaluation of biogeographical data. Environmental changes in high Asia, Vol. 135, pp. 326-345. 2000.
  [16] R.F. Inger, Organization of communities of frogs along small rain forest streams in Sarawak. Journal of Animal Ecology, vol. 38, pp. 123-148.1969.
  [17] B. Gottsberger, E. Gruber, Temporal partitioning of reproductive activity in a neotropical anuran community. Journal of Tropical Ecology, vol. 20, pp. 271-280.2004.
  [18] J. Bertoluci, M.T. Rodrigues, Seasonal patterns of breeding activity of Atlantic rainforest anurans at Boraceia, south eastern Brazil. Amphibian-Reptilia, Vol.23, pp.161-167, 2002.
  [19] D. Roy, M.K. Khare, The influence of embryonic limiting temperature on the development of Rana limnocharis. Wiegman; Biol. J. Linn. Soc. vol.11, pp. 279-289. 1979.
  [20] S.N. Mohanty, M.C. Dash, Effects of diet and aeration on growth and metamorphosis of Rana tigrina tadpoles. Aquaculture, vol. 51, pp. 89-96.1986.
  [21] B.K. Mahapatro, M.C. Dash, Density effect on growth and metamorphosis of Bufo Stomaticus larvae. J. Zool. Soc. India, vol. 41, pp. 99-105. 1987.
  [22] P.M. Kiffney, J.S. Richardson, Interactions among nutrients, periphyton and invertebrate and vertebrate (Ascaphus truei) grazers in experimental channels. Copeia, vol.2001, pp. 422-429. 2001.
  [23] S. Hopkins, The ecology of tadpoles in a temporary pond in the Western Cape with comparision to other habitats. Ph.D thesis, submitted to University of the Western Cape. 2006.
  [24] C.B. Rao, On the distribution of algae in a group of six small ponds: II. Algal periodicity. The Journal of Ecology, vol. 43, pp. 291-308.1955.

  Citation
  Jwngma Narzary, "A Study on Ecology of Amphibians breeding habitats of Kokrajhar District, Assam, India," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.104-109, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  The Effect of Cadmium on Some Tissues of Common Carp Cyprinus Carpio Fingerlings

  Engy Hajjouz, Nahla Ibrahim, Muslim Massoud

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp.110-118, Feb-2020

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  The aim of this study was to describe the histological changes and abnormalities in some parts (liver - kidney - gill) of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings. The fingerlings were brought from AL-sin fish farm, and high concentrations of cadmium (in the form of hydrated cadmium sulfate) were used along 6 days period of Experience. Stained metal smears and histological abnormalities such as necrosis, degeneration, and nuclei disorders were observed in the tissues, in response to this metal. There was a blemish in the liver of fingerlings exposed to high concentration of hydrated cadmium sulphate. We conclude that cadmium has a negative effect on tissues quality and on occurrence of tissue deformities. These distortions increase at the higher concentrations which in turn affects the functions of these organs and causes fingerling mortality, and the liver, kidneys and gills can be recommended as biomarkers, due to their high sensitivity to this element.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Cadmium - Histological changes - Common Carp Fingerlings – Cyprinus carpio

  References
  [1].Muselhi, Fathi Mohammed.`` Health and Medical Geography`` ,Dar Al Majid Publishing and Distribution, Cairo,108, 2008.
  [2]. A. A .Ibrahim, ``Impacts of urban activities on the coastal and marine ecosystems of Syria, and the adaptive measures``, Proceedings of the international workshop on Impact of large coastal Med. Cities on Marine ecosystems. CIESM Proceeding, IMPRIM`VERT –France, pp. 83-86,2009.
  [3]. A. A. Ibrahim, ``National diagnostic analysis (NDA) of Syria``, UNEP/MEDU, Technical report, 2003.
  [4]. AL FIQI, Mohamed Abdelkader.`` Environment and its ,roblems and protection from pollution ``, the Egyptian General Authority Book, Egypt, 58,2006.
  [5].A. A. Ibrahim, ``Heavy Metal distribution and bioconcentration in Barker Inlet ecosystem``, S. Australia.Tishreen Uni. J. for Studies & Sci. Res, 1-18, 1998.
  [6].R. Ranau, J.Oehlenschläger, and H.Steinhart, `` Determination of aluminium in the edible part of fish by GFAAS after sample pretreatment with microwave activated oxygen plasma``, Fresenius` journal of analytical chemistry, 364(6), pp.599-604, 1999.
  [7]. R.GIBSON, ``Impact of habitat quality and quantity on the recruitment of juvenile flatfishes``, Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 32(2),pp. 191-206, 1994.
  [8]. K. BEIJER, A. JERNELOV, `` Sources, transport and transformation of metals in the environment``, Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals,vol. 1,pp. 68-74, 1986.
  [9]. M. ROMEO, Y. SIAU,Z. N. SIDOUMOU, GNASSIA-BARELLI, M. ``Heavy metal distribution in different fish species from the Mauritania coast``, Science of the Total Environment, 232(3), PP.169-175, 1999.
  [10]. J.VAN DEN BROEK, K. GLEDHILL, D. MORGAN, `` Heavy metal concentrations in the mosquito fish, Gambusiaholbrooki, in the Manly Lagoon catchment ``, UTS freshwater ecology report, 25, 2002.
  [11]. N. Albahri, A. Ibrahim, and M. Badran, ``Hydrological Factors and Handling Effects on Fingerling Survival and Vitality of three Marine Fish Species``, SSRG International Journal of Agriculture & Environmental Science (SSRG–IJAES), Vol. 6, Issue .1 , Jan - Feb 2019.
  [12].A. A. Ibrahim, `` Concentration of heavy metals in various organs of four fish species and their use as pollution indicators``, Tishreen Uni. J. for Studies & Sci. Res., 21(9), PP.239-254, 1999.
  [13]. F. E. EKPO, N. AGU, U. UDOAKPAN , `` Influence of heavy metals concentration in three common fish, sediment and water collected within quarry environment``, Akamkpa LG Area, Cross River State, Nigeria, European Journal of Toxicological Sciences, VOL. 3, ISSN. 2052-5230, 2013.
  [14]. E.U. Akueshi, , E. Oriegie, N. Ocheakiti and S. Okunsebor. ``Levels of some heavy metals in fish from mining lakes on the Jos Plateau``, Nigeria. Afr. J. Nat. Sci., VOL.6, PP. 82-86, 2003.
  [15]. V.FILIPOVIC, B. RASPOR,`` Metallothionein and metal levels in cytosol of liver, kidney and brain in relation to growth parameters of Mullussurmuletus and Liza aurata from the Eastern Adriatic Sea``, Water Research, 37(13),PP. 3253-3262, 2003.
  [16]. R,PUNDIR. ``Study of the effect of cadmium on the testes of the fish Puntius ticto and the cal localization of the cadmium``, International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences,VOL.2 ,ISSUE.2 ,PP.5-8 ,2015.
  [17].E. ALSARAJ, M. JUNKER, S. AL RAWY, ``A study of the bioaccumulation of some heavy elements in the tissues and members of three types of fish collected from the Tigris River in the city of Mosul``, Al-Rafidain Science Journal., Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 43-55,2014.
  [18].R. EISLER,`` Zinc Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates``, A Synoptic Review , 1993.
  [19]. E. HAS- SCHO,I. BOGUT, G. KRALIK,S. BOGUT,J. HORVATIC, ``Heavy metal concentration in fish tissues inhabiting waters of BuskoBlato reservoir (Bosnia and Herzegovina)``, Envioron. Monit. Assess, VOL.144, PP.15 – 22, 2008.
  [20]. P.A .Annune , T.T. Iyaniwura , ``Accumulations of two trace metals in
  tissues of freshwater fishes, Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus``,J. Aquat. Food Prod. Technol. vol. 2(3),pp. 5-18, 1993.
  [21]. D. Wilhelm Filho, M. Torres, T. B. Tribess, R. C. Redrosa, C.H.L. Soares,
  `` Influence of season and pollution on the antioxidant defenses of cichlid fish acara (Geophagus barasiliensis)``. Braz. J.Med. Biol. Res.VOL. 34, PP.719–726, 2001.
  [22]. The Arab Labor Organization, published in the Arab Institute for Occupational Health and Safety, Poisoning, 2010.
  Professional caused by cadmium and its compounds, Damascus.
  [23]. B .M. Jasim. ``Impact of Certain Heavy Metals on Histology and
  Physiology of Fishes: Interpretative Study``, Annual Research & Review in Biology, University of Basrah , Basrah , Iraq, 19(6), PP. 1-21, 2017.
  [24].N. Jayakumar, A. Subburaj , `` Sub-lethal cadmium toxicity induced histopathological alterations in the gill, liver and kidney of freshwater catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) ``, Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies , 5(5), PP. 1339-1345, 2017.
  [25].A. ABU AQLA , ``Histo-pathological profile``, OMAN, PP.3-162, 1999.
  [26]. M.M. CAMARGO ,C.B. MARTINEZ. ``Histopathology of gills, kidney and liver of a Neotropical fish caged in an urban stream``, Neotrop. Ichthyol, VOL. 5,PP. 327-336, 2007.
  [27]. S. Janardana Reddy, ``Cadmium Effect on Histo-Biomarkers and Melano-Macrophage
  Centers in Liver and Kidney of Cyprinuscarpio``, Tirupati, India,PP.517 -502, 2012.
  [28]. K.A. DALELA, R. B. KUMAR, SHARMA. ``Toxicity of copper and cadmium to fish Cyprinuscarpio. Histopathological approach paper presented in National Symposium on Assessment of Environmental Pollution due to industrialization and Urbanization at Aurangabad``, India during, (Abstract), 37, 1984.
  [29]. El-Greisy, Zeinab. A, El-Gamal, Abdel Hakim. A.`` Experimental studies on the effect of cadmiumchloride, zinc acetate, their mixture and the mitigation with vitamin C supplementation onhatchability, size and quality of newly hatched larvae of common carp, Cyprinus carpi``, Alexandria, Egypt, 2015.
  [30]. Hajrudin Besirovic, Amer Alic , Senad Prasovic , Wolfgang Drommer, ``Histopathological Effects of Chronic Exposure to Cadmium and Zinc on Kidneys and Gills of Brown Trout (Salmotrutta m. fario)``. Bünteweg, Germany, 17, 2010.
  [31]. F.IZ. Iqbal, Quereshi, M. Ali, M ,``Histopathological changes in the kidney of common carp, Cyprinus carpio following nitrate exposure`` , J Res Sci, VOL.15,PP.411-418, 2004.
  [32].S. Thophon , S. Kruatrachue , E. Upathan , P. Pokethitiyook ,S. Sahaphong and S. Jarikhuan , ``Histopathological alterations of white seabass, Latescalcarifer in acute and subchronic cadmium exposure``, Environmental Pollution. 121, PP.307-320,2003.
  [33].T. S. Gill,S. C. Pant, H. Tewari, ``Cadmium nephropathy in a freshwater fish Puntiusconchonius Hamilton``, Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, VOL.18, PP.165- 172, 1989.
  [34]. B.P. BHARAT, H. J.HONGRAY, M. THERESIA, M.SELVANAYAGAM. ``Histopathology of gill, liver, muscle and brain of Cyprinuscarpiocommunis L. exposed to sublethal concentration of lead and cadmium``, Tamilnadu , India, Vol. 10(57), pp. 12218-12223, 2010.
  [35].M. N. FERNANDES, A. F. MAZON, ``Environmental pollution and fish gill morphology``, In: Val, A.L. and B.G. Kapoor (Eds.), Fish adaptation Enfield, Science Publishers, pp. 203-231,2003.
  [36]. E. E. Hamouda, ``Pathological studies on fish experimentally intoxicated by certain heavy metals`` , PH-D Thesis, Dept. Pathol. &Parasitol, Fac.Vet. Med , Alex. Univ,1996.
  [37]. A. I.Othman , S. Sharawy ,M. A. EL-Missiry ,``Role of melatonin in a meliorating lead induced haematotoxicit ``,Pharmacological Res, 50 ,PP. 301-307,2004.
  [38]. S. Perziosi, P. Gridelli , A. Borghetti, M. Walsh , I. Berzins, `` Spinal deformity in a sand tiger shark, CarchariasTaurusRafinesque ,`` a clinical – pathological study, J. Fish Dis , VOL.29(1) ,PP.49-60,2006.
  [39]. S. IKRAM,A. M. MALIK, ``Histo-pathological profile of organs of immune system (kidney, liver and spleen) on acute cadmium intoxication in Labeorohita``, Pakistan, VOL. 55 (1&2),PP. 51-58,2009.

  Citation
  Engy Hajjouz, Nahla Ibrahim, Muslim Massoud, "The Effect of Cadmium on Some Tissues of Common Carp Cyprinus Carpio Fingerlings," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.110-118, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Evaluation of the Implementation of Environmental Impact Assessment in Bole Lemi Industrial Park, In The Case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

  Yohannes Melaku Yimam, Liyla Mohammed

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp.119-130, Feb-2020

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  as a planning process, the more extended term the target of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is to add to practical advancement. In Ethiopia, EIA now turns into a legitimate necessity and the framework has been built up. This particular examination has intended to assess the status of EIA usage in industry zone venture. Bole Lemi Industry Park was chosen as a contextual investigation to embrace the exploration. The examination was brought out through polls, interviews, center gathering conversation and field perception. The exploration has recognized that the current EIA practice in Industry Park ventures isn`t viable enough to meet the expected goal. The elements influencing the adequacy is the nonappearance of law implementation apparatuses (guideline and mandates), nonattendance of EIA framework checking, frail administrative authorization, absence of lawful necessities for explicit segments, poor reconciliation of EIA into basic leadership process, absence of open contribution, powerless mix of EIA into the undertaking cycle, ineffectively created ecological database and data the framework, nature of EIA reports and feeble between sector coordination and correspondence and constrained physical and human asset accessibility. To improve its productivity and adequacy, specific accentuation should be given to lacks in EIA enactment, exclusion in key stages and segments of EIA process, authoritative limit of ecological insurance organs, database and natural data framework, the investment of nearby networks and associations, characterizing sector duties, mindfulness creation to various entertainers including in the EIA procedure and observing and development.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  EIA, Screening, Scoping, impact, follow up, and public participation

  References
  [1] Erdogan, alper, oze, yuksel, orhan, manuscript accepted, co2 utilization: development in conversation process, 2016.
  [2] IPCC, “Atmospheric Chemistry and Greenhouse Gases”, Climate Change indicators, Environmental protection Agency Available at http:// www. Epa.gov/Climate Change Indicators atmospheric concentrations greenhouse gases, vol. 4, 2001.
  [3] A. Bartan, S. Kucukali and I. Ar, “Environmental Impact Assessment of Coal power Plants in operation,” in the proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on advances in Energy systems and Environmental Engineering, Poland, pp. 8-11, 2017.
  [4] Davey Tree Expert Company. Tree Benefit, 2017, Available at: http://www.davey.com/about/davey-in-your-community/benefits-of-trees
  [5] International Society of Arboriculture (ISA), “A non-profit organization supporting tree care research around the world and dedicated to the care and preservation of shade and ornamental trees manual”, USA, 2004.
  [6] Tate, R. L, “Uses of street inventory data”, J. Arboric, vol. 11, issue 7, pp.210-213, 1985.
  [7] R. Miller, “Urban Forestry: Planning and Managing Urban Greenspaces”, 2nd. Ed., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, pp. 105-130, 1997.
  Graham, R.L., Wright, L.L., and Turhollow, A.F, “The potential for short-rotation woody crops to reduce U.S. CO2 emissions”, Climatic Change, vol.22, pp. 223-238, 1992.
  [8] T. Charles, Scott, Jeffrey, H. Gove, “Forest inventory”, Encyclopedia of Environmetrics, United Kingdom, Published by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Volume 2, pp. 814-820, 2002.
  [9] S. Mesfin, “Estimating and Mapping of Carbon Stocks based on Remote Sensing”, GIS and Ground Survey in the Menagesha Suba State Forest, Ethiopia, pp.31-44, 2011.
  [10] A. Zerihun, and T. Yemiru, “Training manual on Forest Inventory and Management in the context of SFM and REDD+”, Hawassa University Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources’, Ethiopia, pp. 31-40, 2013.
  [11] Houghton, R. A, and J. Theodore, "Appendix I – Glossary", Climate change 2001, the scientific basis: contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom, ed(2001), Cambridge University Press Available at http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg1/518.htm
  [12] Patenaude, G., Milne, R. and Dawson, T, P, “Synthesis of remote sensing approaches for forest carbon estimation”, report to the Kyoto Protocol, Environmental Science and Policy, vol. 8, pp.161-178, 2005.
  [13] Davey Resource Group, “The Tree Inventory Summary Report”, Ohio, USA, A division of Tree Export Company Publisher, 2016.
  [14] Akihiro, S., Tomiyasu, M. and T. Histoshi, “Relationship of tree height and diameter at breast height revisited analysis of stem growth using 20 years data of an even-aged Chamaecyparis obtuse stand”, Journal (online) vol. 33, issue 1, 2013, available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3556985
  [15] L. Fleming, “Growth estimates of street trees in central New Jersey”, M.s thesis Rutgers Univ. New Brunswick, N.J p.143, 1988.
  [16] E. Frelich, “Predicting dimensional relationships for Twin Cites shade trees”, University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, St. Paul, MN. P.33, 1992.
  [17] UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol to the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change, (1997) Retrieved 18/09/2010, from http://unfccc.int.
  [18] Richardson, J.J., Everitt, J.H. and Gausman, H.W, “Radiometric estimation of biomass and N-content of Alicia grass. Remote Sensing of Environment”, vol.13, pp. 179-184, 1983.
  [19] Mackie, E., D, and Matthews, R. W, “Forest menstruation, a hand book for practitioners”, (2006), HMSO, Edinburgh. ISBN 0-85538-621-5
  [20] White. J, “Estimating the Age of Large and Veteran Trees in Britain”, Forestry Commission Information Note 12, (1998).
  [21] Nicolas, P, Laurent, S, and Matieu, H, “Manual for building volume and biomass allometeric equation”, Rome, Italy: CIRAD and FAO Publication, pp. 23-29, 2012.
  [22] Hortscience, “Updated Tree Inventory Report”, Fremont, USA East Warren park publisher, 2015.
  [23] A. Jens, B. Pete, R. Thomas, and P. Hans, “Tree Species and their requirement in Six Urban Environments”, World Wide USA, pp. 26-42, 2016.
  [24] Kristen, L. Dexter, H. “Comparison of three methods for measuring local Urban Tree Canopy Cover”, USA, Vol. 39, issue 2, p.62-67, 2013.
  [25] Smiley, E. T. and F. A. Baker, “Options in Street Tree Inventories”, J. of Aboric, 14(2), pp. 36-42, 1988.
  [26] A. O.Zieba, K. Zarebeska, P. Baran and A. Cwik, “Sequestration of Carbondioxide- influence of coal surface Chemistry,” in the proceeding of 2016 1st International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environment, Poland, pp. 1-6, 2016.
  [27] D. Don, “An improved tree height measurement technique tested on mature Southern Pines”, technical note, pp. 38-43. 2008.
  [28] Ethiopia forest reference level submission to unfccc, “Implementation of REDD+ Basic Wood Density of Indigenous and Exotic Tree Species in Ethiopia”, pp.29-41, 2016.
  [29] Alves, D. S., Soares, J. S., Amaral, E. K., Mello, S. S., Almeida, O., Fernandes, S. and Silveira, A.M., “Biomass of primary and secondary vegetation in Rondonia, western Brazilian Amazon”, Global Change Biology, Volume 3, 451-462, 1997.
  [30] Schroeder, P., Brown, S., Birdsey, J.M.R. and C .Sieszewski, “Biomass estimation for temperate broadleaf forests of the US using inventory data”, Forest Science, vol. 43: 424−434, 1997.
  [31] FAO, “Estimating biomass and biomass change of tropical forests”, A Primer, Rome, Italy, FAO Forestry Paper, 134, pp.110-120, 1997.
  [32] Geider, J. R., Delucia, H. E., Falkowsk, G. P., Finzi, C. A., Grime, P. J., Grace, J., Kana, M. T., Roche, J. et al., “Primary productivity of planet earth: biological determinants and physical constraints in terrestrial and aquatic habitats”, Global Change biology, vol.7, pp. 849-882, 2001.
  [33] K. MacDicken, “A Guide to Monitoring Carbon Storage in Forestry and Agroforestry Projects”, Winrock International, Arlington, USA, 1997.
  [34] A. Kemal, And A. Abdulfatah, “The history of Addis Ababa Mosques”, Vol.1 and 2, 2011, and 2008-2010.
  [35] Wassie, A. Opportunities and prospects of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Churches in conserving forest resources, the case of churches in South Gondar, Northern Ethiopia, Msc Dissertation, Swedish University of Agricultural Science Repro, Umea, Sweden, 2002.
  [36] Bingellip, Desalegn D, J. Healey, M. Painton, J. Smith, And Z. Teklehaimanot, “Conservation of Ethiopian sacred groves”, European tropical forest research network, Newsletter 38, pp. 37–38, 2003.
  [37] Wassie, A. D, Teketay, And Powell, Church forests provide clue store storing ecosystems in the degraded high lands of Northern Ethiopia, J. Ecol. Rest. 23: 37–38, (2005b).
  [38] Ministry of Urban Development and Housing, “Religious Compounds Green Infrastructure Development Manual”, No. 16, issue 1, pp. 1-56, 2016.
  
  [39] Murphy, P, G. and Lugo, A. E, “Structure and biomass production of a dry tropical forest in Puerto Rico”, Biotropica, vol.18, pp.89-96, 1986.
  [40] T. Tulu, “Estimation of carbon stock in church forests: implications for managing church forest for carbon emission reduction”, MSc thesis, (Unpublished), Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia, 2011.

  Citation
  Yohannes Melaku Yimam, Liyla Mohammed, "Evaluation of the Implementation of Environmental Impact Assessment in Bole Lemi Industrial Park, In The Case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.119-130, 2020