Volume-8 , Issue-4 , Aug 2021, ISSN 2347-7520 (Online) Go Back
-
Open Access Article
Soy-Dawadawa Production by Traditional Spontaneous Fermentation inside Pieces of Jute Sack
Efunwoye, O.O., Oluwole, O.R., Alagbe, V.O., Olawale, K.S., Ajibola, O.O. and Omotoyinbo, B.I.
Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)
Vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp.59-66, Aug-2021
Abstract
Soybean is a highly nutritious legume that is easy to cultivate and process, which can provide a suitable substitute for African locust bean in the production of dawadawa, a widely consumed condiment in the West African region. Traditional spontaneous fermentation of soy-dawadawa using jute sack was carried out to study the effect on the microorganisms implicated and the activities of enzymes involved in the process. The total microbial count of the microorganisms involved in the fermentation increased with fermentation time (72 hr). The only microorganism isolated was Bacillus subtilis, without identifying any lactic acid bacteria nor fungi. The pH of the fermenting soybean rose from 6.60 to 8.04, in an alkaline fermentation process. Moisture content in the fermenting bean exhibited significant increase until 48 hr of fermentation, after which it declined. The crude fibre content displayed an irregular pattern over the fermentation period. Crude protein in the soy-dawadawa significantly increased with fermentation time, which increased digestibility of the soybean. The ash content showed no regular pattern across fermentation period, while the crude lipids content reduced significantly with fermentation period. The carbohydrates content showed no significant change from 0 hr to 24 hr but increased significantly at that point to the end of fermentation. Protease activity increased from 0.006297 mg/ml/min (0 hr) to 0.013524 mg/ml/min (72 hr) to explain the observed increase in the protein content. Lipase activity rose from initial 0.262674 mg/ml/min and ended at 1.759916 mg/ml/min which shows direct relation to the reduction in the crude lipid content. Trypsin inhibitors in the soybean dropped with fermentation time with the values at 32.31 % (0 hr) and 11.58 % (72 hr). Fermentation time had influence on the fermentation parameters. Fermentation of soy-dawadawa in jute sack led to an improvement in the overall nutrition and digestibility of the soybean.Key-Words / Index Term
fermentation, soybean, dawadawa, proximate, enzymaticReferences
[1]. L. Qiu, R. Chang. “The origin and history of soybean”. The soybean: botany, production and uses; pp. 1-23, 2010.
[2]. G.I. Pele, A.O. Ogunsua, A.B. Adepeju, Y.O. Esan, E.O. Oladiti. “Effects of Processing Methods on the Nutritional and Anti-Nutritional Properties of Soybeans (Glycine max).” African Journal of Food Science and Technology (ISSN: 2141-5455), Vol. 7(1) pp. 009-012, 2016.
[3]. Encyclopaedia Brittanica. Soybean plant. Biology, Life cycle, Processes and Properties, 2020.
[4]. S. Dakwa, E. Sakyi-Dawson, C. Diako, N.T. Annan, W.K. Amoa-Awua, W.K. “Effect of boiling and roasting of soybean into dawadawa (soy-dawadawa)”. International Journal of Food Microbiology, Vol. 104: 69-82, 2005.
[5]. E.F. Fabiyi, B.M. Hamidu. “Adoption of improved technologies in soybean processing utilization in Tafawa Balewa Local Government Area of Bauchi State, Nigeria.” African Journal of Food Agriculture and Nutrition Development; Vol. 11: pp. 4527-4537, 2011.
[6]. M.N. Riaz. “Soy Applications in Food”. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2006.
[7]. R. Goyal, S. Sharma, B.S. Gill. “Variability in the nutrients, anti-nutrients and other bioactive compounds in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] genotypes”. Journal of Food Legumes, Vol. 25: pp. 314-320, 2012.
[8]. K. E. Akande, E.F. Fabiyi. “Effect of processing methods on some anti-nutritional factors in legume seeds for poultry feeding”. International Journal of Poultry Science Vol. 9: pp. 996-1001, 2010.
[9]. F.T. Afolabi, A. Musiliu, S.P. Oyelowo. “Microbial profile during fermentation of soya bean (Glycine max) for iru production using starter culture”. Sky Journal of Microbiology Research, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 015 – 020, 2016.
[10]. A. F. Titilayo, A. Musiliu, A. “Biochemical Changes and Sensory Evaluation of Soy Iru Produced Using Starter Culture. British Microbiology Research Journal, Vol. 14, No. 6: pp. 1-10, 2016, Article no.BMRJ.26159 ISSN: 2231-0886, NLM ID: 101608140.
[11]. E.O. Farinde, S.B. Fasoyiro, V.A. Obatolu, A.A. Yusuf, A.A. (2007). “Production of Soy-Iru using an alternative method of processing and fermenting container”. Journal of Biological Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 1: pp. 61-64, 2007.
[12]. AOAC. “Official methods of Analysis”. 17th end. Association of Official Analysis Chemists, Washington DC. 2200 pp: 1144-1146, 2000.
[13]. J. N. Ladd, J.H. A. Butler. “Short-term assay on soil proteolytic enzyme activity using proteins and dipeptide substrate”. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 4: pp. 19-39, 1972.
[14]. J. Savitha, S. Srividya, R. Jagat, P. Payal, S. Priyanki, G.W. Rashmi, K.T. Roshin, Y.M. Shantala. “Identification of potential fungal strain (s) for the production inducible, extracellular and alkalophilic lipase”. African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 6, No. 5: pp. 564-568, 2007.
[15]. C. Smith, W.V. Megen, L. Twaalfhaven, C. Hitchock, C. The determination of Trypsin Inhibitor Levels in Food Stuffs. Journal of Science, Food and Agriculture, Vol. 34: pp. 341-350, 1980.
[16]. B. O. Omafuvbe, E.O. Esosuakpo, T. S. Oladejo, A. A. Toye. “Effect of soaking and roasting on dehulling methods of soybean on Bacillus fermentation of soy-dawadawa”. American Journal of Food Technology, Vol. 2, No. 4: pp. 257 – 264, 2007.
[17]. P. K. Sarkar, J.P. Samong, P. E. Cook, J. D. Owen. “Kinema: Soybean a traditional fermented food”. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, Vol. 18: pp. 576-581, 2004.
[18]. B. O. Omafuvbe, S. H. Abiose, O.O. Shonukan, O. O. “Fermentation of soybean (Glycine max) for soy-daddawa production by starter cultures of Bacillus”. Food Microbiology, Vol. 19: pp. 561-566, 2003.
[19]. S.A. Odunfa. “Biochemical changes in fermenting African Locus bean (Parkia biglobosa) during iru fermentation”. Journal of Food Technology, Vol. 20:pp- 295-303, 1985.
[20]. T. A. Ayelegun, I. O. Oni. “An investigation into the effects of boiling and fermentation on the anti-nutritive values of locust beans”. American Journal of Engineering Research, Vol. 7: pp. 230-237, 2018.
[21]. J. M. Zhou, C. Chuang, L. Lui. “Kinetics of trypsin inhibition by its specific inhibitors”. Biochemistry, 3: pp. 1070-1076, 1989.
[22]. F. Shahidi, “Beneficial health effects and drawbacks of anti-nutrients and phytochemicals in foods: an overview”, In the proceedings of ACS Symposium Series 662 (1997): pp. 1-9, 1997.Citation
Efunwoye, O.O., Oluwole, O.R., Alagbe, V.O., Olawale, K.S., Ajibola, O.O. and Omotoyinbo, B.I., "Soy-Dawadawa Production by Traditional Spontaneous Fermentation inside Pieces of Jute Sack," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.4, pp.59-66, 2021 -
Open Access Article
Fasan Tope Israel, Olubukola Sinbad Olorunnisola, Adewale Adetutu, Bamidele Stephen Ajilore
Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)
Vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp.67-73, Aug-2021
Abstract
Gluttonous habits on high salt diets have been accounted to be deleterious to human ecosystem worldwide, derailing homeostatic threshold, immunological inertia and eventually resulting to hepatic degradation. These influences had prompted many enthusiastic researchers to further investigate on the better/alternative medicinal option to ameliorate the high preponderance of salty-diet related immunological and hepatic derangement, and subsequently complementing the non-readily available but expensive orthodox medicine. Hence, this study thus evaluated the lethal dose and protective potential of Phenolic rich concentrate (PRC) of Phyllanthus amarus (Schum and Thonn) whole plant against acute High salt diet (HSD) (8%) assaulted immunological inflammations and hepatic functionality in animal model. The healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats n=30 were divided into five groups: Group 1: control, Group 2: High salt diet, Group 3: High salt diet+75mg/kg/bdw, Group 4: High salt diet+100mg/kg/bdw, and Group 5: High salt diet+150mg/kg/bdw of PRC. The results obtained (p<0.05) indicated the lethal dose of the concentrate was more than 5000mg/kg/bdw. Moreover, significant excitations were recorded in the level of inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 2(IL-2), interleukin 6(IL-6), interleukin 8(IL-8), Tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF?) and serum enzymes, Aspartate transaminase(AST), Alkaline phosphatase(ALP), Lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) and Creatine kinase(CK) of rats fed HSD. Though IL-8 was utterly impaired among others, however, the PRC significantly ameliorated all the compromised markers to near normal level in a dose-dependent manner. The results thus established the connectivity of the plant as used in trado-medicine and also accomplished the efficacy of PRC in remediating HSD induced immunological and hepatic derangements.Key-Words / Index Term
Inflammations; High salt diet; Phyllanthus amarus (Schum and Thonn); Phenol rich concentrate; immunological cytokines; hepatic markers; lethal doseReferences
[1] S. Arima, “Hypertension exacerbates liver injury and hepatic fibrosis induced by a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined diet in rats,” International Journal of Molecular Medicine. Vol 10.3892. 2013.1544, 2014.
[2] N. Nishimoto, and T. Kishimoto, “Inhibition of IL-6 for the treatment of inflammatory diseases,” Current Opinion in Pharmacology. 10.1016. 03.005, 2004.
[3] A. Gupta, M. Panthari, N. Ahmad, S. Nagtilak, and S. Nandwani, “Levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) in hypertension,” Biomedical Research (India). Vol 24. 1. 2013.
[4] B. Joseph, and S. J. Raj, An overview: Phannacognostic properties of Phyllanthus atnarus Linn. Vol. 7. 2011. 10.3923. 40.45. 2011.
[5] A. D. Dobrian, S. D. Schriver, T. Lynch, and R. L. Prewitt, “Effect of salt on hypertension and oxidative stress in a rat model of diet-induced obesity,” American Journal of Physiology - Renal Physiology. 10. 1152. 00388. 2002.
[6] E. C. Azinge, O. A. Sofola, and B. O. Silva, “Relation entre l’apport de sel, sel Go?t de seuil et la pression artérielle chez les Nigérians,” West African Journal of Medicine. Vol. 30, No. 5. 2011.
[7] S. K. Masenga et al., “HIV, immune activation and salt-sensitive hypertension (HISH): A research proposal,” BMC Research Notes. 10.1186. 13104-019-4470-2. 2019.
[8] R. J. Schulze, M. B. Schott, C. A. Casey, P. L. Tuma, and M. A. McNiven, “The cell biology of the hepatocyte: A membrane trafficking machine,” Journal of Cell Biology. Vol. 218, no. 7, pp. 2096–2112. 10.1083. 201903090. 2019.
[9] G. Wang et al., “Liver Fibrosis Can Be Induced by High Salt Intake through Excess Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Production,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 10.1021. 5b05897. 2016.
[10] M. A. Vazquez-Prieto, C. Rodriguez Lanzi, C. Lembo, C. R. Galmarini, and R. M. Miatello, “Garlic and onion attenuates vascular inflammation and oxidative stress in fructose-fed rats,” Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism. 10.1155/2011/475216. 2011.
[11] G. R. Gandhi et al., “Modulation of interleukin expression by medicinal plants and their secondary metabolites: A systematic review on anti-asthmatic and immunopharmacological mechanisms,” Phytomedicine. 10.1016. 153229. 2020.
[12] et al Ezeugwunne et al., “Effect of {Phyllanthus} {Amarus} {Leaf} {Extract} on the {Serum} {Lipid} {Profile} of {Alloxan}-{Induced} {Diabetic} {Albino} {Wistar} {Rats} in {College} of {Health} {Sciences},” International Journal of Health Sciences & Research (www.ijhsr.org). Vol. 8, pp. 199–207. 2018.
[13] A. A. Adeneye, O. O. Amole, and A. K. Adeneye, “Hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic activities of the aqueous leaf and seed extract of Phyllanthus amarus in mice,” Fitoterapia. 10.1016. 05.030. 2006.
[14] P. Adomi, U. Owhe-Ureghe, and S. Asagba, “Evaluation of the Toxicity of Phyllanthus amarus in Wistar Albino Rats,” African Journal of Cellular Pathology. 10.5897. 17.005. 2017.
[15] F. C. Amaechina and E. K. Omogbai, “Hypotensive effect of aqueous extract of the leaves of Phyllanthus amarus Schum and Thonn (Euphorbiaceae),” Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research. 64(6):547-52. 2007.
[16] A. K. Amonkan et al., “Comparative Effects of Two Fractions ofPhyllanthus amarus (Euphorbiaceae) on the Blood Pressure in Rabbit,” Greener Journal of Medical Sciences. 10.15580. 4.022213488. 2013.
[17] A. Awasthi, R. Singh, and M. K. Agrawal, “Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of different plant parts of Phyllanthus amarus schum. & thonn. collected from central india with respect to the traditional claims for their medicinal uses,” International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. Vol. 6, 1. 393–398, 2015.
[18] Ezeugwunne et al., “Effect of Phyllanthus Amarus Leaf Extract on the Serum Lipid Profile of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Albino Wistar Rats in College of Health Sciences,” International Journal of Health Sciences & Research (www.ijhsr.org). Vol. 8, pp. 199–207, 2018.
[19] C. D. Lee, M. Ott, S. P. Thyagarajan, D. A. Shafritz, R. D. Burk, and S. Gupta, “Phyllanthus amarus down-regulates hepatitis B virus mRNA transcription and replication,” European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 10.1046. 1365-2362.1996.410595.x. 1996.
[20] U. T. Mamza, O. A. Sodipo, and I. Z. Khan, “Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms) analysis of bioactive components of phyllanthus amarus leaves,” Vol 10, 2012.
[21] A. Obianime and F. Uche, “The Phytochemical screening and the effects of methanolic extract of Phyllanthus amarus leaf on the Biochemical parameters of Male guinea pigs.,” Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 10.4314. 12i4.55222. 2010.
[22] K. Okwute Simon, C. Okolo Simon, R. Okoh-Esene, and O. Olajide Olutayo, “Biological and chemical evaluation of the extracts of the leaf of Phyllanthus amarus Schum,” International Journal of ChemTech Research. 7(5):2347-2354. 2014.
[23] A. N. guessan Yao, “The acute diuretic effect of an ethanolic fraction of Phyllanthus amarus (Euphorbiaceae) in rats involves prostaglandins,” BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 10.1186/s12906-018-2158-0. 2018.
[24] U. Z?otek, S. Mikulska, M. Nagajek, and M. ?wieca, “The effect of different solvents and number of extraction steps on the polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum L.) extracts,” Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 10.10160. 08.002. 2016.
[25] K. Konaté et al., “Antimicrobial activity of polyphenol-rich fractions from Sida alba L. (Malvaceae) against co-trimoxazol-resistant bacteria strains,” Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials. 10.1186/1476-0711-11-5. 2012.
[26] S. Saha, “Purification of model tannins from 13 branches of the hydrolysable tannin pathway,”. Conference: The XXVIIIth International Conference on Polyphenols. 2016.
[27] P. R. M. and Prasad M. P., “Studies on Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis of Cissus quadrangularis,” Pelagia Research Library Advances in Applied Science Research. 7(4):11-17. 2016.
[28] R. K. Gupta, M. Jain, and R. K. Sharma, “Serum & urinary interleukin-2 levels as predictors in acute renal allograft rejection,” Indian Journal of Medical Research. 119(1):24-7. 2004.
[29] R. Aggarwal et al., “Interleukin-5, interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels obtained within 24-h of admission do not predict high-risk infection in children with febrile neutropenia,” Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology. 10.4103/0255-0857.115624. 2013.
[30] E. AMADOR and W. E. WACKER, “Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activity. A new modification and an anaytical assessment of current assay technics.” Clinical chemistry. 10.1093. 8.4.343. 1962.
[31] N. Chinaka O., E. Linus K., O. Julius O., E. Charles E., and I. Godwin O., “Hepatotoxicity of Methanol Seed Extract of Aframomum melegueta [Roscoe] K. Schum. (Grains of paradise) in Sprague-Dawley Rats,” American Journal of Biomedical Research. 10.12691. 2-4-1. 2014.
[32] O. T. Olabisi and A. O. L. A. K. U. N. L. E. Bamikole, Ameliorating potentials of aqueous extract of Talinum triangulare (Waterleave) against acetaminophen– induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. The pharma innovation. 14293585. 2015.
[33] W. Fikry, “Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) as Prognostic Marker in Acute Leukemia ‘Quantitative Method,’” J Blood Disord Transfus. Vol. 8, pp. 1–7. 10.4172/2155-9864.1000375. 2017.
[34] P. Catharine, “High-salt diet may harm liver,” Medicalnewstoday. 7. 2016.
[35] X. Zhang, G. Zhang, H. Zhang, M. Karin, H. Bai, and D. Cai, “Hypothalamic IKK?/NF-?B and ER Stress Link Overnutrition to Energy Imbalance and Obesity,” Cell. Vol. 135, no. 1, pp. 61–73. 2008.
[36] P. D. A. E. Al-Snafi, “Medicinal plants for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases - {A} review,” IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), Vol. 07, no. 04, pp. 103–163, 2017.
[37] M. I. Rosón et al., “High-sodium diet promotes a profibrogenic reaction in normal rat kidneys: Effects of Tempol administration,” Journal of Nephrology. 10.5301/JN.2010.5824. 2011.
[38] B. Joseph and S. J. Raj, An overview: {Phannacognostic} properties of {Phyllanthus} atnarus {Linn}. Vol. 7, no. 1. 10.3923. 2011.40.45. 2011.
[39] Seldin and Giebishch, “Sodium Transport - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics,” fourth edition. 166. 343. 2008.
[40] Y. J. Kang, S. Y. Cheon, H. W. Wang, H. J. Lee, K. M. Hwang, and H. S. Yoon, “Relationship of sodium consumption with obesity in Korean adults based on Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010~2014,” Journal of Nutrition and Health. 50(1):64-73. 2017.
[41] A. N. guessan Yao et al., “The acute diuretic effect of an ethanolic fraction of Phyllanthus amarus (Euphorbiaceae) in rats involves prostaglandins,” BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 10.1186/s12906-018-2158-0. 2018.
[42] R. Mehortra, S. Rawat, D. L. Kulshreshtha, P. Goyal, G. K. Patnaik, and B. N. Dhawan, “In vitro effect of Phyllanthus amarus on hepatitis B virus,” Indian Journal of Medical Research - Section A Infectious Diseases. Vol. 93, no. pp. 71–73, 1991.
[43] A. A. Adeneye, O. O. Amole, and A. K. Adeneye, “Hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic activities of the aqueous leaf and seed extract of Phyllanthus amarus in mice,” Fitoterapia. 10.1016. 2006.05.030. 2006.
[44] Y. Q. Tang, S. H. Lee, and S. D. Sekaran, “Phyllanthus SP a local plant with multiple medicinal properties,” Journal of Health and Translational Medicine. Vol 17no2.6.10.22452. 2014.
[45] D. B. James, O. A. Owolabi, N. Elebo, S. Hassan, and L. Odemene, “Glucose tolerance test and some biochemical effect of Phyllanthus amarus aquoeus extacts on normaglycemic albino rats,” African Journal of Biotechnology. 10.5897. 172. 2009.
[46] F. C. Amaechina and E. K. Omogbai, “Hypotensive effect of aqueous extract of the leaves of Phyllanthus amarus Schum and Thonn (Euphorbiaceae),” Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research. 64(6):547-52. 2007.
[47] I. O. Minatel, C. V. Borges, M. I. Ferreira, H. A. G. Gomez, and C.-Y. O. C. and G. P. P. Lima, Phenolic Compounds: Functional Properties, Impact of Processing and Bioavailability. IntechOpen. 10.5772/66368. 2017.
[48] K. M. Dickinson, P. M. Clifton, and J. B. Keogh, “Endothelial function is impaired after a high-salt meal in healthy subjects,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 10.3945. 110.006155. 2011.
[49] H. Oberleithner, C. Riethmüller, H. Schillers, G. A. MacGregor, H. E. De Wardener, and M. Hausberg, “Plasma sodium stiffens vascular endothelium and reduces nitric oxide release,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 10.1073. 0707791104. 2007.
[50] S. S. Al Disi, M. A. Anwar, A. H. Eid, S. S. Al Disi, and A. H. Eid, “Anti-hypertensive herbs and their mechanisms of action: Part II,” Frontiers in Pharmacology. 10.3389. 00050. 2016.
[51] N. R. Barbaro et al., “Dendritic Cell Amiloride-Sensitive Channels Mediate Sodium-Induced Inflammation and Hypertension,” Cell Reports. 10.1016. 10.002. 2017.
[52] A. H. Eliassen et al., “Circulating carotenoids and risk of breast cancer: Pooled analysis of eight prospective studies,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 10.1093. 461. 2012.
[53] P. S. Allender, J. A. Cutler, D. Follmann, F. P. Cappuccio, J. Pryer, and P. Elliott, Dietary calcium and blood pressure: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. 10.7326/0003-4819-124-9-199605010-00007. 1996.Citation
Fasan Tope Israel, Olubukola Sinbad Olorunnisola, Adewale Adetutu, Bamidele Stephen Ajilore, "Hepatic and Immuno-Remediating Potential of Phenolic Rich Concentrate of Phyllantus Amarus (Schum & Thonn) Whole Plant in Acute High Salt Diet Assaulted Animal Model.," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.4, pp.67-73, 2021 -
Open Access Article
Ethnomedicinal Plants of the Hamirpur (H.P.) Used for Treatment of the Kidney Stone and Arthritis
Amit Kumar, Komal jamwal
Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)
Vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp.74-79, Aug-2021
Abstract
The extensive survey was conducted in the villages of distt. Hamirpur for the investigation of use of the ethnomedicinal plants. The present study was conducted to document medico- religious beliefs associated with the local phytodiversity of the peoples of Hamirpur. During the survey in the villages of Hamirpur it is found that old age peoples much familiar about the medicinal use of the wild plants. About 22 different wild plants were used by peoples of Hamirpur for the treatment of Kidney stone and Arthritis.Key-Words / Index Term
Ethnomedicine, Traditional knowledge, kidneystone, Arthritis.References
[1]. P.K. Sharma, N.S. Chauhan, R.K. Kohli, H.P. Singh, K.K. Dhir, D.R. Batish, D.K. Khurana, “Ethnobotanical studies of gaddies”, A tribal community of district kangra, Himachal Pradesh. International Journal of Theortical and Applied sciences, Vol. 11, Issue.1, pp. 301-312, 2000.
[2]. B.G. Unani, A. Borah, S.B. Wann, H.R. Singh, B. Devi, M. Bhattacharjee, “Phytochemical and antibacterial study of traditional medicinal plants of north east India on Escherichia coli”, International Journal of Theortical and Applied sciences, Vol. 11, Issue.1, pp. 103-108, 2009.
[3]. M. Idolo, R. Motti, Mazzoleni, “Ethnobotanical and phytomedicinal knowledge in a long history protected area, the Abruzzzo Lazio and molise National park”, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Vol. 127, Issue.2, pp. 379-395, 2010.
[4]. A. Mahmood, A. Tabassum, “Ethnomedicinal survey of plant from District Sialkot, Pakistan”, Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 5, Issue.23, pp. 212-220, 2011a.
[5]. T. Rabe, J.V. Staden, “Antibacterial activity of South African plants used for the medicinal purposes”, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Vol. 119, pp. 81-87, 1997.
[6]. R.D. Gaur and J.K. Tiwari, “Some little known medicinal plants of Garhwal Himalayas”, study of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of the Tropics, (Leeuwenhoek AGM.ed). Pudoc, Wageningen, the Netherlands, International Journal of Engineering, Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol. 3, Issue.2, pp.139-142, 1987.
[7]. D. Upadhyay, “Ethno-botanical important plants in the parts of Shivalik hills of Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh”, Fisheries Food and Agriculture Organization Rome, International Journal of Theortical and Applied Sciences, Vol. 11, Issue.1, pp. 1-4, 2013.
[8]. N. Myers, R.A. Muttermeier, “Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities Nature”, An International Journal of Biodiversity Management and Sciences,Vol. 5, Issue.3, pp. 853–858, 2000.
[9]. Anonymous, “Action Plan for Himalaya G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development Kosi-Katarmal, Almora”, International Journal of Biodiversity Science and Management, Vol. 3, 1992.
[10]. R.A. Qureshi and M.A. Ghufran, “Medicinal value of some important roses and allied species of northern areas of Pakistan”, Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, Vol. 11, Issue.1, pp. 24–29, 2005.
[11]. R.K. Maikhuri, S. Nautiyal, K.S. Rao, K.G. Saxena, “Role of medicinal plants in traditional health care system: a case study form Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve”, International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services and Management, Vol. 9, Issue.3, pp.152–157, 1998.
[12]. S.K. Jain, “Dictionary of Indian Folk Medicine and ethnobotany”, New Delhi Deep Publications, International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services and Management, Vol. 9, Issue.3, 1991.
[13]. H.C. Joshi, S.C. Arya., S.S. Samant, “Diversity distribution and indigenous uses of medicinal and edible plants of a part of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve”, International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services and Management, Vol. 9, Issue.3, pp. 49–65, 1999.
[14]. S.K. Sood, R. Nath, D.C. Kalia, “Ethno botany of cold desert tribes of Lahaul–Spiti”, (N. W. Himalaya). New Delhi: Deep Publications, International Journal of Applied and Pure Science and Agriculture, Vol. 1, Issue.12, pp.161, 2001.
[15]. S.S. Samant, M. Pal, “Diversity and conservation status of medicinal plants of Uttaranchal state”, International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services and Management, Vol. 5, Issue.3, pp.1090–1108, 2003.
[16]. C.P. Kala, “Medicinal plants of the high altitude cold desert in India diversity, distribution and traditional uses”, International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services and Management, Vol. 5, Issue.3, pp.43–56, 2006.
[17]. A. Singh., M. Lal, S.S. Samant, “Diversity indigenous uses and conservation prioritization of medicinal plants in Lahaul valley, proposed Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve, India”, International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services and Management, Vol. 9, Issue.3, 2009.
[18]. DP. Semwal, P.P. Sarathi, C.P. Kala, B.S. Sajwan, “Medicinal plants used by local Vaidyas in Ukhimath block, Uttarakhand. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services and Management, Vol. 9, Issue.3, pp.480–485, 2010.
[19]. P.M. Shrestha, S.S. Dhillion, “Medicinal Plant Diversity and Use in the Highlands of Dolakha District, Nepal” International Journal of Pharmacy, Vol. 19, Issue.7, pp. 81-96, 2003.
[20]. R.M. Kunwar, N.P.S. Duwadee, “Ethnobotanical Notes on Khaptad National Park, Far Western Nepal” Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, Vol. 2, pp. 25-30, 2003.
[21]. M. Gadgil., F. Birkes., C. Folkes, “Indigenous Knowledge of Biodiversity Conservation” Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, pp. Vol. 11, Issue.6, 151-160, 1993.Citation
Amit Kumar, Komal jamwal, "Ethnomedicinal Plants of the Hamirpur (H.P.) Used for Treatment of the Kidney Stone and Arthritis," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.4, pp.74-79, 2021 -
Open Access Article
Prasad Memane, Smita Patil, Ashwini Sarje
Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)
Vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp.80-85, Aug-2021
Abstract
Bacterial oral pathogens can cause severe diseases with complications, severe soft tissue invasions, toxic syndromes and also cause infective endocarditis. This research paper provides comprehensive view on the silver nanoparticle synthesis from buttermilk filtrate, its characterization and its antimicrobial activity against dental pathogens. Also some spices was used to check their antimicrobial potential. The dental cavity causing organisms were isolated from patients having dental cavity problems. These organisms were identified as streptococcus spp. and candida spp. by performing morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics referring to the bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using buttermilk filtrate and characterization were done by UV-Vis spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Extract of different spices as well as biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles were checked against identified clinical isolates by well diffusion method. Nanoparticles synthesized using buttermilk filtrate were more effective as compared to crude extracts against pathogenic strains of bacteria.Key-Words / Index Term
Buttermilk, Silver nanoparticles(AgNPs), streptococcus spp., candida spp., UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, Cinnamomum verum(cinnamon), Curcuma longa(turmeric).References
[1] S. M. Abu Nayem, Narsin Sultana, Md. Aminal Haque, Billal Miah, Md. Mahmodul Hasan, Tamanna Islam, Md. Mahendi Hasan, Abdul Awal, Jamal Uddin, Md. Abdul Aziz and A.J. Saleh Ahammad, “Green synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles by using Amorphophallus paeoniifolius Tuber extract and Evaluation of their antibacterial activity”, MPDI Journals, vol 25., pp. 4773-4787, 2020
[2] Xiung chen, Eric Banan- Mwine Daliri, Ramchandra Chelliah and Deog- Hwan Oh, “Isolation and identification of Potentially Pathogenic Microorganisms Associated with Dental Caries in Human Teeth Biofilms”, MDPI Journal, vol 8 pp112-116, 2020
[3] Narayanswami Krithiga, Athimoolam Rajalakshmi, and Ayyavoo Jayachitra, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Leaf Extracts of Clitoria ternatea and Solanum nigrum and study of its Antibacterial Effect against Common Nosocomial Pathogen, Journal of Nanoscience vol 10 pp. 1-8, 2015
[4] Saba Pirtarighat, Maryam Ghannadnia and Saeid Baghshahi, “Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the plant extract of salvia spinosa grown in vitro and their antibacterial activity assessment”, Journal of Nanostructure in chemistry vol 9 pp 1-9, 2018
[5] P Heera, S Shanmugam, “Nanoparticles synthesis characterization and applications”, International journal of current microbiology and applied sciences, vol 4, pp 379-386, 2015
[6] Gericke, M.; Pinches, A. “Biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles. Journal of Hydrometallurgy”, vol 83,. Pp 132–140., 2006
[7] Muhammad shobia, Iqra Muhammad, Zeeshan Ahmed Bhutta, Ishrat Yaseen, “A Mini Review on Commonly used Biochemical Tests for Identification of Bacteria”, International journal of Research Publications, vol 54, Issue-1 pp 1-9, 2020
[8] Seema Rawat and Anurag Rawat, Antimicrobial activity of Indian spices against pathogenic bacteria, Advances in Applied science Research vol 6, Issue 3, pp 185-190, 2015
[9] M Z H Khan, F K Tareq, M A Hossen, M N A M Roki, “Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles”, Journal of Engineering science and technology vol. 13, Issue 1., pp.158-166, 2018
[10] Peter Logeswari, Sivagnanam Silambarasan, Jayanthi Abraham, “Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extract and analysis of their antimicrobial property”, Journal of Saudi chemical society, vol 19 Issue 3, pp 311-317, 2015
[11] Kumar K. P. Paul, W. Sharma, C.P., “Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles with Zingiber officinale extracts: characterization and blood compatibility. Process. Biochem” vol 46 pp 805-810, 2011
[12] Saad Haroon Anwar, “Nanoparticles-Types types of platforms, Biological Synthesis and application. Journal of material sciences”, vol. 6 Issue 2 pp 1-9, 2018
[13] Senapati, S, Ahmad, A, Khan, M.I, Sastry, M, Kumar, R “Extracellular biosynthesis of bimetallic Au-Ag alloy nanoparticles”, Pubmed, vol 1, Issue 5 pp 517–520. 2005
[14] Xian chen, Eric Banan- Mwine Dalliri, Ramchandran chellen and Deog- Hwan Oh, “Isolation and identification of Potentially Pathogenic Microorganisms Associated with dental caries in Human teeth biofiulms”, MDPI Journals, vol 8 Issue 10 pp 1-12, 2020
[15] Sura. I A, Raflaa S H, Zahraa Altaee, Hawraa M R, “Isolation and identification of bacteria and parasite from teeth caries and poeridontal”, Journal of advances in Environmental biology, vol 9 Issue 22 pp 50-53, 2015
[16] Shantkriti S, Rani P, “Biological synthesis of copper nanoparticles using Pseudomonas fluorescens” International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences vol. 3 Issue 9 pp 374–383, 2014
[17] Kalishwaralal K, Deepak V, Pandian SRK, Gurunathan S, “Biological synthesis of gold nanocubes from Bacillus licheniformis”. Bioresource Technology vol. 100 Issue 21 pp 5356–5358, 2009
[18] Yates MD, Cusick RD, Logan BE, “Extracellular palladium nanoparticle production using Geobacter sulfurreducens.” ACS Sustainable Chemical Engineering vol. 1 Issue 9 pp 1165–1171, 2013
[19] Jha A K, Prasad K, Kulkarni A, “Synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using microorganisms. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces”, vol 71 Issue 2 pp 226–229, 2009
[20] N. Muruganantham, R. Govindharaju, P. Anitha, V. Anusuya, “Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Lablab purpureus flowers (Purple colour) and its- antimicrobial activities”, International journal of scientific research in biological sciences, Vol. 5, Issue. 6., pp. 1-7, 2018
[21] Prabhu and Ediho K Paulose, “Silver Nanoparticles: mechanism of action, Synthesis, medical applications and toxicity effects”, International journal of nano letters vol 6 Issue 1 pp 120-135, 2016
[22] Vincent Ki MD, Coleman Rotstein MD FRCPC, “Bacterial skin and soft tissue infection in adults: A review of their epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and site of care”, Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol vol 19 Issue 2, pp 173-184, 2008Citation
Prasad Memane, Smita Patil, Ashwini Sarje, "Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized From Buttermilk Filtrate and Activity of Spices against Dental Cavity Causing Organisms," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.4, pp.80-85, 2021 -
Open Access Article
Anil Sarsavan, Shehla Ishaque, Minal Lodha, Asheeb Gupta
Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)
Vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp.86-90, Aug-2021
Abstract
The study aims to explore pathogenic bacteria from the oropharyngeal cavity of non-venomous checkered keelback (Fowlea piscator) snake and evaluate the antibiotic assay. Swabbing was done under the supervision of a trained herpetologist and samples were aerobically cultured on the nutrient agar. All distinct colonies were subjected to Gram-staining and different biochemical tests. Molecular characterizations were done using the Sanger sequence method. The sequencing results were assessed by using BLASTn to evaluate the similarity with other species. Its phylogenetic tree was mapped using the neighbor-joining algorithm in MEGA X software. Staphylococcus sciuri strains NCTC12103 were identified based on Gram staining, morphological character, biochemical test and genetic characterization. Staphylococcus sciuri strain NCTC12103 was sensitive to most of the broad-spectrum antibiotics (piperacillin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gentamicin, cefotaxime) except erythromycin was used for snakebite treatment. The present study proves that a pathogenic bacterium is present in the non-venomous snake oral cavity. The study results make it evident that Staphylococcus sciuri could be responsible for secondary infection after the bite from a checkered keelback (Fowlea piscator).Key-Words / Index Term
Oral flora, Bacteria, Non-venomous snake, Western Madhya PradeshReferences
[1]. J. M. Gutiérrez, J. J. Calvete, A. G. Habib, R. A. Harrison, D. J. Williams, D. J. Warrell, “Snakebite envenoming”, Nature Reviews Disease Primers, Vol. 3, Article No. 17063, pp. 1-19, 2017.
[2]. W. Suraweera, D. Warrell, R. Whitaker, G. Menon, R. Rodrigues, et al., “Trends in snakebite deaths in India from 2000 to 2019 in a nationally representative mortality study”, eLife, Vol. 9 e54076, pp. 1-37, 2020.
[3]. A. Nishioka Sde, P. V. Silveira, “Bacteriology of abscesses complicating bites of lance-headed vipers”, Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, Vol. 86, No. 1, pp. 89-91, 1992.
[4]. O. Arroyo, R. Bolaños, G. Muñoz, “The bacterial flora of venoms and mouth cavities of Costa Rican snakes”, Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 280-285, 1980.
[5]. H. A. reid, P. C. Thean, W. J. Artin, “Epidemiology of snake bite in north Malaya”, British Medical Journal, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 992-997, 1963.
[6]. G. Rosenfeld, “Symptomatology, Pathology and Treatment of Snake Bite in South America. In: W. Bucherl and E. E. Buckley ed. Venomous Animals and Their Venoms”, pp. 346-381, Academic Press, New York, 1971.
[7]. P. Terry, K Mackway-Jones, “Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. The use of antibiotics in venomous snake bite”, Emergency Medicine Journal, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 48-49, 2002.
[8]. G. Zancolli, D. Mahsberg, W. Sickel, A. Keller, “Reptiles as Reservoirs of Bacterial Infections: Real Threat or Methodological Bias?”, Microbial Ecology, Vol. 70, No. 3, pp. 579-584, 2015.
[9]. D. Résière, C. olive, H. Kallel, A. Cabié, R. Névière, B. Mégarbane, J. M. Gutiérrez, H. Mehdaoui, “Oral Microbiota of the Snake Bothrops lanceolatus in Martinique”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 15 No. 10, pp. 1-6, 2018.
[10]. K. K. Lam, P. Crow, K. H. Ng, K. C. Shek, H. T. Fung, et al., “A cross-sectional survey of snake oral bacterial flora from Hong Kong, SAR, China”, Emergency Medicine Journal, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 107-114, 2011.
[11]. A. Garg, S. Sujata, J. Garg, N.S. Acharya, S. Chandra Parija, “Wound infections secondary to snakebite”, Journal of infection in developing countries, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 221-223, 2009.
[12]. P. Pongprasit, C. Mitrakul, N. Noppakun, “Histopathology and microbiological study of cobra bite wounds”, Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, Vol. 79, No. 9, pp. 475-480, 1988.
[13]. Couto, I.S. Sanches, R. Sá-Leão, H. de Lencastre, “Molecular characterization of Staphylococcus sciuri strains isolated from humans”, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 1136–1143, 2000.
[14]. H. C. Pereira, D.O. Gomes, .Q.L. HiranoL, A. L. Q. Santos, A. M. C. Lima, “Aerobic bacteria in oral cavity of Lancehead snakes (Bothrops atrox) with stomatitis”, Biological Sciences, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 1-10, 2017.
[15]. R. Dehghani, M.R. Sharif, R. Moniri, A. Sharif, H.H. Kashani, “The identification of bacterial flora in oral cavity of snakes”, Comparative Clinical Pathology, Vol. 25, pp. 279-283, 2015.
[16]. S. P. Krishnankutty, M. Muraleedharan, R. C. Perumal, S. Michael, J. Benny, B. Balan, et al., “Next-generation sequencing analysis reveals high bacterial diversity in wild venomous and non-venomous snakes from India”, Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases, Vol. 24, No. 41, pp. 1-11, 2018.
[17]. R. Yak, A. C. Lundin, P. Y. Pin, S. J. Sebastin, “Oral bacterial microflora of freeliving reticulated pythons (Python reticulatus) in Singapore”, Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery, Vol. 25, No. 1-2, pp. 40-44, 2015.
[18]. L. Padhi, S. K. Panda, P. P. Mohapatra, G. Sahoo, “Antibiotic susceptibility of cultivable aerobic microbiota from the oral cavity of Echis carinatus from Odisha (India),” Microbial Pathogenesis, Vol. 143, pp. 1-6, 2020.
[19]. A. Artavia-León, A. Romero-Guerrero, C. Sancho-Blanco, N. Rojas, R. Umaña-Castro, “Diversity of Aerobic Bacteria Isolated from Oral and Cloacal Cavities from Free-Living Snakes Species in Costa Rica Rainforest”, International Scholarly Research Notices, Vol. 20, 2017.
[20]. A. Contreras-Rodríguez, M. G. Aguilera-Arreola, R. Alma, Osorio D. María, Guzmán, Rosa L, Velarde, Enriqueta, et al., “Supplemental material for Detection of Potential Human Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated From Feces of Two Colonial Seabirds Nesting on Isla Rasa, Gulf of California: Heermann’s Gull (Larus heermanni) and Elegant Tern (Thalasseus elegans)”, SAGE Journals Journal contribution, Tropical Conservation Science, Vol. 12, pp. 1-8, 2019.
[21]. E. J. Goldstein, K. L. Tyrrell, D. M. Citron, C. R. Cox, I. M. Recchio, B. Okimoto, J. Bryja, B. G. Fry, “Anaerobic and aerobic bacteriology of the saliva and gingiva from 16 captive Komodo dragons (Varanus komodoensis): new implications for the "bacteria as venom" model”, Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 262-272, 2013.
[22]. F.M. Abrahamian, E.J .Goldstein, “Microbiology of animal bite wound infections”, Clinical Microbiology Reviews. Vol. 24, No., 2, pp. 231-246, 2011.
[23]. T. Hauschild, S. Schwarz, “Differentiation of Staphylococcus sciuri strains isolated from free-living rodents and insectivores”, Journal of veterinary medicine. B, Infectious diseases and veterinary public health, Vol. 50, No. 5, pp. 241-246, 2003.
[24]. W. E. Kloos, K. H. Schleifer, R. F. Smith, “Characterization of Staphylococcus sciuri sp. nov. and its subspecies”, International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, Vol. 26, pp. 22-37, 1976.
[25]. Y. Guo, J. Li, H. Luo, P. Sun, Y. Li, S. He, “Isolation and identification of bacteria strains that caused the infection of multiple abscesses in Bactrian camel”, Journal of Biotech Research, Vol. 11, pp. 82-89, 2020.
[26]. H. Beims, A. Overmann, M. Fulde, M. Steinert, S. Bergmann, “Isolation of Staphylococcus sciuri from horse skin infection”, Open Veterinary Journal. Vol. 6 No. 3, pp. 242-246, 2016.
[27]. R. Yasuda, J. Kawano, E. Matsuo, T. Masuda, A. Shimizu, T. Anzai, “Distribution of mecA-harboring Staphylococci in healthy mares”, Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Vol. 64, No. 9, pp. 821-827, 2002.
[28]. S. Chen, Y. Wang, F. Chen, H. Yang, M. Gan, S.J. Zheng, “A highly pathogenic strain of Staphylococcus sciuri caused fatal exudative epidermitis in piglets”, PLoS One, Issue 1 e147, 2007.
[29]. N. Nagase, A. Sasaki, K. Yamashita, A. Shimizu, Y. Wakita, S. Kitai, J. Kawano, “Isolation and species distribution of Staphylococci from animal and human skin”, Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 245-50, 2002.
[30]. G.O. Adegoke, “Characteristics of Staphylococci isolated from man, poultry and some other animals”, Journal of Applied Microbiology, Vol. 60, No., 2, pp. 97-102, 1986.
[31]. J. Kawano, A. Shimizu, Y. Saitoh, M. Yagi, T. Saito, R. Okamoto, “Isolation of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci from chickens”, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Vol. 34, No. 9, pp. 2072-2077, 1996.
[32]. M. Marino, F. Frigo, I. Bartolomeoli, M. Maifreni, “Safety-related properties of Staphylococci isolated from food and food environments”, Journal of Applied Microbiology, Vol. 110, No. 2, pp. 550-556, 2011.
[33]. E. Papamanoli, P. Kotzekidou, N. Tzanetakis, E. Litopoulou-Tzanetaki, “Characterization of Micrococcaceae isolated from dry fermented sausage”, Food Microbiology, Vol. 19, pp. 441-449, 2002.
[34]. J. A. Webster, T. L. Bannerman, R. J. Hubner, D. N. Ballard, E. M. Cole, et al., “Identification of the Staphylococcus sciuri species group with EcoRI fragments containing rRNA sequences and description of Staphylococcus vitulus sp. nov.”, International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 454-460, 1994.
[35]. A. Meservey, A. Sullivan, C. Wu, P. M. Lantos, “Staphylococcus sciuri peritonitis in a patient on peritoneal dialysis”, Zoonoses and Public Health, Vol. 67, No. 1, pp. 93-95, 2019.
[36]. T.A. Ahoyo, E. Yehouenou Pazou, L. Baba-Moussa, A. Attolou Gbohou, M. Boco, K.L. Dramane T. Aminou, “Staphylococcus sciuri outbreak at Tertiary Hospital in Benin”, Journal of Medical Microbiology & Diagnosis, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 126, 2013.
[37]. G. Hedin, M. Widerström, “Endocarditis due to Staphylococcus sciuri”, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Vol. 17 No. 9, pp. 663-665, 1998.
[38]. S. R. S. Ramkumar, N. Sivakumar, J. B. M. C. Angelo, “Effect of Garcinia Imberti Bourd against Candida Isolates in Rootcanal Infection”, Journal of Young Pharmacists, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 214-217, 2017.
[39]. D.G. Coimbra, A.G. Almeida, J.B. Jùnior, L.A. da Silva, B.J. Pimentel, D.L. Gitaì, L.S. Moreira, E.A. Filho, T.G. de Andrade, “Wound infection by multiresistant Staphylococcus sciuri identified by molecular methods”, New Microbiologica, Vol. 34 No. 4, pp. 425-427, 2011.
[40]. S. Stepanovi?, P. Jezek, D. Vukovi?, L. Seifert, “Staphylococcus sciuri: an unusual cause of pelvic inflammatory disease”, International Journal of STD & AIDS, Vol. 16, No, 6, pp. 452-453, 2005.
[41]. S. Stepanovi?, P. Jezek, D. Vukovi?, I. Dakic, P. Petrás, “Isolation of members of the Staphylococcus sciuri group from urine and their relationship to urinary tract infections”, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Vol. 41, No. 11, pp. 5262-5264, 2003.
[42]. A. Guirguitzova, D. Chankova, B. Zozikov, “Staphylococci as uropathogens-frequency of isolation in hospitalized patients and sensitivity to antimicrobial agents”, Annals of Neurology, Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 341-345, 2002.
[43]. R. Marsou, M. Bes, M. Boudouma, Y. Brun, H. Meugnier, J. Freney, F. Vandenesch, J. Etienne, “Distribution of Staphylococcus sciuri subspecies among human clinical specimens, and profile of antibiotic resistance”, Research in Microbiology, Vol. 150, No. 5 pp. 531-541, 1999.
[44]. W. E. Kloos, D. N. Ballard, J. A. Webster, R. J. Hubner, A. Tomasz, I Couto, et al., “Ribotype delineation and description of Staphylococcus sciuri subspecies and their potential as reservoirs of methicillin resistance and staphylolytic enzyme genes”, International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 313-323, 1997.
[45]. A. Salazar-Ardiles, C. Caimanque, A. Galetovi?, C. Vilo, J. E. Araya, N. Flores, B. Gómez-Silva, “Staphylococcus sciuri Strain LCHXa is a Free-Living Lithium-Tolerant Bacterium Isolated from Salar de Atacama, Chile”, Microorganisms, Vol. 8 No. 5, pp. 1-15, 2020.
[46]. Y. Lu, Q. Lu, Y. Cheng, G. Wen, Q. Luo, H. Shao, T. Zhang, “High concentration of coagulase-negative Staphylococci carriage among bioaerosols of henhouses in Central China”, BMC Microbiology, Vol. 20, No. 21, pp. 2-9, 2020.
[47]. A. Garza-González, R. Morfin-Otero, M.A. Martínez-Vázquez, E. Gonzalez-Diaz, O. González-Santiago, E. Rodríguez-Noriega, “Microbiological and molecular characterization of human clinical isolates of Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus hominis, and Staphylococcus sciuri”, Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 43, No. 11-12, pp. 930-936, 2011.
[48]. M.S. Benz, I.U. Scott, H.W. Flynn, N. Unonius, D. Miller, “Endophthalmitis isolates and antibiotic sensitivities: a 6-year review of culture-proven cases”, American Journal of Ophthalmology, Vol. 137, No. 1, pp. 38-42, 2004.
[49]. A. Shittu, J. Lin, D. Morrison, D. Kolawole, “Isolation and molecular characterization of multi-resistant Staphylococcus sciuri and Staphylococcus haemolyticus associated with skin and soft-tissue infections”, Journal of Medical Microbiology, Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 51-55, 2004.
[50]. T. Horii, Y. Suzuki, T. Kimura, T. Kanno, M. Maekawa, “Intravenous catheter-related septic shock caused by Staphylococcus sciuri and Escherichia vulneris”, Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 33, No. 12, pp. 930-932, 2001.
[51]. A. Wallet, L. Stuit, E. Boulanger, M. Roussel-Delvallez, P. Dequiedt, R. J. Courcol, “Peritonitis due to Staphylococcus sciuri in a patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis”, Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 32, No. 6, pp. 697-698, 2000.
[52]. M. Ingle, U. Yadav, A. K. Bhilala, M. Pawar, “Urban Herpetofauna: A Case Study in Ujjain City of Central India”, International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 5, pp. 76-84, 2019.
[53]. S. P. Vijayakumar, A. Ragavendran, B. C. Choudhury, “Herpetofaunal Assemblage In A Tropical Dry Forest Mosaic of Western Ghats, India: Preliminary Analysis of Species Composition and Abundance During The Dry Season”, Hamadryad, Vol. 30, No. 1 & 2, pp. 40-53, 2006.
[54]. M. A. Smith, “Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma-Serpents”, Vol. 3, pp.1-583, Taylor and Francis publications, London 1943.
[55]. N. Saitou, M. Nei, “The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees”, Molecular Biology and Evolution, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 404-425, 1987.
[56]. J. Felsenstein, “Confidence Limits On Phylogenies: An Approach Using The Bootstrap”, Evolution, Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 783-791, 1985.
[57]. K. Tamura, M. Nei, S. Kumar, “Prospects for inferring very large phylogenies by using the neighbor-joining method”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 101, No. 30 pp. 11030-11035, 2004.
[58]. S. Kumar, G. Stecher, M. Li, C. Knyaz, K. Tamura, “MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms”, Molecular Biology and Evolution, Vol. 35, No. 6 pp. 1547-1549, 2018.
[59]. S. K. Panda, L. Padhi, G. Sahoo, “Evaluation of cultivable aerobic bacterial flora from Russell`s viper (Daboia russelii) oral cavity”, Microbial Pathogenesis, Vol. 134, pp. 1-7, 2019.
[60]. S. K. Panda, L. Padhi, G. Sahoo, “Oral bacterial flora of Indian cobra (Naja naja) and their antibiotic susceptibilities”, Heliyon, Vol. 4, No. 12, pp. 1-15, 2018.
[61]. M. Lodha, S. Ishaque, “Microbiome analysis from Russell`s viper (Daboia russelii) found in western part of Madhya Pradesh, India”, International Journal of Life Sciences, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 462-465, 2018.
[62]. I.K. Shaikh, P. P. Dixit, B. S. Pawade, M. Potnis-Lele, B. P. Kurhe, “Assessment of Cultivable Oral Bacterial Flora from Important Venomous Snakes of India and Their Antibiotic Susceptibilities”, Current Microbiology, Vol. 74, No. 11, pp. 1278-1286, 2017.
[63]. S. S. Mohanty, “Isolation of oral bacterial flora from a Colubrid snake Lycodon aulicus (Colubridae) and their susceptibility to antibiotics”, Journal of Biotechnol Biomater, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 279, 2012.
[64]. W. A. Wingert, L. Chan, “Rattlesnake bites in southern California and rationale for recommended treatment”, Western Journal of Medicine, Vol. 148, No. 1, pp. 37-44, 1988.
[65]. K. R. Kerrigan, “Bacteriology of snakebite abscess”, Tropical Doctor, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 158-160, 1992.
[66]. D. D. Tagwireyi, D. E. Ball, C. F. Nhachi, “Routine prophylactic antibiotic use in the management of snakebite”, BMC Clinical Pharmacology, Vol. 1, No. 4, 2001.
[67]. M. Lindbaek, D. Berild, J. Straand, P. Hjortdahl, “Influence of prescription patterns in general practice on anti-microbial resistance in Norway”, British Journal of General Practice, Vol. 49, No. 443, pp. 436-440, 1199.
[68]. M. T. Jorge, L. Ribeiro, "Infections in the bite site after envenoming by snakes of the Bothrops genus", Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases, Vol. 3 No. 2, pp. 264-272, 1997.Citation
Anil Sarsavan, Shehla Ishaque, Minal Lodha, Asheeb Gupta, "Molecular characterization and genetic evolutionary relationship of Staphylococcus sciuri using 16S rRNA gene sequencing from non-venomous snake checkered keelback (Fowlea piscator, Schneider, 1799) from Western Madhya Pradesh, India," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.4, pp.86-90, 2021 -
Open Access Article
A.M. Bappayo, B.S. Sagagi
Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)
Vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp.91-97, Aug-2021
Abstract
The heavy metal contamination of smoked fish species in Bauchi state, Nigeria`s northeastern region, was investigated. Zn, Cd, Cu, As, Ni, Pb, and Cr were detected in smoked fish species collected at random from different parts of the Gamawa and Hardawa markets. The concentrations of potentially toxic elements in samples collected after digestion using a conventional procedure in triplicate were analysed using Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (MPAES).The ranges of the measured concentrations in the samples were as follows; Zn (63.17 to 117.51 mg/kg), Cd (0.12 to 0.26 mg/kg), Cu (4.19 to 6.39 mg/kg), As (19.60 to 34.98 mg/kg), Ni (3.45 to 7.88 mg/kg), Pb (0.13 to 9.89 mg/kg) and Cr (3.04 to 8.98). The toxic elements Cd and Zn were the least abundant and most abundant in all nine (9) species, respectively. Cu and Cd levels were within the World Health Organization`s maximum guidelines in this investigation (WHO), except for samples from Gamawa (Catfish (117.50 mg/kg) and Clarias (112.60 mg/kg)) and Hardawa (Tilapia 116.50 mg/kg), the concentrations of Zn were found to be below the acceptable limits. In every smoked fish sample tested, the amounts of As, Ni, Pb, and Cr were greater than the WHO`s maximum tolerable limit. The findings of this study revealed that the fish sold in these markets were substantially contaminated with the PTE (Ni, Pb, As, and Cr), posing a serious health risk to the populace.Key-Words / Index Term
Clarias, Gamawa, Hardawa, Synodontis, Toxic elements, TilapiaReferences
[1] J.C. Akan, M. Salwa, B.S. Yikala, Z.M. Chellube, “Study on the Distribution of Heavy Metals in Different Tissues of Fishes from River Benue in Vinikilang, Adamawa State, Nigeria”. British Journal of Applied Science and Technology, Vol. 2, Issue 4, pp. 311-333, 2012.
[2] I.J. Ibanga, E.A. Moses, E.J. Edet, A.E. Moses, “Microbial and some heavy metals analysis of smoked fishes sold in urban and rural markets in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria”. Calabar Journal of Health Science, Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 73-79, 2019.
[3] Abdullahi 2001 Abdullahi SA, Abolude DS, Ega RA. Nutrient quality of four oven-dried freshwater catfish in Northern Nigeria”. Journal of Tropical Bioscience, Vol. 3, pp. 70-75, 2001.
[4] L.U. Onyia, E.F. Adebayo, K.O. Adewuyi, E.G. Ekwunife, I.J. Ochokwu, “Comparative Economics of Fresh and Smoked Fish Marketing in Some Local Government Areas in Adamawa State, Nigeria”, Australia Conference Proceedings. IIFET; 2014.
[5] B.U. Ibrahim, M.M. Abubakar. “Bacteriological Quality and Heavy Metal Concentration of Smoked Cat Fish (Clarias gariepinus) in Minna Niger State, Nigeria”. Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol. 3, Issue 1, pp.149-160, 2017.
[6] A.A. Okonta, and J.K.S. Ekelemu, “A preliminary study of micro-organisms associated with fish spoilage in Asaba, Nigeria”. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference ofFISON Port Harcourt. 14-18th Nov., 2005. pp. 557 – 559, 2005.
[7] O.J. Abolagba, E.C. Uwagbai, “A comparative analysis of the microbial load of smoke- dried fishes (Ethmalosa fimbriata and Pseudotolithus elongates) sold in Oba and Koko markets in Edo and Delta State, Nigeria at different season”. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, Vol. 5, pp. 544-550, 2011.
[8] A.O. Igwegbe, C.A. Negbenebor, E.C. Chibuzo, M.H. Badau, G.I. Agbara, “Effects of season and fish smoking on heavy metal contents of selected fish species from three locations in Borno state of Nigeria”. Asian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 6, Issue 02, pp. 1010-1019, 2013.
[9] M. S. Musa, “Determination of Selected Heavy Metals in Gills and Livers of some Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) from Two Dam Reservoirs in Katsina State”, Nigeria. Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol. 7, Issue 1, pp. 339-346, 2021.
[10] K. Ukachukwu, “Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water, clarias gariepinus and tilapia guineensis from Agodi Lake in Ibadan” A Dissertation report submitted to the Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2012.
[11] O.M. Wangboje, J.A.O. Oronsaye, “An Assessment of Heavy Metals in Synodontis clarias (Linnaeus, 1766) from Ikpoba Reservoir, Benin City, Nigeria”. Journal Applied Science and Environmental Management, Vol. 17, Issue 1, pp. 29-35, 2013.
[12] M.K. Ahmad, S. Islam, M.S. Rahman, M.R. Haque, M.M. Islam, “Heavy Metals in Water, Sediment and Some Fishes of Buriganga River, Bangladesh” International Journal of Environmental Research, Vol. 4, Issue 2, pp. 321-322, 2010.
[13] F. Bu?ka, P. Budinský, B. Zimáková, M. Merhaut, R. Flasarová, V. Pachlová, V. Kubán, L. Bu?ková, “Biogenic amines occurrence in fish meat sampled from restaurants in region of the Czech Republic”. Food Control, Vol. 31, pp. 49-52, 2013.
[14] I. Cie?lik, W. Migda?, K. Topolska, F. Gambu?, K. Szczurowska, E. Cie?lik, “Changes in the content of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Ni, Cr) in freshwater fish after processing–the consumer’s exposure” Journal of Elementology, Vol 23, Issue 1, pp. 247-259, 2017.
[15] B. Mao, Z. Huang, F. Zeng, H. Du, H. Fang, S. Lin, Y. Zhang, L. Shi, “Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Water, Sediment and Fish during a Complete Breeding Cycle in the Pond of the Pearl River Delta, China”. Journal of Environmental Protection, Vol 11, pp. 509-530, 2020.
[16] E. Has-Schon, I. Bogut, G. Kralik, S. Bogut, J. Horvatic, I. Cacic, “Heavy metal concentration in fish tissues inhabiting waters of "Busko Blato" reservoir (Bosnia and Herzegovina)”. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 54, Issue 1, pp. 75-83, 2007.
[17] R.S. Kirk, R. Sawyer, “Pearson’s Composition and Chemical Analysis of Foods”. 9th Edition, Longman Scientific & Technical, Essex, 1991.
[18] E.U. Edosomwan, M.O. Ainerua, D.O. Izevbizua, “Heavy Metals Levels in Dried Fish Consumed in Benin and Warri Metropolis; Levels and Health Risk Assessment” African Scientist, Vol.17, Issue 2, pp. 93-96, 2016.
[19] E.S. Eneji, R. Sha’ato, P.A. Annune, “Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Fish (Tilapia Zilli and Clarias gariepinus) Organs from River Benue, North. Central Nigeria” Pakistan Journal of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Vol 12, Issue 1&2, pp. 25-31, 2011.
[20] World Health Organization (WHO, 1995) “Heavy metals environmental aspects,” Tech. Rep., Environmental Health criteria No. 85, Geneva, Switzerland.
[21] M. Javed, N. Usmani, “Accumulation of heavy metals and human health risk assessment via the consumption of freshwater fish Mastacembelus armatus inhabiting, thermal power plant effluent loaded canal” SpringerPlus, Vol. 5:776, 2016.
[22] J.C. King, R.J. Cousins, “Zinc. In: ME Shils , M Shike ,AC Ross , B Caballero , RJ Cousins (eds) Modern nutrition in health and disease”, 10th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp. 271–285, 2006.
[23] J. Usero, C. Izquierdo, J. Morillo, I. Gracia, “Heavy metals in fish (Solea vulgaris Anguilla and Liza aurata) from salt marshes on the southern Atlantic Coast of Spain”. Environment International, Vol. 29, pp. 949-956, 2003.
[24] M. Dural, M.Z.L. Goksu, A.A. Ozak, “Investigation of heavy metal levels in economically important fish species captured from Tuzla lagoon. Food Chemistry, Vol. 102, pp. 415-421, 2007.
[25] K. Chandrasekhar, N.S. Chary, C.T. Kamal, D.S. Suman Raj, R.A. Sreenivasa, “Fractionation studies and bioaccumulation of sediment-bound heavy metals in Kolleru Lake by edible fish”. Environment International, Vol. 29, pp. 1001-1008, 2003.
[26] M. Canli, G. Atli, “The relationships between heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn) levels and the size of six Mediterranean fish species”. Environmental Pollution, Vol. 121, pp. 129-136, 2003.
[27] C.F. Ikeogu, H.F. Ogbonnaya, K.P. Okpala-Ezennia and C.G. Nwankwo. “Heavy metal analysis of consumer fish sold in three selected markets in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria”. Singapore Journal of Scientific Research, Vol. 10, pp.17-22, 2021.
[28] J. Kojadinovic, M. Potier, M. Le Corre, R.P. Cosson, P. Bustamante, “Bioaccumulation of trace elements in pelagic fish from the Western Indian Ocean” Environmental Pollution, Vol. 146, Issue 2, pp. 548–566, 2007.
[29] S. Dobaradaran, K. Naddafi, S. Nazmara, H. Ghaedi, “Heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb) content in two fish species of Persian Gulf in Bushehr Port, Iran”. African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 9, Issue 37, pp. 6191-6193, 2010.
[30] A.A. Bawuro, R.B. Voegborlo, A.A. Adimado, “Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Some Tissues of Fish in Lake Geriyo, Adamawa State, Nigeria”. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, pp. 1-8, 2018.
[31] A.M. Akinsorotan, J.O. Jimoh, B.P. Omobepade, I.C. Adene, “Status of trace metals in smoked Clarias gariepinus cultured in earthen pond in Lagos state, Nigeria”. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, pp.1-11, 2019.
[32] B.A. Fonge, A.S. Tening, A.E. Egbe, E.M. Awo, R.M Zoneziwoh, “Fish (Arius heudelotiivalencienes, 1840) as bio-indicator of heavy metals in Douala Estuary of Cameroon”. African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 10, Issue 73, pp. 16581-16588, 2011.
[33] WHO/FAO, “Environmental Health Criteria No. 165, Lead, Inorganic. IPCS World Health Organization, Geneva, 1993.
[34] P. Sivaperumal, TV Sankar, NPG Viswanathan, “Heavy metal concentrations in fish, shellfish and fish products from internal markets of India vis-a-vis international standards”. Food Chemistry, Vol. 102, pp. 612–620, 2007.
[35] A. Meche, C.M. Manoela, B.E.S.N. Lofrano, C.J. Hardaway, M. Merchant, L. Verdade, “Determination of heavy metals by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry in fish from the Piracicaba River in Southern Brazil”. Microchemical Journal, Vol. 94, pp. 171–174, 2010.
[36] D.K. Gupta, S. Tiwari, B. Razafindrabe, and S. Chatterjee. “Arsenic contamination from historical aspects to the present in Arsenic Contamination in the Environment”. Berlin, Germany: Springer, pp.1–12, 2017.
[37] A. Stoica, B.S. Katzenellenbogen, M.B. Martin,“Activation of estrogen receptor-? by the heavy metal cadmium. Mol. Endocrinol. Vol. 14, pp. 545–553, 2000.
[38] Z. Zhang, L. He, J. Li, Z. Wu. “Analysis of Heavy Metals of Muscle and Intestine Tissue in Fish – in Banan Section of Chongqing from Three Gorges Reservoir, China”. Polish Journal of Environmental Study Vol. 16, No. 6. 2007.
[39] WHO, “Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality Third Edition Incorporating the First and Second Addenda”, Volume 1 Recommendations, Geneva, 2008.
[40] N.M.N. Azmi, N.M.Y. Nadia, A.H.S. Mohamad, S.N. Jaafar, “Metals accumulation in cultured tiger grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus with estimated weekly in take levels from east coast of peninsular Malaysia”. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, Vol. 13, Issue 5, 2018.
[41] E. Forti, S. Salovara, Y. Cetin, A. Bulgheroni, RW. Pfaller, P. Prieto, “In vitro evaluation of the toxicity induced by nickel soluble and particulate forms in human airway epithelial cells. Toxically in Vitro, Vol. 25, pp. 454–461, 2011.
[42] P.L.R.M. Palaniappan, S. Karthikeyan, “Bioaccumulation and depuration of chromium in the selected organs and whole body tissues of freshwater fish Cirrhinusmrigala individually and in binary solutions with nickel”. Journal Environmental Sciences, Vol. 21: pp. 229-236, 2009.
[43] H. Guo, L. Chen, H. Cui, X. Peng, J. Fang, Z. Zuo, J. Deng, X. Wang, B. Wu, “Research advances on pathways of nickel-induced apoptosis”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol.17, Issue 1, pp. 10, 2015.
[44] I.M. Adekunle, M.F. Akinyemi, “Lead levels of certain consumer products in Nigeria: a case study of smoked fish foods from Abeokuta”. Food and Chemical Toxicology Vol. 42, pp. 1463–1468, 2004.
[45] P.A. Ako, S.O. Salihu, “Studies on Some Major and Trace Metals in Smoked and Oven-Dried Fish”. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, Vol. 8, Issue 2, pp. 5-9, 2004.
[46] E.K. Ajani, K.J. Balogun. “Variability in Levels of Heavy Metals in Water and Fish (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) tissues from Badagry Creek, Nigeria”. Journal of Biology and Life Science, Vol. 6, Issue 2, pp. 193-207, 2015.
[47] K.J. Alagoa, “An Appraisal of heavy metals content in two fish species (Bagrus bayad and Synodontis batensoda) in river-nun, Amassoma, Bayelsa state, Nigeria”. Asian Journal of Advances in Research, Vol. 6, Issue 1, pp. 21-28, 2021.
[48] J.O. Duruibe, M.O.C. Ogwuegbu, J.N. Egwurugwu, “Heavy metal pollution and human biotoxic effects”. International Journal of Physical Sciences, Vol.2 Issue 5, 112-118, 2007.
[49] D. Zhang, X. Zhang, L. Tian, F. Ye, X. Huang, Y. Zeng, M. Fan, “Seasonal and spatial dynamics of trace elements in water and sediment from Pearl River Estuary, South China” Environmental Earth Sciences, Vol. 68, pp. 1053–1063, 2013.
[50] M. Varol, G. Kaya, S. Alp, M. Bünbül, “Trace Metal Levels in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Cultured in Net Cages in a Reservoir and Evaluation of Human Health Risks from Consumption”. Biological Trace Element Research, Vol. 184, Issue 1, 268-278, 2017.
[51] WHO, Recommendation WHO; Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Geneva, pp. 13, 1985.
[52] Federal Environmental Protection Agency. Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria, pp. 238, 2003.
[53] S.C. Izah, S.E. Bassey, E.I Ohimain, “Geo-accumulation index, enrichment factor and quantification of contamination of heavy metals in soil receiving cassava mill effluents in a rural community in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria”. Molecular Soil Biology, Vol. 8, Issue 2, pp. 7-20, 2017.
[54] A.O. Majolagbe, O. Osibanjo, K.A Yussuf, R.A Olowu.“Trace Metals Distribution and Contamination in the Surface Marine Sediments of Roro Bay in Lagos, Nigeria”. Chemistry Journal, Vol 2, Issue 2, pp. 69-78, 2012.
[56] K. Ahmed, M. AbdulBaki, G.K. Kumar, S. Islam,M. Islam, M. Hossain, “Human health risks from heavy metals in fish of Buriganga River, Bangladesh”. SpringerPlus, 5:1697, 2016.
[57] S. Aslam and A.M. Yousafzai. “Chromium toxicity in fish: A review article”. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, Vol .5, Issue 3, pp.1483-1488, 2017.Citation
A.M. Bappayo, B.S. Sagagi, "Analysis of Some Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) (Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Nickel, Lead and Zinc) in Different Smoked Fishes Sold in Gamawa and Hardawa Markets in Bauchi State, Nigeria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.4, pp.91-97, 2021
| First Previous |
You do not have rights to view the full text article.
Please contact administration for subscription to Journal or individual article.
Mail us at support@isroset.org or view contact page for more details.
