Volume-7 , Issue-1 , Feb 2020, ISSN 2347-7520 (Online) Go Back

• Open Access   Article

  Enhanced Production of Therapeutically Valuable Withaferin A From In Vitro Propagated Withania Somnifera (L.) Dunal

  Sukanya M.S., Archana Giri

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp.1-6, Feb-2020

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Withanolides from Withania somnifera are one amongst the most exploited secondary metabolites for their enormous therapeutical and pharmaceutical benefits. Large scale production of these herbs from different explants of in vitro germinated seedlings were tried in order to meet the growing market demand. A rapid and efficient indirect regeneration protocol was optimized from the leaf explants of W.somnifera. Compact green calli were obtained from leaf explants cultured on MS media supplemented with 2mg/L BAP showed good regeneration potential. Maximum multiple shoots were obtained from calli grown on MS media fortified with 1 mg/L BAP and 0.1 mg/L NAA. The micro shoots were excised and efficient rooting was induced in MS media supplemented with 0.2 mg/L IBA. The in vitro propagated plantlets were found to be high in their withaferin A content (3.21mg/g DW). The withaferin A content was around 2.12-fold higher than the control explants. Micropropagation of such a highly valuable medicinal plant is extremely necessary in meeting the growing demands of this therapeutically valuable medicinal plant.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Withania somnifera, callus, regeneration, micropropagation, withaferin A, HPLC

  References
  S.K. Sharma, L. Gupta, “A Novel Approach for Cloud Environment,” International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.4, Issue.12, pp.1-5, 2014.
  [1] V.K.Gauttam, A.N. Kalia, “Development of polyherbal antidiabetic formulation encapsulated in the phospholipids vesicle system” J Adv Pharm Technol Res. Vol. 2, pp.108-117, 2013.
  [2] A. Rani, M. Kumar, S. Kumar, “Effect of phytohormones on shoot apex and leaf explants of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha)” J Applied and Natural Sci. Vol. 8, Issue.1, pp. 412-415, 2016.
  [3] H.Patel, R. Krishnamurthy, “ Elicitors in Plant Tissue Culture” J Pharmacogn Phytochem. Vol.2, pp. 60-65,2017.
  [4] G. Sivanandhan, M. Arun, S. Mayavan et al., “Optimization of elicitation conditions with methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid to improve the productivity of withanolides in the adventious root cultures of Withania somnifera (L.) dunal” Applied Biochemisry and Biotechnology. Vol. 2, Issue. 1, pp. 681-696, 2012.
  [5] G. Sivanandhan, M. Arun, S.Mayavan et al., “Chitosan enhances withanolides production in adventitious root cultures of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal” Industrial Crops and Products. Vol.37, Issue.1, pp. 124-129, 2012a.
  [6] G. Sivanandhan, G.K. Dev, J. Theboral, N. Selvaraj, A. et al., “Sonication, vacuum infiltration and thiol compounds enhance the Agrobacterium -mediated transformation frequency of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal” Plos One. Vol.10, Issue. 4, 2015.
  [7] T. Murashige, F. Skoog, F “A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with Tobacco Tissue Cultures” Physiologia Plantarum. Vol.15. pp.473-497, 1962.
  [8] O.L. Gamborg, R.A. Miller, K. Ojima “Nutrient requirements of suspension cultures of soybean root cells” Experimental Cell Research. Vol.50, Issue.1, pp. 151-158, 1968.
  [9] R.U. Schenk, A.C. Hildebrandt, “Medium and techniques for induction and growth of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant cell cultures” Canadian Journal of Botany. Vol. 50, Issue.1, pp. 199-204, 1972.
  [10] J.P. Nitsch, J.P , C “Nitsch Haploid plants from pollen grains” Science. Vol. 163, Issue. 3862, pp. 85-87, 1969.
  [11] P.K.Khanna, A. Kumar, R. Chandra, V. Verma, “Germination behaviour of seeds of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal: A high value medicinal plant” Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants. Vol. 19, Issue.3, pp. 449-454, 2013.
  [12] I. Sivanesan , K. Murugesan, “An efficient regeneration from nodal explants of W. somnifera Dunal” Asian Journal of Plant Sciences. Vol.7, Issue.3, pp. 551-556, 2008.
  [13] S. Ray, S. Jha, “Production of withaferin A in shoot cultures of Withania somnifera” Planta Medica. Vol.67, Issue. 2, pp. 432-436, 2001.
  [14] A.A.Kulkarni, S.R. Thengane, K.V. Krishnamurthy, “Direct shoot regeneration from node, internode, hypocotyl and embryo explants of Withania somnifera “ Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture. Vol. 62, Issue.3, pp. 203-209, 2000.
  [15] B.K.Ghimire, E.S. Seong, E.H.Kim et al., “Direct shoot organogenesis from petiole and leaf discs of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal” African Journal of Biotechnology. Vol. 9, Issue.44, pp.7453-7461.
  [16] J.R. Rout, S.L.Sahoo, R. Das, “An attempt to conserve Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal – a highly essential medicinal plant through in vitro callus culture” Pakistan Journal of Botany. Vol. 43, Issue.4, pp. 1837-1842, 2011.
  [17] R.M.Taha and S.N. Wafa, “Plant regeneration and cellular behaviour studies in Celosia cristata grown in vivo and in vitro” The Scientific World Journal. Vol. 8, 2012.
  [18] N. Chakraborthy, D. Banerjee, M. Ghosh et al., “Influence of plant growth regulators on callus mediated regeneration and secondary metabolites synthesis in Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal” Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants. Vol.19, Issue. 1, pp. 117-125, 2013.
  [19] V.S. Manickam, R.E. Mathavan, R. Antonisamy, “Regeneration of Indian ginseng plantlets from stem callus” Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture. Vol. 62, Issue. 3, pp. 181-185, 2000.
  [20] I. Sivanesan, “Direct regeneration from apical bud explants of Withania somnifera Dunal” Indian Journal of Biotechnology. Vol. 6, Issue 2, pp.125-127, 2000.
  [21] U. Supe, F. Dhote, M.G.Roymon, “In vitro plant regeneration of Withania somnifera” Plant Tissue Cult and Biotech. Vol. 16, Issue 2, pp.111-115, 2006.
  [22] K. Rao, B. Chodisetti, S. Gandi, S, L.N. Mangamoori , A. Giri, “Direct and indirect organogenesis of Alpinia galanga and the phytochemical analysis” Plant Cell.Tissue and Org. Culture. Vol.165, Issue. 5, pp. 1366-1378,2011.
  [23] K. Nasirujjaman, M. Salahuddin, S. Zaman, M.A. Reza, “Micropropagation of ginger (Zingiber officinale Var Rubrum using buds from microshoots" Journal of Biological Sciences. Vol.5, Issue. 4, pp. 490–492, 2005.
  [24] B. Gayathri, K.Rao, A. Giri, “Production of sapogenins (stigmasterol and hecogenin) from genetically transformed hairy root cultures of Chlorophytum borivilianum (Safed musli)” Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. Vol.131, pp. 369-376, 2017.
  [25] F. Sabir, R.S. Sangwan, L.Singh, L.N. Misra, N. Pathak, N.S. Sangwan, “Biotransformation of withanolides by cell suspension cultures of Withania somnifera (Dunal)” Plant Biotechnology Reports. Vol.5, Issue. 2, pp. 27-134, 2011.
  [26] J. Sen and A.K. Sharma, “Micropropagation of Withania somnifera from germinating seeds and shoot tips” Plant Cell Org. Tiss. Cult. Vol.26, pp. 71-73, 1999.
  [27] R. Udaykumar, C.W.Choi, K.T.Kim et al., “In vitro plant regeneration from epicotyl explant of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal” Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. Vol. 7, Issue.1, pp. 43-52, 2013.
  [28] D.D.Shukla, N. Bhattarai, B. Pant, “In vitro mass propagation of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal” Nepal Journal of Science and Technology. Vol.11, pp.101-106, 2011.
  [29] P.A.Wadegaonkar, K.A.Bhagwat, M.K. Rai, “Direct rhizogenesis and establishment of fast-growing normal root organ culture of Withania somnifera Dunal” Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture. Vol. 84, Issue. 2, pp. 223-225, 2006.

  Citation
  Sukanya M.S., Archana Giri, "Enhanced Production of Therapeutically Valuable Withaferin A From In Vitro Propagated Withania Somnifera (L.) Dunal," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.1-6, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Observable Differences and Similarities in Proximate and Mineral Constituents of Air-Dried Leaf and Inflorescence of Petiveria Alliaceae (L.)

  J.O. Arogbodo

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp.7-11, Feb-2020

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  The present research seeks to evaluate the differences and similarities in proximate and mineral constituents of air-dried leaf and inflorescence of Petiveria alliaceae (L.). To achieve this goal, the procedures of analyses by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) were adopted. The proximate analyses of the crude fat, dry matter, carbohydrate, and energy were higher in the leaf than the inflorescence while moisture content, total ash, crude protein, and crude fibre were more in the inflorescence. The two samples are endowed with substantial percentage of crude protein (14.13 to 15.05 %), total ash (9.28 to 9.66 %), and energy (331.00 to 315.33 Kcal/100g) but low in fat (2.96 to 1.66 %), and fibre (0.27 to 0.63 %) in the leaf, and inflorescence respectively. The leaf was richer in calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, phosphorus, and cobalt than the inflorescence while the inflorescence was higher in sodium, potassium, copper, manganese, lead, chromium and nickel. The level of heavy metals like; chromium, cobalt, nickel, zinc and lead in both samples (cadmium was not detected) were similar. Based on the fact the levels of the minerals were within the permissible safe limits recommended by FAO and WHO, the leaf and the inflorescence were considered free of heavy metal toxicity.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Medicinal plants, safety, animal production, Petiveria alliaceae

  References
  [1] Plants for a future. Copyright © Plants for a future. Petiveria alliaceae Guinea Hen Weed PFAF Plant Database. Registered in England and Wales, Charity No. 1057719, Company No. 3204567. Html. 2012. Accessed on 24/01/2020.
  [2] Randle, M. M., Riley, C. K., Williams, L. A. D and Watson, C. T. (2018). A systematic review of the traditional and Medicinal Uses of Petiveria alliaceae L. in The Treatment of Chronic Diseases. Journal of Plant science & research 5(1): 1 – 7.
  [3] C. Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1st ed. Stolckolm;Salvius- 1753.
  [4] L. C. Di Stasi, S. B. Feitosa, C. A. Hiruma-Lima. Caryophyllales medicinal in: Di Stasi, L. C, Hiruma-Lima, C. A, editors. Medicinal Plants in the Amazonian region and Atlantic Forest 2nd ed. Sao Paulo: Editora Unesp. Pp 149 – 173, 2002.
  [5] A. B. Rocha, Botanic study of Petiveria alliaceae: External morphology and anatomy. Doctorate Thesis, Universidade Estadual paulistar, 1969.
  [6] G. H. Schmelzer, A. Gurib-Fakin, A medicinal plant. Plant resources of Tropical Africa. 412 – 5, 2008.
  [7] P. B. S. João, C. M. N. Suellen, H. O. Daniele, C. G. P. Ana, R. de O. Fábio, P da P. Thiago, L. S. S. Maria, C. B. Ana, A. de A. Marcieni, Antimicrobial and Anticancer Potential of Petiveria alliaceae L. (Herb to ‘Tame the Master’): A review. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 12(23): 84 – 93, 2018.
  [8] O. E. Adejumo, I. S. Owa-Agbanah, A. L. Kolapo, A. Marcus, Pyhtochemical and antisickling activities of Entandrophragma utile, Chenopodium ambrosioides and Petiveria alliaceae. J. Med Plants Res 5: 1531 – 1535, 2011.
  [9] W. A. Kareem, Geological Map of Federal University of Technology, Akure. Unpublished M. Tech. Thesis, Department of Applied Geology, The Federal University of Technology Akure. Pp 109, 1997.
  [10] T. Odugbemi, A TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINAL PLANTS FROM NIGERIA.University of Lagos Press, Unilag P. O. Box 132 University of Lagos Akoka, Yaba – Lagos, Nigeria. Pp 484 – 485, 2008.
  [11] AOAC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Official Methods of Analysis of the AOAC. In: Horwitiz, W. (Ed.). 18th Edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington D.C., USA. 2006.
  [12] FAO, Food energy – methods of analysis and conversion factors. Food and Nutrition paper 77 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, pp 1- 93, 2003.
  [13] SPSS: Statistical Package for Social Sciences. SPSS 23 Statistics Premium for Windows. IBM Corporation computer software package version 23, 32 and 64 bit, Jordan, 2015.
  [14] O. C. Akanji, O. T. Osuntokun, B. Adewumi, Antimicrobial Activity, Chemical Compositions and Proximate Analysis of Ixora coccinea L. leaves on some Clinical Pathogens. International Journal of Current Research 10(08): 72555 – 72561, 2018.
  [15] M. M. Raimi, M. Oyekanmi, B. M. Adegoke, Proximate, Phytochemical and Micronutrient Composition of Sida acuta. Journal of Applied Chemistry volume 7, Issue 2 ver. 1 pp 93 – 98, 2014.
  [16] U. Usunobun, N. P. Okolie, O. G. Anyanwu, A. J. Adegbegi, M. E. Egharevba, Phytocheminal screening and Proximate Composition of Annona muricata leaves. European Journal of Botany Plant Science and Phytology 2(1): 18 – 28, 2015.
  [17] E. A. Richard, L. S. Milton, Nutritional Diseases. In Diseases of Poultry, Tenth Edition. Edited by B. W. Calnek with H. John Barnes, Charles, W, Beard, Larry, R. McDougald and Y. M. Saif. Iowa State University Press Ames, Iowa, USA. Pp 47 – 80, 1997.
  [18] R. H. Harms, R. E. Buresh, Wilson, H. R. Sodium requirement of the turkey hen. Br Poult Sci. 6: 217 – 220, 1985.
  [19] R. M. Jr. Leach, Studies on the potassium requirement of the laying hen. J. Nutr. 104:684 – 686, 1974.
  [20] P. H. Long, S. R. Lee, G. N. Rowland, W. M. Broton, Experimental rickets in broilers: gross, microscopic and radiographic lesions. I. Phosphorus deficiency and calcium excess. Avian Dis. 28: 460 – 474, 1984.
  [21] V. M. Weaver, J.Welsh, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol supplementation prevents hypocalcemia in magnesium-deficient chicks. J. Nutr. 123: 764 – 771, 1993.
  [22] H. C. Saxena, Poultry Feed Technology (Feed Formulation & Manufacturing) Second Revised & Enlarged Edition. International Book Distributing Company (Publishing Division). India. Pp 92 – 113, 1997.
  [23] FAO, Water quality for irrigation for agriculture, Irrigation Drainage paper, 29: 1- 130, 1985.
  [24] WHO, Guidelines for Drinking –Water Quality. Vol 2: Health Criteria and Other Supporting Information. 2nd Edition, World health Organization, Geneva, 1996.
  [25] WHO/FAO, Codex Alimentarius Commision. Food Additives and Contaminants. Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, ALINORM 01/12A: 1- 289, 2001.
  [26] WHO (2005). Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant Materials. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.

  Citation
  J.O. Arogbodo, "Observable Differences and Similarities in Proximate and Mineral Constituents of Air-Dried Leaf and Inflorescence of Petiveria Alliaceae (L.)," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.7-11, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Optimization of carbohydrate production by Chlorella minutissima under laboratory conditions

  Surendra Singh, Jyoti sahu

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp.12-16, Feb-2020

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  The global change in climate, the rising price of oil and the rapid depletion of fossil fuel reserves forced governments, scientists and researchers to invest in alternative energy sources, including wind and solar energy and biofuels. Microalgae are considered as the most promising renewable feedstock for biofuel production and biore-fineries, due to their advantages of fast growth, efficient carbon dioxide fixation, not competing for arable lands and potable water, and potentially accumulating high amounts of lipids and carbohydrates. Chlorella minutissima, microalgae, is a promising source of biomolecules, especially carbohydrates, for commercial exploitation. The present study is an attempt to optimize the culture conditions to enhance the intra- and extracellular carbohydrates in C. minutissima. The optimization experiment used the variations in photoperiod, turbulence, pH conditions as well as different media compositions. The results showed that a photoperiod of 12 h to 8 h of shaking and pH of 8.0 are best suited for optimal carbohydrate concentration, which can be increased from 28.2 % for intracellular and 24.3 % for extracellular carbohydrate on dry basis up to 45.6% and 40.3% for intra- and extracellular carbohydrate % respectively, showing 150% yield under optimized conditions. Among different media used, bold Basel media proved to be the best among others.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Microalgae, Chlorella minutissima, Carbohydrate production, bioethanol, culture optimization

  References
  [1] O.O. Efunwoye, S.M. Wakil and O.R.Oluwole, “Optimization of Bioethanol Production from Solid substrate Fermentation of Pineaple Waste”, Internatinal Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.6, Issue 6, pp. 100-106, 2019.
  [2] P. Spolaore, C. Joannis-Cassan, E. Duran, A. Isambert, “Commercial applications of microalgae”, Journal of bioscience and bioengineering. Vol. 1, Issue 101(2), pp. 87-96, 2006.
  [3] G.V. Tagliaferro, H.J. Izário Filho, A.K. Chandel, S.S. da Silva, M.B. Silva, J.C. dos Santos. “Continuous cultivation of Chlorella minutissima 26a in a tube-cylinder internal-loop airlift photobioreactor to support 3G biorefineries”, Renewable energy, Vol. 1, Issue 130, pp. 439-45, 2019.
  [4] V. da Silva Braga, J.B. Moreira, J.A. Costa, M.G. de Morais, :Potential of Chlorella fusca LEB 111 cultivated with thermoelectric fly ashes, carbon dioxide and reduced supply of nitrogen to produce macromolecules”, Bioresource technology, Vol. 1, Issue 277, pp. 55-61, 2019.
  [5] H. Tang, M. Chen, M.E. Garcia, N. Abunasser , K.S. Ng, S.O. Salley, “Culture of microalgae Chlorella minutissima for biodiesel feedstock production”, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol. 108, Issue 10, pp. 2280-2287, 2011.
  [6] S.H. Ho, S.W. Huang, C.Y. Chen, T. Hasunuma, A. Kondo, J.S. Chang, “Characterization and optimization of carbohydrate production from an indigenous microalga Chlorella vulgaris FSP-E”, Bioresource Technology. Vol. 1, Issue 135, pp. 157-165, 2013.
  [7] Y. Wang, S.H. Ho, H.W. Yen, D. Nagarajan, N.Q. Ren, S. Li, Z. Hu, D. J. Lee, A. Kondo, J.S. Chang, “Current advances on fermentative biobutanol production using third generation feedstock”, Biotechnology advances. Vol. 1, Issue 35(8), pp. 1049-1059, 2017.
  [8] B.S. Sert, B. İnan, D. Özçimen, “Effect of chemical pre-treatments on bioethanol production from Chlorella minutissima”, Acta Chimica Slovenica, Vol. 20, Issue 65(1), pp.160-165, 2018.
  [9] R. Rippka, J. Deruelles, J.B. Waterbury, M. Herdman, R.Y. Stanier. “Generic assignments, strain histories and properties of pure cultures of cyanobacteria”, Microbiology, Vol. 1, Issue 111(1), pp. 1-61, 1979.
  [10] C.J. Lorenzen, “Determination of chlorophyll and pheopigments: spectrophotometric equations 1”, Limnology and oceanography. Vol. 12, Issue 2, pp. 343-346, 1967.
  [11] O.H. Lowry,N.J. Rosebrough, A.L. Farr, R.J. Randall, “Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent”, Journal of biological chemistry, Vol. 193, pp. 265-75, 1951.
  [12] B.N. Herbert, H.J. Gould, E.B. Chain, “Crystal Protein of Bacillus thuringiensis var. tolworthi: Subunit Structure and Toxicity to Pieris brassicae”, European journal of biochemistry, Vol. 24, Issue 2, pp. 366-75, 1971.
  [13] M. Dubois, K.A. Gilles, J.K. Hamilton, P.T. Rebers, F. Smith, “Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances”, Analytical chemistry. Vol. 1, Issue 28(3), pp. 350-356, 1956.
  [14] W.B. Kong, H. Yang, Y.T. Cao, H. Song, S.F. Hua, C.G. Xia, “Effect of glycerol and glucose on the enhancement of biomass, lipid and soluble carbohydrate production by Chlorella vulgaris in mixotrophic culture”, Food Technology and Biotechnology, Vol. 51, Issue 1, pp. 56-62, 2013.
  [15] B.C. Freitas, A.P. Cassuriaga, M,G. Morais, J.A. Costa, “Pentoses and light intensity increase the growth and carbohydrate production and alter the protein profile of Chlorella minutissima”, Bioresource technology, Vol. 1, Issue 238, pp. 248-53, 2017. A.C. Margarites, J.A. Costa, “Increment of carbohydrate concentration of Chlorella minutissima microalgae for bioethanol production”, J Eng Res Appl, Vol. 4(2), pp. 80-86, 2014.
  [16] B.C. Freitas, M.G. Morais, J.A. Costa, “Chlorella minutissima cultivation with CO2 and pentoses: Effects on kinetic and nutritional parameters”, Bioresource technology, Vol. 1, Issue 244, pp. 338-44. 2017.

  Citation
  Surendra Singh, Jyoti sahu, "Optimization of carbohydrate production by Chlorella minutissima under laboratory conditions," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.12-16, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Role of Dieto-Therapy in Weight and Dyslipidemia Management - A Case Study

  Misbahuddin Azhar, Sadia Ayub, Nighat Anjum, Sarfaraz Ahmad

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp.17-19, Feb-2020

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Dyslipidemia is a common problem among the young generation of India due to dependency on fast and junk food. It is a major cause of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular disease. Great physician of Unani medical system (UMS) were also aware about the concept of Dusumat-e-dam (lipid in blood/dyslipidemia) etc. They described four types of treatment modalities; dieto-therapy is one of them. The present paper is a case report of a young Muslim male whose lipid profile showed high levels of Cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, Blood pressure, etc. Ilaj bil Ghiza (Dieto-therapy) is a unique therapy in Unani system, the treatment is done by modulation in dietary habits, i.e. fasting, use of food stuff in more quantity having less nutritional value or less quantity having more nutrients or vice versa. The nutritional needs of body according to demand has been maintain and pharmacotherapy has been avoided to protect the body from any side and adverse action. After one month of change in diet pattern in terms of quality and quantity his lipid profile become normal level. It may be concluded that the concept of dieto-therapy in UMS has solid base to prove safe and effective in the weight and dyslipidemia management.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Dyslipidemia; Ilaj-bil-Ghiza; dieto-therapy, Unani Medicine, weight management

  References
  [1] Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser L, Longo, DL, Jameson JL, et al. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 19th edition, New York, McGraw Hill education, pp.2438-2449, 2015
  [2] Humes HD, Kelley’s Textbook of Internal Medicine. 4th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, USA, pp.72-87, 2000.
  [3] Munjal YP, Sharma SK, Shah SN, Pangtey GS, Prakash A, et al. API Textbook of Medicine, 9th edition, Munjal YP, editor, The Association of Physicians of India, Mumbai, pp.1235-1239, 2012.
  [4] A Misra, K Luthra, NK Vikram, “Dyslipidemia in Asian Indians, Determinants and Significance”. JAPI. vol.52, pp.137-142, 2004.
  [5] F Paccaud, VS Fasmeyer, V Witlisbach, P Bovet, “Dyslipidemia and Abdominal Obesity: an Assessment in Three General Populations”, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, vol.53, pp.399-400, 2000.
  [6] Vikas Gupta. “Abnormalities in Lipid Profile Amongst Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in North Indian Population”, International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences Vol.6, Issue.1, pp.17-22, 2019.
  [7] S Goenka, D Prabhakaran, VS Ajay, KS Reddy, “Preventing cardiovascular disease in India-Translating evidence to action”, Current Science, vol.97, issue.3, pp.367-377, 2009.
  [8] KS Reddy, D Prabhakaran, V Chaturvedi, P Jeemon, KR Thankappan, et al., “Methods for establishing a surveillance system for cardiovascular diseases in Indian industrial populations”. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol.84, isuue.6, pp.461-469, 2006.
  [9] M Emtiazy, M Keshavaraz, M Khodadoost, M Kamalinejad, SA Gooshahgir, et al. “Relation between Body Humors and/ Hypercholesterolemia: An Iranian Traditional Medicine Perspective Based on the Teaching of Avicenna”. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. Vol.14, issue.3, pp.133-138, 2012.
  [10] Jalinoos, “Kitab fil Mizaj”, Urdu Translation by Hakim Zillur Rehman, Ibn Sina Academy, Aligarh, pp.138-141, 2008.
  [11] I Nafis. “Moalajat-e-Nafisi”, Munshi Naval Kishore, Lucknow, pp.537-539, 1906.
  [12] AHI Jurjani. “Zakhira Khwarzam Shahi”, Urdu translation by Khan HH, Vol-8, Idara Kitab-ul-Shifa New Delhi, pp.23-28, 2010.
  [13] K Chandpuri, “Mojiz-ul-Qanoon”, 3rd edition, Qaumi Council Baraye Farogh Urdu Zaban, Delhi, pp.99,459, 1998.
  [14] M Kabeeruddin. “Ifada-e-Kabir”, 1st edition, Qaumi Council Baray-e-Farogh Urdu Zuban, Delhi, pp.58, 2001.
  [15] R Zaman, SN Basar, SA Farah. “Dietotherapy in Unani system of medicine”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Biological Sciences, vol.3, Issue.4, pp.1035-1039, 2013.
  [16] Ibn Sina, “Kitab Advia Qalbiya”, Urdu translation by Hakim Abdul Lateef, Manager National Printers Company, Aligarh, pp.12-25, 1956.
  [17] SMKH Hamdani, “Usool-e-Tib”, Ali Manzil, Muslim University Aligarh, pp.425-428, 1980.
  [18] AP Ansari, NZ Ahmed, A Wadud, M Arif, S Khanday, “Ilaj bil Ghiza (Dietotherapy): A Core Mode of Unani Treatment”, Journal of Advanced Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences & Pharmacology Interventions, Vol.2, issue.1, pp.27-35, 2018.
  [19] Z Razi, “Kitab ul Hawi Fit Tib”, Vol-23, Dairatul Moarif Usmania, Hyderabad Deccan, pp.3, 1969.
  [20] A Majoosi. “Kamil-us-Sana”, Urdu translation G H Kantoori, Munshi Nawal Kishore Lucknow, pp.47-48, 1911.
  [21] Ibn Hubal, “Kitabul Mukhtaraat Fit Tib”, Part-I, CCRUM Publication, New Delhi, pp.205, 2005.
  [22] M Kabiruddin, “Kulliyat Qanoon”, Translation 7 edition, Daftarul Al Maseeh, Karol Bagh Delhi, pp.775-776, 1932.
  [23] KR Ahmad, “Kulliyat Qanoon”, Vol-I, Aftab Alam Press, Hospital Road Lohore, pp. 216,388, 1945.

  Citation
  Misbahuddin Azhar, Sadia Ayub, Nighat Anjum, Sarfaraz Ahmad, "Role of Dieto-Therapy in Weight and Dyslipidemia Management - A Case Study," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.17-19, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Effect of Jawarish Bisbasa on dyslipidemia - A case study

  Misbahuddin Azhar, Sadia Ayub, Nighat Anjum, Sarfaraz Ahmad

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp.20-23, Feb-2020

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Dyslipidemia is characterized by abnormal levels of lipids in the blood. There is a strong association between serum cholesterol and risks of coronary heart disease (CHD). Lipoprotein disorders or hyperlipidemia may result from a primary abnormality in lipid metabolism or secondary manifestation of some other condition. In Unani Medical System (UMS) mentioned under the heading of Fart-e-Tadassum fid-dam, Fart-e-shahmeen fid-dam, etc. They also describe its types and management through change in lifestyle and Unani drugs. The present study is to analyse the antihyperlipidemic effect of Jawarish Bisbasa (JB) in a case of dyslipidemia. The patient was 28 years old had been diagnosed with dyslipidemia/hypercholesterolemia three months prior to presentation. The patient was treated 8 weeks with JB. His body weight (BW) was 94 kg, BMI 27.4 m2, WC 99 cm, WHR 0.91, SAD 28cm, BS(F) 87.31 mg/dl, serum cholesterol 223.9 mg/dl, Serum triglycerides 430 mg/dl, HDL cholesterol 38.98, LDL 98.92 mg/dl and VLDL cholesterol 195.45 mg/dl at the base line and at the end of 8 weeks becomes weight 84 kg, BMI was 24.8, WC 93cm, WHR 0.85, SAD 24.5, BS(F) 99.13 mg/dl, serum cholesterol 127.9 mg/dl, Serum triglycerides 185.95 mg/dl, HDL cholesterol 43.4mg/dl, LDL 38.51 mg/dl and VLDL cholesterol 46.54 mg/dl. There were no side effects reported during the treatment. JB showed significant antihyperlipidemic activity reducing lipid profile, BW, BMI and other anthropometric parameters. It is the first case report on the management of dyslipidemia/hyperlipidemia on JB.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Jawarish Bisbasa, Dyslipidemia, Hyperlipidemia, obesity, Saman-e-Mufrat, Unani Medicine

  References
  [1] N Ranjan, “Management of hyperlipedemia: An update”, Indian J Dermatology & Leprology, vol.75, issue pp.452-62, 2009.
  [2] SR Joshi, RM Anjana, M Deepa, R Pradeepa, A Bhansali, VK Dhandania, et. al., “Prevalence of Dyslipidemia in Urban and Rural India: The ICMR–INDIAB Study”, PLoS One, vol.9, issue.5, pp.e96808, 2014.
  [3] Anonymous, “Sample Registration System Million Death Study: Preliminary Report on Causes of Death in India 2001-2003”. New Delhi: (Registrar General of India), 2007.
  [4] EA Enas, S Yusuf, J Mehta, “Prevalence of coronary artery disease in Asian Indians”, Am. J. Cardiol., vol.70, Issue.9, pp.945-949, 1992.
  [5] AR Omran, ‘The epidemiologic transition. A theory of the epidemiology of population change”. Milbank Mem. Fund. Q., vol.49 issue.4, pp.509-538, 1971.
  [6] SM Groundy, “Hypertriglyceridemia, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and the metabolic syndrome”, Am J Cardiol. Vol.81, isuue.4A, pp.18B-25B, 1998.
  [7] Vikas Gupta. “Abnormalities in Lipid Profile Amongst Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in North Indian Population”, International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences Vol.6, Issue.1, pp.17-22, 2019.
  [8] M Haffnar, “Diabetes, hyperlipidemia and coronary artery disease”, Am. J. Cardiol., vol.83, issue.9B, pp.17F-21F, 1999.
  [9] C Mathers, DM Fat, JT Boerma, “For World Health Organization. The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update”. Geneva: (World Health Organization), pp.35-36, 2008.
  [10] V Fuster, BB Kelly, “Promoting Cardiovascular Health in the Developing World: A Critical Challenge to Achieve Global Health”. Washington, DC: (National Academies Press), pp.275-316, 2010.
  [11] IH Zaidi, M Zulkifle, S Ahmad, “Temperamentology- A scientific appraisal of human temperament”. First edition, (AMU Aligarh.), pp.27, 1999.
  [12] Jalinoos, “Kitab Fil Mizaj”, 1st edition, (Ibn Sina Academy, Aligarh, India), 2008.
  [13] Ibne Sina, “Al Qanoon-Fit-Tibb”, Urdu translation by Ghulam Husain Kintoori, Idara Kitab-us-Shifa, Delhi, pp.454,1445-1447, 2010.
  [14] B Walker, NR Colledge, S Ralston, I Penman, “Davidson’s Principles & Practice of Medicine”, 22nd edition, Churchill Livingstone, pp.453-454, 2014.
  [15] A Nasir, MY Siddiqui, M Mohsin, MA Ahmad, MN Iqbal, “Hyperlipidaemia (Fart-e-Tadassum Fid-Dam) in the Light of Unani System of Medicine”, Internationale Pharmaceutica Sciencia, vol.3, issue.4, pp.1-8, 2013.
  [16] Jalinoos, “Fusool-e-Buqrat Ma Talkhees-e-Jaleenoos”, urdu translation by Ghulam Husain Kintoori, Munshi Nawal Kishore, Lucknow, pp.5-6,16,44, 1903.
  [17] M Kabiruddin, “Biyaz-e-Kabir”, Part-II, Hikmat book Depot, Hyderabad, pp.21, 1921.
  [18] GL Bairwa, ND Jasuja, SC Joshi, “Lipid lowering and antioxidant effects of Amomum subulatum seeds (Family Zingiberaceae) in cholesterol fed rabbits”, Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, vol.44, issue.14, pp.1425-1431, 2011.
  [19] A Ram, P Lauria, R Gupta, VN Sharma, “Hypolipidaemic effect of Myristica fragrans fruit extract in rabbits”, J. Ethnopharmacol., vol.55, issue.1, pp.49-53, 1996.
  [20] S Kazemi, F Yaghooblou, F Siassi, A Rahimi Foroushani, M Ghavipour, F Koohdani, G Sotoudeh, “Cardamom supplementation improves inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in hyperlipidemic, overweight, and obese pre-diabetic women: a randomized double-blind clinical trial”, J. Sci. Food Agric., vol.97, issue.15, pp.5296-5301, 2017.
  [21] U Bhandari, JN Sharma, R Zafar, “The protective action of ethanolic ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract in cholesterol fed rabbits”, J. Ethnopharmacol., vol.61, issue.2, pp.167-171, 1998.
  [22] I Javed, I Faisal, Z Rahman, MZ Khan, F Muhammad, B Aslam, M Ahmad, A Shahzadi. “Lipid lowering effect of Cinnamomum zeylanicum in hyperlipidaemic albino rabbits”, Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., vol.25, issue.1, pp.141-147, 2012.
  [23] RS Vijayakumar, N Nalini, “Piperine, an active principle from Piper nigrum, modulates hormonal and apo lipoprotein profiles in hyperlipidemic rats”, J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol., vol.17, issue.2, pp.71-86, 2006.
  [24] SA Adefegha, G Oboh, OM Adefegha, AA Boligon, ML Athayde, “Antihyperglycemic, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective and antioxidative effects of dietary clove (Szyzgium aromaticum) bud powder in a high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetes rat model”, J. Sci. Food Agric., vol.94, issue.13, pp.2726-2737, 2014.

  Citation
  Misbahuddin Azhar, Sadia Ayub, Nighat Anjum, Sarfaraz Ahmad, "Effect of Jawarish Bisbasa on dyslipidemia - A case study," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.20-23, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Nephroprotective Unani drug Khar-e-Khasak Khurd (Tribulus terrestris Linn.) - A review

  Misbahuddin Azhar, Mustehasan, Mahe Alam, Syed Gulnawaz Ahmad, Nighat Anjum, Neelam Quddusi

  Review Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp.24-36, Feb-2020

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  The aim of the present review is to collect the information of Khar-e-Khasak Khurd (KKK) (Tribulus terrestris Linn) available in Unani classical literature, phyto-chemical and pharmacological studies and Unani formulations in which it is used as an ingredient also make an effort to prove the strength of action of drug mentioned in Unani classical literature. This information will give the research question and guidance to researchers and students for future research. Unani classical Literature was search from recent to past available in different libraries of India, for phyto-chemical and pharmacological activities texts and computerized databases such as Medline, Pubmed, Ovid SP, Google Scholar and Science-direct were searched to identify all phyto-chemical, experimental and clinical trials carried out to prove the importance of KKK. All the information on the plant available in Urdu, Persian, Arabic and studies published in English language and abstract available were included. Total seventeen Unani classical books were referred and more than thirty pharmacological actions were recognized. Most of them prove the claims of Unani scholars’ e.g. Nephroprotective, Aphrodisiac, diuretics, anti-inflammatory, lithotriptic etc. many more needs to be proved on current scientific parameters to establish the claims of Unani scholar of a wonderful drug.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Khar-e-Khasak Khurd, Tribulus terrestris, Pharmacology, Phytochemistry, Unani Medicine

  References
  [1] A Adimoelja, “Phytochemicals and the breakthrough of traditional herbs in the management of sexual dysfunctions”. Int J Androl, vol.23, issue.Supp.l-2, pp.82-84, 2000.
  [2] DBU Antaki, Tazkira-ul-Albab waljamelil Aljabil Ujjab, Arabic part-I, Matba Mustafa Albabi Alhulbi-Misr., pp.113, 1935.
  [3] SM Ali, Anisul Atibba, Sami Jahan Ronaq Fiza, Gulshan-e-Makan, pp.89-90, 1875.
  [4] MA Khan, Muheet-e-Azam, (Persian), Matba Nizami Kanpur, pp.163-164, 1895.
  [5] MA Hakeem, Bustan-ul-Mufradat, Taraqqi Urdu Publication, Lucknow, pp.62, 1893.
  [6] M Hasan, Kitab Tozeehul Advia, Matba Gulzar Mohammadi Meerut, pp.185, 1894.
  [7] MM Momin, Tohfatul-Momineen, Matba Munshi Nawal Kishore, pp.227-228, 1704.
  [8] ABH Ansari, Ikhtiyarat-e-Badiyi, Matba Nami Munshi Nawal Kishore, pp.133, 1885.
  [9] Ibne Sina, Al-Qanoon Fit Tib, vol-II, (Tibb-e-Islami Ka encyclopaedia) translated by Syed Hussain Kantoori, Nigar-e-Ashayat Main Chamber, Lahore, pp.107,199, 1912.
  [10] M Kabiruddin, Makhzanul Mufradat Almaroof Khawasul Advia, Shiekh Mohammad Bashir & Son’s Lohore, pp.262-263, 1951.
  [11] Ibne Rushd, Kitabul Kulliyat (Urdu), Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine (CCRUM) Publication, New Delhi, pp.52,112-113,292,306, 1980.
  [12] Ibne Baitar, Al Jamiaul Mufradat al Advia wal Aghzia, Vol-II (Urdu translation), CCRUM Publication, New Delhi, pp.46-47, 1987.
  [13] N Ghani, Khazayanul Advia (Unani Advia Mufrada Encyclopedia), Vol-3 Diamond Publisher Lahore, pp.606-610, 1926.
  [14] JL Stewart, Punjab Plants, M/S Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh Dehradun, pp.37-38, 1896.
  [15] YBU Ibne Ali, Kitabul Motamad fil advia Mufrada, Daral Kutub Alarabia Alkubra Misr, pp.306, 1907.
  [16] RN Chopra, Chopra’s Indigenous Drugs of India, U.N. Dhur & Sons Pvt. Ltd. Calcutta, pp.430-431, 1958.
  [17] KL Dey, R Bahadur, W Mair, Indigenous Drugs of India, Pama Primalane The Chronia Botanica New Delhi, pp.320-321, 1973.
  [18] W Dymock, CJH Warden, D Hooper, Phamacographica Indica, M/s Periodical Experts Vivek Vihar Delhi, pp.243-245, 1976.
  [19] O David, Flora of tropical Africa, A.J. Reprints Agency New Delhi, pp.283-284, 1979.
  [20] W Ainslie, Materia Indica, Vol-II, Neeraj Publishing House, Delhi, pp.247-248, 1984.
  [21] Anonymous, The Useful Plants of India, Publication & Information Directorate, CSIR New Delhi, pp.647-648, 1986.
  [22] Anonymous, The Wealth of India, Raw Materials, Vol- III, Publication & Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, pp.580, 1995.
  [23] KR Kirtikar, BD Basu, Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol-1, International Book Distributors Dehradun, pp.419-424, 1987.
  [24] KM Nadkarni, Indian Metria Medica, Vol-I, Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd. Bombay, pp.1229-1231, 1989.
  [25] M Fazlullah, Jamiaul Advia, Royal Printing Press Lucknow, pp.210-211, 1970.
  [26] D Singh, Unani Dravya Gun Vigyan, first edition, Nirnay Sagar Press, Bombay, pp.189-190, 1949.
  [27] H Drury, The useful Plants of India, M/S Periodicals Experts Delhi, pp.432, 1978.
  [28] M Rafiquddin, Kunzul Advia Mufrada, University publication unit, Sarfaraz house, AMU Aligarh, pp.315-316, 1985.
  [29] SS Ali, Unani Advia-e-Mufrada, Taraqqi Urdu Bureau, New Delhi, pp.141, 1989.
  [30] YX Xu, HS Chen, WY Liu, ZB Gu, HQ Liang, “Two sapogenins from Tribulus terrestris”. Phytochemistry, vol.49, issue.1, pp. 199–201, 1998.
  [31] SB Mahato, NP Sahu, AN Ganguiy, M Kazumoto, K Toshio, “Steroidal glycosides of Tribulus terrestris Linn”. J Chem Soc Perkin, vol.9, pp.2405–2410, 1981.
  [32] YX Xu, HS Chen, HQ Liang, ZB Gu, WY Liu, WN Leung, TJ Li, “Three new saponins from Tribulus terrestris”. Planta Med, vol.66, issue.6, pp.545-550, 2000.
  [33] M Tomova, D Panova, NS Wulfson, “Steroid saponins and sapogenins IV. Saponins from Tribulus terrestris”. Planta Med, vol.25, issue.3, pp.231–237, 1974.
  [34] Y Wang, K Othani, R Kasai, K Yamasaki, “Steroidal saponins from fruits of Tribulus terrestris”. Phytochemistry, vol.42, issue.5, pp.1417–1422, 1996.
  [35] JW Huang, CH Tan, SH Jiang, DY Zhu, “Terrestrinins A and B, two new steroid saponins from Tribulus terrestris”. J Assian Nat Prod Res, vol.5, issue.4, pp.285–290, 2003.
  [36] M Deepak, G Dipankar, D Prashanth, MK Asha, A Amit, BV Venkataraman, “Tribulosin and b-sitosterol-dglucoside, the anthelmintic principles of Tribulus terrestris. Phytomedicine, vol.9, issue.8, pp.753–756, 2002.
  [37] WT De Kock, PR Enslin, “Chemical investigation of photosensitization diseases of domestric animals I. Isolation andcharacterization of steroidal sapogenins from Tribulus terrestris. Afr Chem Inst, vol.11, issue.1, pp.33-36, 1958.
  [38] HC Sharma, JL Narula, “Chemical investigation of flowers of Tribulus terrestris”. Chem Era, vol.13, pp.15-17, 1977.
  [39] Y Wang, K Othtani, R Kasai, K Yamasaki, “Steroidal saponins from fruits of Tribulus terrestris”. Phytochemistry, vol.45, issue.4, pp.811-881, 1997.
  [40] JW Huang, SH Jiang, CH Tan, DY Zhu, “Structural elucidation of three new steroid sapogenins”. Chin J Org Chem, vol.22, issue.11, pp.917-921, 2002.
  [41] G Wu, S Jiang, F Jiang, D Zhu, H Wu, S Jiang, “Steroidal glycosides from Tribulus terrestris”. Phytochemistry, vol.42, issue.6, pp.1677-1681, 1996.
  [42] YJ Xu, SX Xie, HF Zhao, D Han, TH Xu, DM Xu, “Studies on the chemical constituents from Tribulus terrestris”. Acta Pharm Sin, vol.36, issue.10, pp.750-753, 2001.
  [43] L Cai, Y Wu, J Zhang, F Pei, Y Xu, S Xie, D Xu, “Steroidal saponins from Tribulus terrestris”. Planta Med, vol.67, issue.2, pp.196-198, 2001.
  [44] E Bedir, IA Khart, LA Walker, “Biologically active steroidal glycosides from Tribulus terrestris”. Pharmazie, vol.57, issue.7, pp.491-493, 2002.
  [45] A Gheorghiu, E Ionescu-Matiu, “Presence of chlorogenin next to diosgenin and gitogenin in Tribulus terrestris”. Ann Pharm, vol.26, issue.12. pp.745-798, 1968.
  [46] ZF Wang, BB Wang, Y Zhao, FX Wang, Y Sun, RJ Guo, XB Song, HL Xin, XG Sun, “Furostanol and spirostanol saponins from Tribulus terrestris. Molecules, vol.21, issue.4, pp.429, 2016.
  [47] LP Kang, KL Wu, HS Yu, X Pang, J Liu, LF Han, J Zhang, Y Zhao, CQ Xiong, XB Song, C Liu, YW Cong, BP Ma, “Steroidal saponins from Tribulus terrestris”. Phytochemistry, vol.107, pp.182-189, 2014.
  [48] L Su, G Chen, SG Feng, W Wang, ZF Li, H Chen, YX Liu, YH Pei, “Steroidal saponins from Tribulus terrestris. Steroids, vol.74, issue.4-5, pp.399-403, 2009.
  [49] L Su, SG Feng, L Qiao, YZ Zhou, RP Yang, YH Pei, “Two new steroidal saponins from Tribulus terrestris. Chin Chem Lett, vol.12, issue.1, pp.38, 2010.
  [50] HE Matschenko, R Gulemetova, PK Kintya, AS Shashkov, “A sulfated glycoside from the preparation “Tribestan”, Chemistry of Natural Compounds, vol.26, issue.5, pp. 552-555, 1990.
  [51] J Conrad, D Dinchev, I Klaiber, S Mika, I Kostova, W Kraus, “A novel furostanol saponin from Tribulus terrestris of Bulgarian origin”, Fitoterapia, vol.75, issue.2, pp. 117-122, 2004.
  [52] AL Wilkins, CO Miles, WT De Kock, GL Erasmus, AT Basson, TS Kellerman, “Photosensitivity in South Agrica. IX. Structure elucidation of a beta-glucosidease-treated saponin from Tribulus terrestris, and the identification of saponin ehemotypes of South Agrican T. terrestris”, Onderstepoort J Vet Res, vol.63, issue 4, pp.327-334, 1996.
  [53] WJ Sun, J Gao, GZ Tu, Z Guo, Y Zhang, “A new steroidal saponin from Tribulus terrestris Linn”. Nat Prod Lett, vol.16, issue.4, pp.243-247, 2002.
  [54] LF Cai, FY Jing, JG Zhang, FK Pei, YJ Xu, SY Liu, “Steroidal saponins from Tribulus terrestris. “Acta Pharm Sin, vol.34, pp.759-761, 1999.
  [55] I Kostova, D Dinchev, GH Rentsch, V Dimitrov, A Lvanova, “Two new sulfated furostanol saponins from Tribulus terrestris”. Z Naturforsch, vol.57, issue.1-2, pp.33-38, 2002.
  [56] T Liu, X Lu, B Wu, G Chen, HM Hua, YH Pei, “Two new steroidal saponins from Tribulus terrestris L”. J Asian Nat Prod Res., vol.12, issue.1, pp.30-35, 2010.
  [57] NN Qu, SS Yang, “Extraction and determination of chemical constituents of flavonides in Tribulus terrestris L.” J Liaoning Univ Tradit Chin Med., vol.9, issue.3, pp.182-183, 2007.
  [58] NAM Saleh, AA Ahmed, MF Abdalla, “Flavonoid glycosides of Tribulus pentandrus and T. terrestris”. Phytochemistry, vol.21, issue.8, pp.1995-2000, 1982.
  [59] M Marzieh, S Yekta, “Flavonoid Glycosides from Tribulus terrestris L. orientalis”. Iran J Pharm Sci, vol.4, issue.3, pp.231-236, 2008.
  [60] FK Yang, ML Zhang, XL Quan, ML Xue, HX Cai, J Yang, “Determination and comparison HPLC of total flavonoids in different parts of Tribulus terrestris glycoside content”. Mod Tradit Chin Med, vol.34, issue.4, pp.61-64, 2014.
  [61] L Su, SG Feng, L Qiao, YZ Zhou, RP Yang, YH Pei, “Two new steroidal saponins from Tribulus terrestris”. J Asian Nat Prod Res, vol.11, issue.1, pp.38-43, 2009.
  [62] SP Bhutani, SS Chibber, TR Seshadri, “Flavonoids of the fruits and leaves of Tribulus terrestris: constitution of tribuloside”, Phytochemistry, vol.8, issue.1, pp.299-303, 1969.
  [63] XP Zhang, N Wei, J Huang, YF Tan, DJ Jin, “A new feruloyl amide derivative from the fruits of Tribulus terrestris”. Nat Prod Res., vol.26, issue.20, pp.1922-1925, 2012.
  [64] TS Wu, LS Shi, SC Kuo, “Alkaloids and other constituents from Tribulus terrestris”. Phytochemistry, vol.50, issue.8, pp.1411–1415, 1999.
  [65] Y Wang, “Pharmacological action and chemical components of Tribulus terrestris L. (A Review)”. J Beijing Univ Trad Chin Med, vol.6, pp.30-32, 1989.
  [66] AL Lv, N Zhang, MG Sun, YF Huang, Y Sun, HY Ma, HM Hua, YH Pei, “One new cinnamic imide derivative from the fruits of Tribulus terrestris. Nat Prod Res, vol.22, issue.11, pp.1007-1010, 2008.
  [67] YJ Ren, HS Chen, JY Yang, H Zhu, “Isolation and identification of a new derivative of cinnamic amide from Tribulus terrestris”. Acta Pharm Sin, vol.29 issue.3, pp.204-206, 1994.
  [68] M.S. Uma Maheswari, R.Rajendran, “Comparative Evaluation of Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis of South Indian Bioactive Medicinal Plant Tribulus terrestris” International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.5, Issue.6, pp.144-149, 2018.
  [69] RY Wang, G Chen, CY Yu, “Chemical constituents of Tribulus terrestris L”. J B Univ Chem Technol (Nat Sci Ed), vol.36, pp.79-82, 2009.
  [70] AL Lv, Y Zhang, HY Ma, D Wang, Q Dang, YH Pei, “Chemical constituents of Tribulus terrestris L”. Chin J Med Chem, vol.3, pp.170-172, 2007.
  [71] RH Li, Studies on bioactive compounds and quality evaluation of Tribulus terrestris L. J Liaoning Univ Tradit Chin Med, 2006.
  [72] HS Chen, QJ Chen, WD Xuan, “A new organic acid from Tribulus terrestris”. Acad J Second Military Med Univ., vol.25, issue.11, pp.1241-1242, 2004.
  [73] J Liu, HS Chen, YX Xu, WD Zhang, WY Liu, “Studies on chemical constituents of Tribulus terrestris L”., Acad J Second Military Med Univ. vol.24, issue.2, pp.221-222, 2003.
  [74] MR Heidari, M Mehrabani, A Pardakhty, P Khazaeli, MJ Zahedi, M Yakhchali, M Vahedian, “The analgesic effect of Tribulus terrestris extract and comparison of gastric ulcerogenicity of the extract with indomethacine in animal experiments”, Ann N Y Acad Sci., vol.1095, issue.1, pp.418-427, 2007.
  [75] R Ranjithkumar, S Prathab Balaji, B Balaji, RV Ramesh, M Ramanathan, “Standardized Aqueous Tribulus terristris (nerunjil) extract attenuates hyperalgesia in experimentally induced diabetic neuropathic pain model: role of oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators”, Phytother Res., vol.27, issue.11, pp.1646-1657, 2013.
  [76] M Gautam, M Ramanathan, “Saponins of Tribulus terrestris attenuated neuropathic pain induced with vincristine through central and peripheral mechanism”, Inflammopharmacology, vol.27, issue.4, pp.761-772, 2019.
  [77] XW Zhu, “Effect of gross saponins from Tribulus terrestris on skin morphology of d-galactose-induced aging mice”, Chin J Gerontol, vol.31, issue.23, pp.4628-4630, 2011.
  [78] PM Sandeep, TF Bovee, K Sreejith, “Anti-Androgenic Activity of Nardostachys jatamansi DC and Tribulus terrestris L. and their beneficial effects on polycystic ovary syndrome-induced rat models”, Metab Syndr Relat Disord., vol.13, issue.6, pp.248-254, 2015.
  [79] A Dehghan, A Esfandiari, SM Bigdeli, “Alternative treatment of ovarian cysts with Tribulus terrestris extract: a rat model, Reprod Domest Anim., vol.47, issue.1, pp.e12-15, 2012.
  [80] NK Mishra, GS Biswal, KA Chowdary, G Mishra, “Anti-arthritic activity of Tribulus terrestris studied in Freund’s Adjuvant induced arthritic rats”, J Pharm Educ Res, vol.4, issue.1, pp.41-46, 2013.
  [81] P Nirmal, S Koppikar, P Bhondave, A Narkhede, B Nagarkar, V Kulkarni, N Wagh, O Kulkarni, A Harsulkar, S Jagtap, “Influence of six medicinal herbs on collagenase-induced osteoarthritis in rats, Am J Chin Med., vol.41, issue.6, pp.1407-1425, 2013.
  [82] M Li, Y Guan, J Liu, F Zhai, X Zhang, L Guan, “Cellular and molecular mechanisms in vascular smooth muscle cells by which total saponin extracted from Tribulus terrestris protects against artherosclerosis, “Cell Physiol Biochem., vol.32, issue.5, pp.1299-1308, 2013.
  [83] WB Wu, GC Yue, QL Huang, LL Sun, W Zhang, “A new compound from an endophytic fungus Alternaria tenuissima”, J Asian Nat Prod Res., vol.16, issue.7, pp.777-782, 2014.
  [84] MH Vala, H Goudarzi, SN Moghada, MK Nejad, S Jahangiti, M Gholami, “In vitro assessment of Tribulus terrestris aqueous extract and benzoxacin fraction against Helicobacter pylori isolates from biopsy samples of Iranian patients”, Novel Biomed, vol.1, issue.3, pp.84-87, 2013.
  [85] B Kiran, V Lalitha, KA Raveesha, “In vitro evaluation of aqueous and solvent extract of Tribulus terrestris L. leaf against human bacteria, Int. J Pharm Tech Res, vol.3, issue.3, pp.1897-1903, 2011
  [86] S Soleimanpour, FS Sedighinia, AA Safipour, R Zarif, K Ghazvini, “Antibacterial activity of Tribulus terrestris and its synergistic effect with Capsella bursa-pastoris and Glycyrrhiza glabra against oral pathogens: an in vitro study”, Avicenna J Phytomed, vol.5, issue.3, pp.210-217, 2015.
  [87] V Gopinath, DM Ali, S Priyadarshini, NM Priyadharsshini, N Thajuddin, P Velusamy, “Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Tribulus terrestris and its antimicrobial activity: a novel biological app.roach”, Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, vol.96, pp.69-74, 2012.
  [88] R Naz, H Ayub, S Nawaz, ZU Islam, T Yasmin, A Bano, A Wakeel, S Zia, TH Roberts, “Antimicrobial activity, toxicity and anti-inflammatory potential of methanolic extracts of four ethnomedicinal plant species from Punjab, Pakistan”, BMC Complement Altern Med., vol.17, issue.1, pp.302, 2017.
  [89] FA Al-Bayati, HF Al-Mola, “Antibacterial and antifungal activities of different parts of Tribulus terrestris L. growing in Iraq”, J Zhejiang Univ Sci B., vol.9, issue.2, pp.154-159, 2008.
  [90] NA Ali, WD Julich, C Kusnick, U Lindequist, “Screening of Yemeni medicinal plants for antibacterial and cytotoxic activities, J Ethnopharmacol., vol.74, issue.2, pp.173-179, 2001.
  [91] CH Hong, SK Hur, OJ Oh, SS Kim, KA Nam, SK Lee, “Evaluation of natural products on inhibition of inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cultured mouse macrophage cells”, J Ethnopharmacol., vol.83, issue.1-2, pp.153-159, 2002.
  [92] TE Goranova, SS Bozhanov, VS Lozanov, VI Mitev, RP Kaneva, EI Georgieva, “Changes in gene expression of CXCR4, CCR7 and BCL2 after treatment of breast cancer cells with saponin extract from Tribulus terrestris, Neoplasma, vol.62, issue.1, pp.27-33, 2015.
  [93] M Sisto, S Lisi, M D’Amore, R De Lucro, D Carati, D Castellana, “Saponins from Tribulus terrestris L. protect human keratinocytes from UVB-induced damage”, J Photochem Photobiol B: Biol, vol.117, pp.193-201, 2012.
  [94] S Wei, H Fukuhara, G Chen, C Kawada, A Kurabayashi, M Furihata, K Inoue, T Shuin, “Terrestrosin D, a steroidal saponin from Tribulus terrestris L., inhibits growth and angiogenesis of human prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo”, Pathobiology, vol.81, issue.3, pp.123-132, 2014.
  [95] HJ Yang, WJ Qu, B Sun, “Experimental study of saponins from Tribulus terrestris on renal carcinoma cell line”, Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, vol.30, issue.16, pp.1271-1274, 2005.
  [96] B Sun, WJ Qu, XL Zhang, HJ Yang, XY Zhuang, P Zhang, “Investigation on inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing effects of saponins from Tribulus terrestris on hepatoma cell line BEL-7402”, Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi., vol.29, issue.7, pp.681-684, 2004.
  [97] B Sun, W Qu, Z Bai, “The inhibitory effect of saponins from Tribulus terrestris on Bcap-37 breast cancer cell line in vitro”, Zhong Yao Cai., vol.26, issue.2, pp.104-106, 2003.
  [98] K Abeywickrama, GA Bean, “Cytotoxicity of Fusarium species mycotoxins and culture filtrates of Fusarium species isolated from the medicinal plant Tribulus terrestris to mammalian cells”, Mycopathologia, vol.120, issue.3, pp.189-193, 1992.
  [99] HJ Kim, JC Kim, JS Min, MJ Kim, JA Kim, MH Kor, HS Yoo, JK Ahn, “Aqueous extract of Tribulus terrestris Linn induces cell growth arrest and apoptosis by down-regulating NF-κ B signaling in liver cancer cells”, J Ethnopharmacol., vol.136 issue.1, pp.197-203, 2011.
  [100] M Kumar, AK Soni, S Shukla, A Kumar, “Chemopreventive potential of Tribulus terrestris against 7,12- dimethylbenz (a) anthracene induced skin papillomagenesis in mice”, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev., vol.7, issue.2, pp.289-294, 2006.
  [101] SS Basaiyye, PK Naoghare, S Kanojiya, A Bafana, P Arrigo, K Krishnamurthi, S Sivanesan, “Molecular mechanism of apoptosis induction in Jurkat E6-1 cells by Tribulus terrestris alkaloids extract, J Tradit Complement Med. Vol.8, issue.3, pp.410-419, 2017.
  [102] JX Li, Q Shi, QB Xiong, JK Prasain, Y Tezuka, T Hareyama, ZT Wang, K Tanaka, T Namba, S Kadota, “Tribulusamide A and B, new hepatoprotective lignanamides from the fruits of Tribulus terrestris: indications of cytoprotective activity in murine hepatocyte culture”, Planta Med., vol.64, issue.7, pp.628-631, 1998.
  [103] RN Gacche, NA Dhole, “Profile of aldose reductase inhibition, anti-cataract and free radical scavenging activity of selected medicinal plants: an attempt to standardize the botanicals for amelioration of diabetes complications”, Food Chem Toxicol., vol.49, issue.8, pp.1806-1813, 2011.
  [104] S Hong, MN Moon, EK Im, JS Won, JH Yoo, O Kim, “Anti-coccidial activity of the ethanol extract of Tribulus terrestris fruits on Eimeria tenella, “Lab Anim Res., vol.34, issue.1, pp.44-47, 2018.
  [105] HB Arcasoy, A Erenmemisoglu, Y Tekol, S Kurucu, M Kartal, “Effect of Tribulus terrestris L. saponin mixture on some smooth muscle preparations: a preliminary study”, Boll Chim Farm., vol.137, issue.11, pp.473-475, 1998.
  [106] WH El-Tantawy, LA Hassanin, “Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of alcoholic extract of Tribulus alatus in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: a comparative study with T. terrestris (Caltrop)”, Indian J Exp Biol., vol.45, issue.9, pp.785-790, 2007.
  [107] A Amin, M Lotfy, M Shafiullah, E Adeghate, “The protective effect of Tribulus terrestris in diabetes”, Ann N Y Acad Sci., vol.1084, issue.1, pp.391-401, 2006.
  [108] S Gandhi, BP Srinivasan, AS Akarte, “Potential nephrotoxic effects produced by steroidal saponins from hydro alcoholic extract of Tribulus terrestris in STZ-induced diabetic rats”, Toxicol Mech Methods, vol.23, issue.7, pp.548-557, 2013.
  [109] HS Lamba, CH Bhargava, M Thakur, S Bhargava, “α-glucosidase and aldose reductase inhibitory activity in vitro and antidiabetic activity in vivo of Tribulus terrestris”, Int J Pharm Pharma Sci., vol.3, issue.2, pp.270-272, 2011.
  [110] M Li, W Qu, S Chu, H Wang, C Tian, M Tu, “Effect of the decoction of Tribulus terrestris on mice gluconeogenesis”, Zhong Yao Cai., vol.24, issue.8, pp.586-588, 2001.
  [111] MA Siddiqui, S Rasheed, Q Saquib, AA Al-Khedhairy, MS Al-Said, J Musarrat, MI Choudhary, “In-Vitro dual inhibition of protein glycation, and oxidation by some Arabian plants”, BMC Complement Altern Med., vol.16, pp.1225-1227, 2016.
  [112] M Li, W Qu, Y Wang, H Wan, C Tian, “Hypoglycemic effect of saponin from Tribulus terrestris”. Zhong Yao Cai., vol.25, issue.6, pp.420-422, 2002.
  [113] SJ Zhang, WJ Qu, SY Zhong, “Inhibitory effects of saponins from Tribulus terrestris on alpha-glucosidase in small intestines of rats”, Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, vol.31, issue.11, pp.910-913, 2006.
  [114] S Ponnusamy, R Ravindran, S Zinjarde, S Bhargava, AR Kumar, “Evaluation of traditional Indian antidiabetic medicinal plants for human pancreatic amylase inhibitory effect in vitro”, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. pii: 515647. doi: 10.1155/2011/515647, 2011.
  [115] NB Samani, A Jokar, M Soveid, M Heydari, SH Mosavat, “Efficacy of Tribulus terrestris extract on the serum glucose and lipids of women with diabetes mellitus”, Iran J Med Sci. vol.41, issue.3 Supp.l, pp.S5, 2016.
  [116] FF Lafi, A Bokhari, I Alam, VB Bajic, H Hirt, MM Saad, “Draft genome sequence of the plant growth-promoting cupriavidus gilardii strain JZ4 isolated from the desert plant Tribulus terrestris”. Genome Announc., vol.4, issue.4, pp.e00678-16, 2016
  [117] JD Zhang, XU Zheng, YB Cao, GU Jun, YY Jiang, “Study on regulation of ERG genes expression in Candida albicans by a new anti-fungi agent TTS-12, Chin Pharm J, vol.46, issue.16, pp.1229-1234, 2011.
  [118] JD Zhang, YB Cao, Z Xu, HH Sun, MM An, L Yan, HS Chen, PH Gao, Y Wang, XM Jia, YY Jiang, “In vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of the eight steroid saponins from Tribulus terrestris L. with potent activity against fluconazole-resistant fungal pathogens”, Biol Pharm Bull., vol.28, issue.12, pp.2211-2215, 2005.
  [119] JD Zhang, Xu Z, YB Cao, HS Chen, L Yan, MM An, Gao PH, Y Wang, XM Jia, YY Jiang, “Antifungal activities and action mechanisms of compounds from Tribulus terrestris L”. J Ethnopharmacol., vol.103, issue.1, pp.76-84, 2006.
  [120] Y Guo, DZ Shi, HJ Yin, KJ Chen, “Effects of Tribuli saponins on ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction in hyperlipidemic rats”, Am J Chin Med., vol.35, issue.2, pp.309-316, 2007.
  [121] S Chu, Qu W, X Pang, B Sun, X Huang, “Effect of saponin from Tribulus terrestris on hyperlipidemia”, Zhong Yao Cai., vol.26, issue.5, pp.341-344, 2003.
  [122] YH Jiang, CH Yang, W Li, S Wu, XQ Meng, DN Li, “Aqueous extracts of Tribulus terrestris protects against oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced endothelial dysfunction”, Chin J Integr Med., vol.22, issue.3, pp.193-200, 2016.
  [123] AM Sharifi, R Darabi, N Akbarloo, “Study of antihypertensive mechanism of Tribulus terrestris in 2K1C hypertensive rats: role of tissue ACE activity, Life Sci., vol.73, issue.23, pp.2963-2971, 2003.
  [124] YH Jiang, JH Guo, S Wu, CH Yang, “Vascular protective effects of aqueous extracts of Tribulus terrestris on hypertensive endothelial injury”, Chin J Nat Med., vol.15, issue8, pp.606-614, 2017.
  [125] OA Phillips, KT Mathew, MA Oriowo, “Antihypertensive and vasodilator effects of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Tribulus terrestris in rats”, J Ethnopharmacol., vol.104, issue.3, pp.351-355, 2006.
  [126] AR Murthy, SD Dubey, K Tripathi, “Anti-hypertensive effect of Gokshura (Tribulus terrestris Linn.) - A clinical study”, Anc Sci Life, vol.19, issue.3-4, pp.139-145, 2000.
  [127] HH Lee, EK Ahn, SS Hong, JS Oh, “Anti-inflammatory effect of tribulusamide D isolated from Tribulus terrestris in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages”, Mol Med Rep., vol.16, issue.4, pp.4421-4428, 2017.
  [128] SY Kang, HW Jung, JH Nam, WK Kim, JS Kang, YH Kim, CW Cho, CW Cho, YK Park, HS Bae, “Effects of the fruit extract of Tribulus terrestris on skin inflammation in mice with oxazolone-induced atopic dermatitis through regulation of calcium channels, Orai-1 and TRPV3, and mast cell activation”, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med., 2017: 8312946, 2017.
  [129] MS Mohammed, MF Alajmi, P Alam, HS Khalid, AM Mahmoud, WJ Ahmed, “Chromatographic finger print analysis of anti-inflammatory active extract fractions of aerial parts of Tribulus terrestris by HPTLC technique”, Asian Pac J Trop Biomed., vol.4, issue.3, pp.203-208, 2014.
  [130] YJ Park, YR Cho, JS Oh, EK Ahn, “Effects of Tribulus terrestris on monosodium iodoacetate induced osteoarthritis pain in rats, Mol Med Rep., vol.16, issue.4, pp.5303-5311, 2017.
  [131] HJ Ko, EK Ahn, JS Oh, “N trans ρ caffeoyl tyramine isolated from Tribulus terrestris exerts anti inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, Int J Mol Med., vol.36, issue.4, pp.1042-1048, 2015.
  [132] DA Ghareeb, AM ElAhwany, SM El-Mallawany, AA Saif, “In vitro screening for anti-acetylcholiesterase, anti-oxidant, anti-glucosidase, anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial effect of three traditional medicinal plants, Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip, vol.28, issue.6, pp.1155-1164, 2014.
  [133] P Arulmozhi, S Vijayakumar, T Kumar, “Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants against selected pathogenic microorganisms”, Microb Pathog., vol.123, pp.219-226, 2018.
  [134] M Riaz, M Shahid, A Jamil, M Saqib, “In vitro antioxidant potential of selected aphrodisiac medicinal plants”, J Biol Regul Homeost Agents, vol.31, issue.2, pp.419-424, 2017.
  [135] P Kamboj, M Aggarwal, S Puri, SK Singla, “Effect of aqueous extract of Tribulus terrestris on oxalate-induced oxidative stress in rats”, Indian J Nephrol., vol.21, issue.3, pp.154-159, 2011.
  [136] BS Nishchal, S Rai, MN Prabhu, SD Ullal, S Rajeswari, HN Gopalakrishna, “Effect of Tribulus terrestris on haloperidol-induced catalepsy in mice, Indian J Pharm Sci., vol.76, issue.6, pp.564-567, 2014.
  [137] R Anand, GK Patnaik, DK Kulshreshtha, BN Dhawan, “Activity of certain fractions of Tribulus terrestris fruits against experimentally induced urolithiasis in rats, Indian J Exp Biol., vol.32, issue 8, pp.548-552, 1994.
  [138] J Kaushik, S Tandon, V Gupta, J Nayyar, SK Singla, C Tandon, “Response surface methodology based extraction of Tribulus terrestris leads to an upsurge of antilithiatic potential by inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallization processes, PLoS One, vol.12, issue 8, pp e0183218, 2017.
  [139] A Aggarwal, S Tandon, SK Singla, C Tandon, “A novel antilithiatic protein from Tribulus terrestris having cytoprotective potency, Protein Pept Lett., vol.19, issue.8, pp.812-819, 2012.
  [140] D Sangeeta, H Sidhu, Thind SK, Nath R, “Effect of Tribulus terrestris on oxalate metabolism in rats”, J Ethnopharmacol., vol.44, issue.2, pp.61-66, 1994.
  [141] AL Shirfule, AT Sangamwar, CN Khobragade, “Exploring glycolate oxidase (GOX) as an antiurolithic drug target: Molecular modeling and in vitro inhibitor study”, Int J Biol Macromol., vol.49, issue.1, pp.62-70, 2011.
  [142] I Sharma, W Khan, S Ahmad, “In vitro and ex vivo app.roach for anti-urolithiatic potential of bioactive fractions of Gokhru with simultaneous HPLC analysis of six major metabolites and their exploration in rat plasma, Pharm Biol., vol.55, issue.1, pp.701-711, 2017.
  [143] M Mathur, S Sundaramoorthy, “Ethnopharmacological studies of Tribulus terrestris (Linn). in relation to its aphrodisiac properties”, Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med., vol.10, issue.1, pp.83-94, 2012.
  [144] K Gauthaman, PG Adaikan, RN Prasad, “Aphrodisiac properties of Tribulus terrestris extract (Protodioscin) in normal and castrated rats”, Life Sci., vol.71, issue.12, pp. 1385-1396, 2002.
  [145] MA Shalaby, AA Hammouda, “Assessment of protective and anti-oxidant properties of Tribulus terrestris fruits against testicular toxicity in rats”, J Intercult Ethnopharmacol., vol.3, issue.3, pp.113-118, 2014.
  [146] S Singh, V Nair, YK Gupta, “Evaluation of the aphrodisiac activity of Tribulus terrestris Linn. in sexually sluggish male albino rats”, J Pharmacol Pharmacother., vol.3, issue.1, pp.43-47, 2012.
  [147] K Sahin, C Orhan, F Akdemir, M Tuzcu, H Gencoglu, N Sahin, G Turk, I Yilmaz, Ozercan IH, V Juturu, “Comparative evaluation of the sexual functions and NF-κB and Nrf2 pathways of some aphrodisiac herbal extracts in male rats”, BMC Complement Altern Med., vol.16, issue.1, pp.318, 2016.
  [148] B Rajendar, K Bharavi, GS Rao, PV Kishore, PR Kumar, CS Kumar, TP Patel, “Protective effect of an aphrodisiac herb Tribulus terrestris Linn on cadmium-induced testicular damage, Indian J Pharmacol., vol.43, issue.5, pp.568-573, 2011.
  [149] K Gauthaman, PG Adaikan, “Effect of Tribulus terrestris on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase activity and androgen receptors in rat brain, J Ethnopharmacol., vol.96, issue.1-2, pp.127-132, 2005.
  [150] K Gauthaman, AP Ganesan, RN Prasad, “Sexual effects of puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris) extract (protodioscin): an evaluation using a rat model”. J Altern Complement Med., vol.9, issue.2, pp.257-265, 2003.
  [151] PG Adaikan, K Gauthaman, RN Prasad, SC Ng, “Proerectile pharmacological effects of Tribulus terrestris extract on the rabbit corpus cavernosum, Ann Acad Med Singapore, vol.29, issue.1, pp.22-26, 2000.
  [152] PL Reshma, VS Lekshmi, V Sankar, KG Raghu, “Tribulus terrestris (Linn.) attenuates cellular alterations induced by ischemia in H9c2 Cells Via antioxidant potential, Phytother Res., vol.29, issue.6, pp.933-943, 2015.
  [153] PL Reshma, NS Sainu, AK Mathew, KG Raghu, “Mitochondrial dysfunction in H9c2 cells during ischemia and amelioration with Tribulus terrestris L.”, Life Sci., vol.152, pp.220-230, 2016.
  [154] KV Sailaja, VL Shivaranjani, H Poornima, SB Rahamathulla, Devi KL, “Protective effect of Tribulus terrestris L. fruit aqueous extracton lipid profile and oxidative stress in isoproterenol induced myocardial necrosis in male albino Wistar rats, EXCLI J., vol.12, pp.373-383, 2013.
  [155] S Zhang, H Li, H Xu, SJ Yang, “Effect of gross saponins of Tribulus terrestris on cardiocytes impaired by adriamycin, Yao Xue Xue Bao., vol.45, issue.1, pp.31-36, 2010.
  [156] S Zhang, H Li, SJ Yang, “Tribulosin protects rat hearts from ischemia/reperfusion injury”. Acta Pharmacol Sin., vol.31, issue.6, pp.671-678, 2010.
  [157] B Wang, L Ma, T Liu, “406 cases of angina pectoris in coronary heart disease treated with saponin of Tribulus terrestris, “Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi., vol.10, issue.2, pp.85-87, 1990.
  [158] Z Wang, D Zhang, S Hui, Y Zhang, S Hu, “Effect of Tribulus terrestris saponins on behavior and neuroendocrine in chronic mild stress depression rats”, J Tradit Chin Med., vol.33, issue.2, pp.228-232, 2013.
  [159] M Al-Ali, S Wahbi, H Twaij, A Al-Badr, “Tribulus terrestris: Preliminary study of its diuretic and contractile effects and comparison with Zea mays, J Ethnopharmacol. Vol. 85, issue.2-3, pp.257-260, 2003.
  [160] S Chhatre, T Nesari, G Somani, R Kenjale, S Sathaye, “Comparative evaluation of diuretic activity of different extracts of Tribulus terrestris fruits in experimental animals”, Int J Res Phytochem Pharmacol., vol. 3, pp. 129-133, 2012.
  [161] A Jabbar, A Nazir, NIlus Ansar, F Javed, KM Janjua, “Effects of Tribulus terrestris to study on urine output and electrolytes in rabbits”, Professional Med J, vol.19, issue.6, pp.843-847, 2012.
  [162] K Gauthaman, AP Ganesan, “The hormonal effects of Tribulus terrestris and its role in the management of male erectile dysfunction an evaluation using primates, rabbit and rat”, Phytomedicine, vol.15, issue.1-2, pp.44-54, 2008.
  [163] MHG Moghaddam, M Khalili, M Maleki, MEA Abadi, “The effect of oral feeding of Tribulus terrestris L. on sex hormone and gonadotropin levels in addicted male rats”, Int J Fertil Steril, vol.7, issue.1, pp.57-62, 2013.
  [164] MF Roaiah, YI El Khayat, SF GamalEl Din, MA Abd El Salam, “Pilot study on the effect of botanical medicine (Tribulus terrestris) on serum testosterone level and erectile function in aging males with partial androgen deficiency (PADAM)”, J Sex Marital Ther., vol.42, issue.4, pp.297-301, 2016.
  [165] CA Santos Jr, LO Reis, R Destro-Saade, A Luiza-Reis, A Fregonesi, “Tribulus terrestris versus placebo in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: A prospective, randomized, double blind study”, Actas Urol Esp, vol.38, issue.4, pp. 244-248, 2014.
  [166] Z Kamenov, S Fileva, K Kalinov, EA Jannini, “Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of Tribulus terrestris in male sexual dysfunction-A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial”, Maturitas, vol.99, pp.20-26, 2017.
  [167] LG Spivak, DV Platonova, DV Enikeev, LM Rapoport, AZ Vinarov, YL Demidko, “Results of a comparative multi-center randomized clinical study of efficacy and safety of EFFEX Tribulus and Tribestan in patients with erectile dysfunction”, Urologiia., Vol.2, pp.54-61, 2018.
  [168] M Stasiak, K Żarłok, W Tomaszewski, “Erectile dysfunction-treatment with substances of natural origin, Wiad Lek., vol.69, issue.3 pt 2, pp.576-581, 2016.
  [169] J Do, S Choi, J Choi, JS Hyun, “Effects and mechanism of action of a Tribulus terrestris extract on penile erection”, Korean J Urol., vol.54, issue.3, pp.183-188, 2013.
  [170] CR Gama, R Lasmar, GF Gama, CS Abreu, CP Nunes, M Geller, L Oliveira, A Santos, “Clinical assessment of Tribulus terrestris extract in the treatment of female sexual dysfunction”, Clin Med Insights Womens Health, vol.7, pp.45-50, 2014.
  [171] S Milanov, E Maleeva, M Taskov, “Tribestan effect on the concentration of some hormones in the serum of healthy volunteers”, Med-Biol Inf., vol.4, pp.27-29, 1985.
  [172] MH Adaay, AAR Mosa, “Evaluation of the effect of aqueous extract of Tribulus terrestris on some reproductive parameters in female mice”, J. Mater. Environ. Sci. vol.3, issue.6, pp.1153-1162, 2012.
  [173] E Akhtari, F Raisi, M Keshavarz, H Hosseini, F Sohrabvand, S Bioos, M Kamalinejad, A Ghobadi, “Tribulus terrestris for treatment of sexual dysfunction in women: randomized double-blind placebo - controlled study”, Daru., vol.22, issue.1, pp.40, 2014.
  [174] KZ De Souza, FB Vale, S Geber, “Efficacy of Tribulus terrestris for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial”, Menopause, vol.23, issue.11, pp.1252-1256, 2016.
  [175] S Postigo, SM Lima, SS Yamada, BF dos Reis, GM da Silva, T Aoki, “Assessment of the effects of Tribulus terrestris on sexual function of menopausal women”, Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet., vol.38, issue.3, pp.140-146, 2016.
  [176] FBC Vale, KZD de Souza, CR Rezende, S Geber, “Efficacy of Tribulus terrestris for the treatment of premenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder: a randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial”, Gynecol Endocrinol., vol 34, issue.5, pp.442-445, 2018.
  [177] F Gelman, J Atrio, “Flibanserin for hypoactive sexual desire disorder: place in therapy”. Ther Adv Chronic Dis., vol.8, issue1, pp.16-25, 2017.
  [178] L Yang, JW Lu, J An, X Jiang, “Effect of Tribulus terrestris extract on melanocyte-stimulating hormone expression in mouse hair follicles, Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao, vol.26, issue.12, pp.1777-1779, 2006.
  [179] P Kavitha, P Subramanian, “Influence of Tribulus terrestris on testicular enzyme in fresh water ornamental fish Poecilia latipinna”, Fish Physiol Biochem. Vol.37, issue.4, pp.801-807, 2011.
  [180] P Sharma, AU Huq, R Singh, “Cypermethrin induced reproductive toxicity in male wistar rats: protective role of Tribulus terrestris”, J Environ Biol., vol.34, issue.5, pp.857-862, 2013.
  [181] P Kavitha, R Ramesh, G Bupesh, A Stalin, P Subramanian, “Hepatoprotective activity of Tribulus terrestris extract against acetaminophen-induced toxicity in a freshwater fish (Oreochromis mossambicus)”, In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. Vol.47, issue.10, pp 698-706, 2011.
  [182] GD Lakshmi, PR Kumar, K Bharavi, P Annapurna, B Rajendar, PT Patel, CS Kumar, GS Rao, “Protective effect of Tribulus terrestris linn on liver and kidney in cadmium intoxicated rats”, Indian J Exp Biol., vol.50, issue2, pp.141-146, 2012.
  [183] G Jagadeesan, AV Kavitha, “Recovery of phosphatase and transaminase activity of mercury intoxicated Mus musculus (Linn.) liver tissue by Tribulus terrestris (Linn.) (Zygophyllaceae) extract”, Trop Biomed., vol.23, issue1, pp.45-51, 2006.
  [184] G Jagadeesan, AV Kavitha, J Subashini, “FT-IR Study of the influence of Tribulus terrestris on Mercury intoxicated mice, Mus musculus liver, Trop Biomed., vol.22, issue1, pp.15-22, 2005.
  [185] LR Bucci, “Selected herbals and human exercise performance”, Am J Clin Nutr. Vol.72, issue.2 Supp.l, p.624S-636S, 2000.
  [186] PM Di, “Anabolic steroids substitutes from plants and herbs?”, Drugs Sports, vol.3, pp.10-12, 1995.
  [187] C Saudan, N Baume, C Emery, “Short term impact of Tribulus terrestris intake on doping control analysis of endogenous steroids”, Forensic Sci Int., vol.178, issue1, pp.7-10, 2008.
  [188] QG Jing, “The effect of overload-training on the pituitary-gonadal axis of rats”, Zhejiang Sport Sci., vol.20, issue.1, pp.43-46, 1998.
  [189] Y Wu, H Yang, X Wang, “The function of androgen/ androgen receptor and insulin growth factor 1/insulin growth factor 1 receptor on the effects of Tribulus terrestris extracts in rats undergoing high intensity exercise”, Mol Med Rep., vol.16, issue.3, pp.2931-2938, 2017.
  [190] L Yin, Wang Q, X Wang, LN Song, “Effects of Tribulus terrestris saponins on exercise performance in overtraining rats and the underlying mechanisms”, Can J Physiol Pharmacol., vol.94, issue11, pp.1193–1201, 2016.
  [191] MY Tarek, El-Sheikh, IA Zarrag, Al-Fifi, A Mohamed. Alabboud., “Larvicidal and repellent effect of some Tribulus terrestris L., (Zygophyllaceae) extracts against the dengue fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)”, Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, vol.20, issue.1, pp.13-19, 2016.
  [192] TM El-Sheikh, HA Bosly, NM Shalaby, “Insecticidal and repellent activities of methanolic extract of Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae) against the malarial vector Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae)”, Egypt Acad J Biolog Sci.; vol.5, issue2, pp.13-22, 2012.
  [193] SP Singh, K Raghavendra, RK Singh, SS Mohanty, AP Dash, “Evaluation of Tribulus terrestris Linn (Zygophyllaceae) acetone extract for larvicidal and repellence activity against mosquito vectors, J Commun Dis., vol.40, issue.4, pp.255-261, 2008.
  [194] SK Bansal, Singh KV, S Sharma, “Larvicidal potential of wild mustard (Cleome viscosa) and gokhru (Tribulus terrestris) against mosquito vectors in the semi-arid region of Western Rajasthan”. J Environ Biol., vol.35, issue2, pp.327-332, 2014.
  [195] J Zhang, DS Zhang, CL Yan, “Effects of GSTT on dysmnesia in mice”, Pharmacol Clin Chin Mater Clin Med, vol.23, issue.3, pp.47-49, 2007.
  [196] N Prabhu, Effect of Tribulus terrestris on learning and memory in wistar rats”, Phcog J., vol.6, issue4, pp.68-71, 2014.
  [197] YH Jiang, LY Jiang, S Wu, WJ Jiang, L Xie, W Li, CH Yang, “Proteomic analysis reveals the renoprotective effect of Tribulus terrestris against obesity-related glomerulopathy in rats”, Biol Pharm Bull. Vol.41, issue.9, pp.1430-1439, 2018.
  [198] A Raoofi, M Khazaei, G Ali, “Protective Effect of Hydroalcoholic extract of Tribulus terrestris on cisplatin induced renal tissue damage in male mice”, Int J Prev Med., vol.6, Issue.1, pp.11, 2015.
  [199] AV Kavitha, G Jagadeesan, “Role of Tribulus terrestris (Linn.) (Zygophyllacea) against mercuric chloride induced nephrotoxicity in mice, Mus musculus (Linn.)”, J Environ Biol., vol.27, issue.2 Supp.l, pp.397-400, 2006.
  [200] H Najafi, MR Firouzifar, O Shafaat, SC Ashtiyani, N Hosseini, “Protective effects of Tribulus terrestris L extract against acute kidney injury induced by reperfusion injury in rats”, Iran J Kidney Dis., vol.8, issue.4, pp.292-298, 2014.
  [201] K Jashni, M Shiravani, Hoshmand, “The effect of Tribulus terrestris extract on spermatogenesis in the rats”, Journal of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, vol.9, issue.4, pp.7-11, 2012.
  [202] AA Mohammed, AAAH Al-Amiery, HH Al-Mosowy, AH Abbas, “Study the biological activities of Tribulus terrestris extracts”, Journal of Biotechnology Research Center, vol.4, issue1, pp.55-60, 2010.
  [203] E Kistanova, H Zlatev, V Karcheva, A Kolev, “Effect of plant Tribulus terrestris extract on reproductive performances of rams”, Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, vol.21, issue.1-2, pp.55-63, 2005.
  [204] M Kumari, P Singh, “Tribulus terrestris ameliorates metronidazole-induced spermatogenic inhibition and testicular oxidative stress in the laboratory mouse”, Indian J Pharmacol., vol.47, issue.3, pp.304-310, 2015.
  [205] TM Sellandi, AB Thakar, MS Baghel, “Clinical study of Tribulus terrestris Linn. in Oligozoospermia: A double blind study”, Ayu., vol.33, issue.3, pp.356-364, 2012.
  [206] A Asadmobini, M Bakhtiari, S Khaleghi, F Esmaeili, A Mostafaei, “The effect of Tribulus terrestris extract on motility and viability of human sperms after cryopreservation”, Cryobiology., vol.75, pp.154-159, 2017.
  [207] S Khaleghi, M Bakhtiari, A Asadmobini, F Esmaeili, “Tribulus terrestris extract improves human sperm parameters in vitro”. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. Vol.22, issue.3, pp.407-412, 2016.
  [208] RM Salgado, MH Marques-Silva, E Goncalves, AC Mathias, JG Aguiar, P Wolff, “Effect of oral administration of Tribulus terrestris extract on semen quality and body fat index of infertile men”, vol.49, issue.5, pp.1-6, 2017.
  [209] MF Roaiah, YI Elkhayat, SF Saleh, MA Abd El Salam, “Prospective analysis on the effect of botanical medicine (Tribulus terrestris) on serum testosterone level and semen parameters in males with unexplained infertility”. J Diet vol. 23, Supp.l, pp. 1-7, 2016.

  Citation
  Misbahuddin Azhar, Mustehasan, Mahe Alam, Syed Gulnawaz Ahmad, Nighat Anjum, Neelam Quddusi, "Nephroprotective Unani drug Khar-e-Khasak Khurd (Tribulus terrestris Linn.) - A review," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.24-36, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Comparative Immunohistochemical Study of the Distribution of CK 8/18 and CK-Cocktail in the Liver Epithelium of Three Vertebrate Species

  Heba Mzik, Nahla Ebrahim, Saleh Ismail

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp.37-42, Feb-2020

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  The purpose of this study, is to perform immunohistochemical comparison of the liver epithelium in three vertebrate species: Hyla savignyi, Hemidactylus turcicus and Testudo graeca, by using the antibodies CK8/18 and CK-cocktail. This assay determines the evolution of animal tissues by investigating the presence of cytokeratin and its density in these tissues. The tissues have shown different expression levels using CK-cocktail antibodies, where the bile ducts gave a strong signal at Hyla savignyi, and the cytoplasm of hepatocytes gave a medium signal. As for Hemidactylus turcicus, the bile ducts gave a medium signal and the cytoplasm of hepatocytes gave a slight signal. However, the bile ducts and the cytoplasm of hepatocytes signals were strong at Testudo graeca, which confirms the existence of cytokeratin in the liver epithelium of the studied species. On the other hand, the tissues have shown CK8/18 -negative signal in Hyla savignyi and Hemidactylus turcicus, in contrast to the tissues of Testudo graeca.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Immunohistochemical study, liver, cytokeratin-cocktail, cytokeratin 8/18, Hyla savigni, Hemidactylus turcicus, Testudo graeca

  References
  [1]- C.M. Heaphy , A.P. Subhawong , S. Hong , M.G. Goggins , E.A. Montgomery, " Prevalence of the alternative lengthening of telomeres telomere maintenance mechanism in human cancer subtypes", The American journal of pathology, Vol.179, Issue.4 , pp.1608-1615, 2011.
  [2] - A.D. Bershadsky , J.M. Vasiliev, " Cytoskeleton ", Springer Science & Business Media,‏ 2012.
  [3] - M.A. Schwarz , K. Owaribe , J. Kartenbeck , W.W. Franke, "Desmosomes and hemidesmosomes: constitutive molecular components ", Annual review of cell biology, Vol.6, Issue.1, pp.461-491, 1990.
  [4] - E. Fuchs , D.W. Cleveland, " A structural scaffolding of intermediate filaments in health and disease ", Science, Vol.279, Issue.5350, pp.514-519, 1998.
  [5] - N. Rekhtman , J.A. Bishop, " Quick reference handbook for surgical pathologists, " Springer, 2011.
  [6] - G.M. Cooper , R.E. Hausman, " The cell: a molecular approach", ASM press Washington, DC,vol.10, 2000.
  [7] - H. Herrmann , H. Bär , L. Kreplak , S.V. Strelkov , U. Aebi, "Intermediate filaments: from cell architecture to nanomechanics", Nature reviews Molecular cell biology, Vol.8, Issue.7, pp.562-573, 2007.
  [8] - R. Moll , M. Divo , L. Langbein, "The human keratins: biology and pathology", Histochemistry and cell biology, Vol.129, Issue.6, pp.705–733, 2008.
  [9] - S.F. Godsave , B.H. Anderton , C.C. Wylie, "The appearance and distribution of intermediate filament proteins during differentiation of the central nervous system, skin and notochord of Xenopus laevis", Development, Vol.97, Issue.1, pp.201-223, 1986.
  [10] - M.C. Franko , C.J. Gibbs , D.A. Rhoades , D.C. Gajdusek, "Monoclonal antibody analysis of keratin expression in the central nervous system", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol.84, Issue.10, pp.3482-3485, 1987.
  [11] - J. Markl , S. Winter , W.W. Franke, "The catalog and the expression complexity of cytokeratins in a lower vertebrate: biochemical identification of cytokeratins in a teleost fish, the rainbow trout", European journal of cell biology, Vol.50, Issue.1, pp.1-16, 1989.
  [12] - K. Bhavani , R. Karuppasamy, "Long-Term Exposure of Arsenic Caused Arsenic Bioaccumulation, Imbalance in Hepatic Markers, Oxidative Status, and Histological Changes in the Liver of Zebrafish (Danio Rerio)", International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.6, Issue.6, pp.32-38, 2019.
  [13] - S. Giordano , C. Hall , W. Quitschke , E. Glasgow , N. Schechter, "Keratin 8 of simple epithelia is expressed in glia of the goldfish nervous system", Differentiation, Vol.44, Issue.3, pp.163-172, 1990.
  [14] - N. Holder , J.D.W. Clarke , T. Kamalati , E.B. Lane, "Heterogeneity in spinal radial glia demonstrated by intermediate filament expression and HRP labelling", Journal of neurocytology, Vol.19, N°.(6), pp.915-928, 1990.
  [15] - G. Bodega , I. Suarez , M. Rubio , B. Fernandez, "Type II cytokeratin expression in adult vertebrate spinal cord", Tissue and Cell, Vol.27, Issue,5, pp.555-559, 1995.
  [16] - R.G. Pankov , A.A. Uschewa , B.T. Tasheva , G.G. Markov, "Vertebrate liver cytokeratins: a comparative study", Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vol.65, Issue. 6, pp.547-557, 1987.
  [17] - D.J. Dabbs, "Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry: Theranostic and Genomic Applications", 5th ed, Elsevier, 2018.
  [18] - T.E. Bunton, "The immunocytochemistry of cytokeratin in fish tissues", Veterinary Pathology, Vol.30, Issue.5, pp.418-425, 1993.
  [19] - S. Zoureik , N. Ibrahem , S. Ismaiel, "A Comparative Study on the Distribution of Some Cytokeratins in Specific Parts of the Digestive System Epithelium in Three Lower Vertebrate Species", SSRG International Journal of Agriculture & Environmental Science, Vol.6, Issue.1, pp.56-61, 2019.
  [20] - L. Alibardi, "Immunocytochemical localization of keratins, associated proteins and uptake of histidine in the epidermis of fish and amphibian",Acta histochemical, Vol.104, Issue. 3, pp.297-310, 2002.
  [21] - S. Chakraborti , T.C. Nag , D. Das , T. Sanyal Chatterjee , S.K. De, "Cytokeratin localization in toe pads of the anuran amphibian Philautus annandalii (Boulenger, 1906)", Tissue and Cell, Vol.46, Issue. 3, pp.165-169, 2014.
  [22] - M.G. Maurizii , L. Alibardi , C. Taddei, "Organization and characterization of the keratin cytoskeleton in the previtellogenic ovarian follicle of the lizard Podarcis sicula Raf", Molecular reproduction and development, vol.57, Issue.2, pp.159-166,2000.

  Citation
  Heba Mzik, Nahla Ebrahim, Saleh Ismail, "Comparative Immunohistochemical Study of the Distribution of CK 8/18 and CK-Cocktail in the Liver Epithelium of Three Vertebrate Species," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.37-42, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  The Green Tide of Macroalgae in The Water of Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia; Removal The Nitrogen Compounds By Ulva Intestinalis

  Mostafa Abdel Mohsen El Gammal

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp.43-48, Feb-2020

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  The green tide of macroalgae was recognized as (Ulva fasciata, U. intestinalis, U.flexusa, U. lactuca, U. Chaetomorphalinum, and Enteromorpha intestinalis ) had been regarded in the wintry weather and spring of years, 2016, 2017, and 2018 within the water of Arabian Gulf, Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The objective of this study; consider the parameters impact at the blooms of macroalgal and the way can be used this macroalgal to removal the nitrogen compounds like ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate from water aquaculture. Through this period monitor analyses carried out in the coastal water Gulf and the density of macroalgae growth. Indoor carry-out experiments to grow the macroalgae at distinct salinity 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40g/l, and remove ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate. The results concluded that the excess of nitrogen compounds and the changed of temperature and salinity were the impact of the principal parameters on green tides seem; the macroalgae (U. intestinalis) may be used to remove ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate from water and the removal percentage decrease with increase and decrease the salinity, the best nitrate compounds removal was at range (10-30 g/l) salinity.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Green tides, macroalgal, Ulva intestinalis, removal, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate

  References
  [1] T.A. Nelson, K. Haberlin, A.V. Nelson, H. Ribarich, R. Hotchkiss, K. VanAlstyne, L. Buckingham, D. Simunds, K. Fredrickson,” Ecological and physiological controls of species composition in green macroalgal blooms”. Ecology Vol.89, No.5, pp 1287–1298, 2008.
  [2] D. Liu, J.K. Keesing, Q. Xing, P. Shi, “World’s largest macroalgal bloom caused by expansion of seaweed aquaculture in China” Marine Pollution Bulletin,Vol. 58,pp 888–895, 2009.
  [3] M.A. Hemminga, C.M. Duarte “Seagrass Ecology”. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2000.
  [4] J.C. Phillips, C.L. Hurd “ Kinetics of nitrate, ammonium, and urea uptake by four intertidal seaweeds from New Zealand” J. Phycol. Vol.40, pp 534–45, 2004.
  [5] A. Ménesguen, P. Cugier, “A new numerical technique for tracking chemical species in a multisource, coastal ecosystem applied to nitrogen causing Ulva blooms in the Bay of Brest (France)”. Limnol. Oceanogr. Vol 51, pp. 591–601, 2006.
  [6] J. M. Burkholder, D. A. Tomasko, B. W. “Touchette, Seagrasses and eutrophication” J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. Vol. 350 pp 46-72, 2007.
  [7] I. R. Davison, , G. A. Pearson “Stress tolerance in intertidal seaweeds” J. Phycol. Vol. 32 pp.197-211, 1996.
  [8] I. Martins, M. A. Pardal, A. I. Lillebø, M. R. Flindt, J. C. Marques, “Hydrodynamics as a major factor controlling the occurrence of green macroalgal blooms in a eutrophic estuary: a case study on the influence of precipitation and river management” Est. Coast. Shelf Sci. Vol.52 pp.165-177, 2001.
  [9] M. Shpigel, L. Guttman, D. Ben-Ezra, J. Yu, S. Chen, “Is Ulva sp. able to be an efficient biofilter for mariculture effluents?” Journal of Applied Phycology 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-019-1748-7
  [10] C.B. Porter, M.D. Krom, M.G. Robbins, L. Brickell, A. Davidson, “Ammonia excretion and total N budget for gilthead seabream (Sparusaurata) and its effect on water quality conditions” Aquaculture Vol.66, pp. 287–2971987.
  [11] A.W. Mwandya, “Macroalgae as biofilters of effluents from integrated mariculture fishpond systems in Zanzibar, Tanzania” A thesis submitted in the fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Marine Biology) of the University of Dar es Salaam, pp 157 2001.
  [12] A. Neori, T. Chopin, M. Troell, A.H. Buschmann, G.P. Kraemer, C. Halling, M. Shpigel, C.Yarish,”Integrated aquaculture: rationale, evolution, and state of the art emphasizing seaweed biofiltration in modern mariculture” Aquaculture Vol. 231, pp 361–391, 2004.
  [13] M.Shpigel,” Land-based integrated multi-trophic Mariculture system” Encyclopedia of sustainability science and technology. Springer Science, New York. 2015.
  [14] Y.H. Kang, J.A. Shin, M.S. Kim, I.K. Chung ”A preliminary study of the bioremediation potential of Codium fragile applied to seaweed integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) during the summer” J ApplPhycol Vol. 20 pp.183–190, 2007.
  [15] APHA” Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater” 22nd ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, 1992.
  [16] Ding Lanping, Luan Rixiao,”The taxonomy, habit, and distribution of a green alga Enteromorphaprolifera (Ulvales, Chlorophyta)” OceanolLimnol Sin (in Chinese), Vol.40 No.1, pp. 68–71, 2009.
  [17] T. R. Parsons, J. D. Strickland, “Discussion of spectrophotometric determination of marine plant pigments with revised equations for ascertaining chlorophylls and carotenoids” J. Mar. Res., Vol. 21, pp.155–163. 1963
  [18] S.W. Jeffrey, G.F. Humphrey “ New spectrophotometric equations for determining chlorophylls a, b, c1, and c2 in higher plants, algal, and natural phytoplankton” Biochem. Physiol. Planzen, pp.167, 191, 1975.
  [19] R.Taylor, R. L. Fletcher, J. A. Raven, “Preliminary studies on the growth of selected ‘green-tide’ algae in laboratory culture: effects of irradiance, temperature, salinity, and nutrients on growth rate” Bot. Mar. Vol. 44 pp, 327-336, 2001.
  [20] J. Wald “Evaluatiestudie naar mogelijkheden voor grootschalige zeewierteelt in het zuidwestelijke Deltagebied, in het bijzonder de Oosterschelde” Plant Research International, Wageningen UR, 2010.
  [21] T. Handayani, “The Phenomenon of Green Tides (Ulvoid Alga Blooms)” Oseana.; Vol.39 No.4 pp. 35-42. 2014.
  [22] J. H. Kim, E. J. Kang, M. G. Park, B. G. Lee, K. Y. Kim, “Effects of temperature and irradiance on photosynthesis and growth of a green-tide-forming species (Ulva linza) in the Yellow Sea” J. Appl. Phycol. Vol 23 pp.421-432. 2011.
  [23] E. J. Kang, J. H. Kim, K. Kim, K. Y. Kim, “ Adaptations of a green tide forming Ulva linza (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta) to selected salinity and nutrients conditions mimicking representative environments in the Yellow Sea” Phycologia Vol. 55 pp. 210-218. 2016.
  [24] M.D. Brotowidjoyo, T. Joko, and M. Eko, “Introduction to Aquatic Environment and Aquaculture” Liberty Publisher Yokyakarta. In Indonesian. 1995.
  [25] V. Novonty, H. Olem, “Water Quality, Prevention, Identification and Management of Diffuse Pollution” Van Nostrans Reinhold, New York, 1994.
  [26] D. Gravier “Monitoring of green tides on the Brittany coasts (France)” Primary Producers of the Sea, pp 19, 2012.
  [27] A. Pallalo, “Distribution of Macroalgae in Seagrass Ecosystems and Coral Reefs on Bonebatang Island, Ujung tanah District, BarrangLompo Sub-District” Skripsi. Hasanuddin University. Makassar. In Indonesian. 2013.
  [28] F. Djafar “Study of Retention of Nitrogen and Seaweed Phosphate (KappaphycusAlvarezii) at Various Velocities of Water Flow” Tesis. Postgraduate School of Bogor Agricultural University, In Indonesian, 2011.
  [29] Nordby “The optimal condition for meiotic spore formation in Ulva metabilis” Foyn. Bot. Vol. 20 pp.19-28, 1977.
  [30] T. Han, S.H Kang, J.S. Park, H.K. Lee, M.T. Brown “Physiological responses of Ulva pertusa and Ulva armoricana to copper exposure” Aquatic Toxicology; Vol. 86 No. 2 pp.176-184, 2008.
  [31] A. Sousa, I. Martins, A.I. Lilebo, M.R. Flindt, M. A. Fardal, “Influence of Salinity, nutrients, and light on the germination and growth of Enteromorpha sp. Spores” Journal Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol.; Vol.341 pp.142-150, 2007.
  [32] A. Neori, N.L.C. Ragg, M. Shpigel, “The integrated culture of seaweed, abalone, fish and clams in modular intensive land-based systems: II. Performance and nitrogen partitioning within an abalone (Haliotistuberculata) and macroalgae culture system” Aquacult Eng.; Vol.17 No.4 , pp. 215–239, 1998.
  [33] M.S. Copertino, T. Tormena, U. Seeliger “Biofiltering efficiency, uptake and assimilation rates of Ulva clathrata (Roth) J. Agardh (Clorophyceae) cultivated in shrimp aquaculture wastewater” J ApplPhycol, Vol. 21 pp.31–45, 2009.
  [34] I.K. Chung,Y.H. Kang, C. Yarish, G.P. Kreamer, J.A. Lee, “Application of seaweed cultivation to the bioremediation of nutrient-rich effluent” Algae, Vol. 17 pp.1–10, 2002.
  [35] A. Neori, F.E. Msuya, L. Shauli, A.Schuenhoff, F. Kopel, M.Shpigel, “A novel three-stage seaweed (Ulvalactuca) biofilter design for integrated mariculture” Journal of Applied Phycology, Vol.15 pp. 543–553, 2003.
  [36] C. Seema, R. Jayashankar, “Removal of nitrogen load in the experimental culture system of seaweed and shrimp” Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, Vol. 47No. 2 pp.150–153,2005.
  [37] Y.H. Kang, S.R. Park, I.K. Chung, “Biofiltration efficiency and biochemical composition of three seaweed species cultivated in a fish seaweed integrated culture” Algae, Vol. 26 No.1 pp. 97–108, 2011.
  [38] A.H. Buschmann, D.A. Varela,”Opportunities and challenges for the development of an integrated seaweed-based aquaculture activity in Chile: determining the physiological capabilities of Macrocystis and Gracilaria as biofilters” Journal of Applied Phycology,Vol. 20 pp. 571–577, 2008.
  [39] M. Shpigel, A. Neori, “Microalgae, macroalgae, and bivalves as biofilters in land-based mariculture in Israel. Chapter 24 In Ecological and Genetic Implications of Aquaculture Activities (ed. by Bert, T. M.)” Dordrecht, Springer. pp. 433–446, 2007.
  [40] [40] R. Wahyudi, M. Wijaya, A. Sukainah, “The Effect of Using Fertilizer from Seaweed Waste on Spinach Plant Growth” Journal of Agricultural Technology Education Vol. 4 , No.10 , pp.160- 169, 2018.
  [41] F.L. Figueroa, A. Israel, A. Neori, B. Martínez, E.J. Malta, P.O. Ang, S. Inken, R. Marquardt, N. Korbee, “Effects of nutrient supply on photosynthesis and pigmentation in Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta): responses to short-term stress” Aquatic Biology, Vol. 7 pp.173–183, 2009.
  [42] M.M. Nielsen, A. Bruhn, M.B. Rasmussen, “Cultivation of Ulva lactuca with manure for simultaneous bioremediation and biomass production” J Phycol; Vol. 24 No. 3 pp. 261–266, 2012.
  [43] T.S. Choi, E.J. Kang, J. Kim “Effect of salinity on growth and nutrient uptake of Ulva pertusa (Chlorophyta) from an eelgrass bed “ Algae. Vol. 25 No. 1 pp. 17–26, 2010.
  

  Citation
  Mostafa Abdel Mohsen El Gammal, "The Green Tide of Macroalgae in The Water of Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia; Removal The Nitrogen Compounds By Ulva Intestinalis," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.43-48, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  New record of the Roche`s snake blenny Ophidion rochei Müller, 1845 (Ophidiidae, Ophidiiformes) from the Syrian marine waters – Eastern Mediterranean Sea

  R.M. Othman, M.Y. Galiya, Z.A. Almajid, W.I.Ghanem

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp.49-50, Feb-2020

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  The recording and classification of the marine fish in Syria , Includes in Syrian national program of Biodiversity , Which was started since thirty years. In March 2019, a single individual of Cusk-eel fish species was caught with benthic trawl in the Ras Albasit, Syrian marine water. Collected species was studied and compared with available literature. This species was identified as a Roche`s snake blenny, Ophidion rochei Müller 1845.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Cusk – eel, Ophidion rochei, Syrian marine waters

  References
  ]1[ M. Galiya. A new record of migrant fish (Fistularia commersonii, Ruppell, 1935 ) to Mediterranean Syrian Coast .Tishreen University Journal for Studies and Research– Basic Sciences Series, 25 (13),135–143, 2003.
  ]2[ J. G. Nielsen, D. M.Cohen, D. F. Markle, D. F. & C. R. Robins, (1999). FAO species catalogue, Ophidiiform fishes of the world (Order Ophidiiformes), An annotated and illustrated catalogue of pearlfishes, cusk-eels, brotulas and other ophidiirorm fishes known to date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis (Vol. 18: pp.178), Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations, 1999.
  ]3[ R. N.Lea, & C. R. Robins. Four new species of the genus Ophidion (Pisces: Ophidiidae) from the Western Atlantic Ocean. Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist Sci. Pap., 31,1–9, 2003.
  ]4 [C. R. Robins, R. H. Robins, & M. E. Brown. A revision of Lepophidium (Teleostei, Ophidiidae) with descriptions of eight new species. Bull. Florida Mus. Nat. Hist., 51(1), 1–94, 2012 .
  ]5[ J.G. Nielsen . Ophidiidae. In: Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean , vol .3 ( [13] P .J.P.Whitehead, M.- L. Bauchot, , J. C.Hureau, J. G. Nielsen & E. Tortonese, Eds), 1158–1166. Paris: UNESCO, 1986.
  ]6] I .Jardas. Jadranska ihtiofauna .Zagreb: Školska knjiga . 1996.
  ]7 [M .Casadevall, J .Matallanas, M. Carrasson &M.Munõz. Morphometric, meristic and anatomical differences between Ophidion barbatum L.; 1758 and Ophidion rochei Müller, 1854 (Pisces, Ophidiidae). Publ. Espec. Inst. Esp. Oceanogr., 21, 45– 61, 1996.
  ]8 [M. Bilecenoğlu, M. Kaya, B.Cihangir, & Çiçek, E. An updated checklist of the marine fishes of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 38, 901–929, 2014 .
  ]9[ V. E.Sokolov, M. S. Gilarov, A. G.Bannikov, V. D. Iliichev, A.P. Kouziakin, S.P. Naoumov, & F.M. Pravdin, Life Animals (Fishes), Prosveshenii Press. 4 , pp.646, 1988 .
  ]10 [E. Parmentier, G. Bouillac, B. Dragčević. J. Dulčić, & M.L.Fine, Call properties and morphology of the sound – producing organ in Ophidion rochei (Ophidiidae). Journal of Experimental Biology, 213, 3230 – 3236, 2010.
  ]11[ J. Nelson, T. C. Grande, & M.V.H. Wilson. Fishes of the world. Fifth edition. United States of America, Wiley, 2016.
  ]12[ J. Dulčić, , S.Matíc, M .Kraljevic, M.Franicevic, & L. Lipej. New data on the cusk-eel, Ophidion rochei (Osteichthyes: Ophidiidae), from the Eastern Adriatic. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K., 82, 1045–1046, 2002.
  ]13[ M. Ali, “An updated checklist of the marine fishes from Syria with emphasis on alien species . Mediterranean Marine Science, 19(2), 388–393, 2018.
  

  Citation
  R.M. Othman, M.Y. Galiya, Z.A. Almajid, W.I.Ghanem, "New record of the Roche`s snake blenny Ophidion rochei Müller, 1845 (Ophidiidae, Ophidiiformes) from the Syrian marine waters – Eastern Mediterranean Sea," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.49-50, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Tree Inventory Assessment in Religious Institution Compound and its Benefit for Environmental Management in the Case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

  Yohannes Melaku Yimam, Bisrat Kifle

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp.51-61, Feb-2020

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Tree inventory plays a crucial role to work out the number of trees by measuring the various trees attributes like tree height, tree DBH, tree canopy, and tree age. The study was accompanied to estimate the carbon stock using above and below-ground biomass of tree by identifying the tree species exists in the religious institutions and also its variation along the environmental gradient. The amount of total carbon stock in all religious institutions was 223.72 tons, the carbon stock range of Above-ground biomass was 124.1 – 1.4 tons and the range of carbon stock of below-ground biomass was also 24.84-0.28 tons. The current study shows that the number of trees, types of trees, and carbon stock value of all religious institutions were highly affected by human and environmental factors such as deforestation, altitude, and slope. The implication was religious institutions have deforested a lot of tree species for different purposes such as infrastructure expansion, income source, and firewood. The consequences of these decreased the number of tree species and carbon biomass in religious institutions may have influenced the environment of climate change.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Above-Ground biomass, Below-Ground biomass, Carbon Stock, Diameter at Breast height, and Tree height

  References
  [1] Erdogan, alper, oze, yuksel, orhan, manuscript accepted, co2 utilization: development in conversation process, 2016.
  [2] IPCC, “Atmospheric Chemistry and Greenhouse Gases”, Climate Change indicators, Environmental protection Agency Available at http:// www. Epa.gov/Climate Change Indicators atmospheric concentrations greenhouse gases, vol. 4, 2001.
  [3] A. Bartan, S. Kucukali and I. Ar, “Environmental Impact Assessment of Coal power Plants in operation,” in the proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on advances in Energy systems and Environmental Engineering, Poland, pp. 8-11, 2017.
  [4] Davey Tree Expert Company. Tree Benefit, 2017, Available at: http://www.davey.com/about/davey-in-your-community/benefits-of-trees
  [5] International Society of Arboriculture (ISA), “A non-profit organization supporting tree care research around the world and dedicated to the care and preservation of shade and ornamental trees manual”, USA, 2004.
  [6] Tate, R. L, “Uses of street inventory data”, J. Arboric, vol. 11, issue 7, pp.210-213, 1985.
  [7] R. Miller, “Urban Forestry: Planning and Managing Urban Greenspaces”, 2nd. Ed., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, pp. 105-130, 1997.
  Graham, R.L., Wright, L.L., and Turhollow, A.F, “The potential for short-rotation woody crops to reduce U.S. CO2 emissions”, Climatic Change, vol.22, pp. 223-238, 1992.
  [8] T. Charles, Scott, Jeffrey, H. Gove, “Forest inventory”, Encyclopedia of Environmetrics, United Kingdom, Published by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Volume 2, pp. 814-820, 2002.
  [9] S. Mesfin, “Estimating and Mapping of Carbon Stocks based on Remote Sensing”, GIS and Ground Survey in the Menagesha Suba State Forest, Ethiopia, pp.31-44, 2011.
  [10] A. Zerihun, and T. Yemiru, “Training manual on Forest Inventory and Management in the context of SFM and REDD+”, Hawassa University Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources’, Ethiopia, pp. 31-40, 2013.
  [11] Houghton, R. A, and J. Theodore, "Appendix I – Glossary", Climate change 2001, the scientific basis: contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom, ed(2001), Cambridge University Press Available at http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg1/518.htm
  [12] Patenaude, G., Milne, R. and Dawson, T, P, “Synthesis of remote sensing approaches for forest carbon estimation”, report to the Kyoto Protocol, Environmental Science and Policy, vol. 8, pp.161-178, 2005.
  [13] Davey Resource Group, “The Tree Inventory Summary Report”, Ohio, USA, A division of Tree Export Company Publisher, 2016.
  [14] Akihiro, S., Tomiyasu, M. and T. Histoshi, “Relationship of tree height and diameter at breast height revisited analysis of stem growth using 20 years data of an even-aged Chamaecyparis obtuse stand”, Journal (online) vol. 33, issue 1, 2013, available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3556985
  [15] L. Fleming, “Growth estimates of street trees in central New Jersey”, M.s thesis Rutgers Univ. New Brunswick, N.J p.143, 1988.
  [16] E. Frelich, “Predicting dimensional relationships for Twin Cites shade trees”, University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, St. Paul, MN. P.33, 1992.
  [17] UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol to the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change, (1997) Retrieved 18/09/2010, from http://unfccc.int.
  [18] Richardson, J.J., Everitt, J.H. and Gausman, H.W, “Radiometric estimation of biomass and N-content of Alicia grass. Remote Sensing of Environment”, vol.13, pp. 179-184, 1983.
  [19] Mackie, E., D, and Matthews, R. W, “Forest menstruation, a hand book for practitioners”, (2006), HMSO, Edinburgh. ISBN 0-85538-621-5
  [20] White. J, “Estimating the Age of Large and Veteran Trees in Britain”, Forestry Commission Information Note 12, (1998).
  [21] Nicolas, P, Laurent, S, and Matieu, H, “Manual for building volume and biomass allometeric equation”, Rome, Italy: CIRAD and FAO Publication, pp. 23-29, 2012.
  [22] Hortscience, “Updated Tree Inventory Report”, Fremont, USA East Warren park publisher, 2015.
  [23] A. Jens, B. Pete, R. Thomas, and P. Hans, “Tree Species and their requirement in Six Urban Environments”, World Wide USA, pp. 26-42, 2016.
  [24] Kristen, L. Dexter, H. “Comparison of three methods for measuring local Urban Tree Canopy Cover”, USA, Vol. 39, issue 2, p.62-67, 2013.
  [25] Smiley, E. T. and F. A. Baker, “Options in Street Tree Inventories”, J. of Aboric, 14(2), pp. 36-42, 1988.
  [26] A. O.Zieba, K. Zarebeska, P. Baran and A. Cwik, “Sequestration of Carbondioxide- influence of coal surface Chemistry,” in the proceeding of 2016 1st International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environment, Poland, pp. 1-6, 2016.
  [27] D. Don, “An improved tree height measurement technique tested on mature Southern Pines”, technical note, pp. 38-43. 2008.
  [28] Ethiopia forest reference level submission to unfccc, “Implementation of REDD+ Basic Wood Density of Indigenous and Exotic Tree Species in Ethiopia”, pp.29-41, 2016.
  [29] Alves, D. S., Soares, J. S., Amaral, E. K., Mello, S. S., Almeida, O., Fernandes, S. and Silveira, A.M., “Biomass of primary and secondary vegetation in Rondonia, western Brazilian Amazon”, Global Change Biology, Volume 3, 451-462, 1997.
  [30] Schroeder, P., Brown, S., Birdsey, J.M.R. and C .Sieszewski, “Biomass estimation for temperate broadleaf forests of the US using inventory data”, Forest Science, vol. 43: 424−434, 1997.
  [31] FAO, “Estimating biomass and biomass change of tropical forests”, A Primer, Rome, Italy, FAO Forestry Paper, 134, pp.110-120, 1997.
  [32] Geider, J. R., Delucia, H. E., Falkowsk, G. P., Finzi, C. A., Grime, P. J., Grace, J., Kana, M. T., Roche, J. et al., “Primary productivity of planet earth: biological determinants and physical constraints in terrestrial and aquatic habitats”, Global Change biology, vol.7, pp. 849-882, 2001.
  [33] K. MacDicken, “A Guide to Monitoring Carbon Storage in Forestry and Agroforestry Projects”, Winrock International, Arlington, USA, 1997.
  [34] A. Kemal, And A. Abdulfatah, “The history of Addis Ababa Mosques”, Vol.1 and 2, 2011, and 2008-2010.
  [35] Wassie, A. Opportunities and prospects of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Churches in conserving forest resources, the case of churches in South Gondar, Northern Ethiopia, Msc Dissertation, Swedish University of Agricultural Science Repro, Umea, Sweden, 2002.
  [36] Bingellip, Desalegn D, J. Healey, M. Painton, J. Smith, And Z. Teklehaimanot, “Conservation of Ethiopian sacred groves”, European tropical forest research network, Newsletter 38, pp. 37–38, 2003.
  [37] Wassie, A. D, Teketay, And Powell, Church forests provide clue store storing ecosystems in the degraded high lands of Northern Ethiopia, J. Ecol. Rest. 23: 37–38, (2005b).
  [38] Ministry of Urban Development and Housing, “Religious Compounds Green Infrastructure Development Manual”, No. 16, issue 1, pp. 1-56, 2016.
  [39] Murphy, P, G. and Lugo, A. E, “Structure and biomass production of a dry tropical forest in Puerto Rico”, Biotropica, vol.18, pp.89-96, 1986.
  [40] T. Tulu, “Estimation of carbon stock in church forests: implications for managing church forest for carbon emission reduction”, MSc thesis, (Unpublished), Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia, 2011.

  Citation
  Yohannes Melaku Yimam, Bisrat Kifle, "Tree Inventory Assessment in Religious Institution Compound and its Benefit for Environmental Management in the Case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.51-61, 2020