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• Open Access   Article

  IR & UV Irradiation Methods to Improve the Efficacy of Silver Nanoparticles in the Eradication of Biofilm-Forming Microbes Isolated from Surfaces of Severe Accidental Wounds

  Chirasmita Mohanty, Pratyush Kumar Das, Gopal Krishna Purohit

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp.1-9, Aug-2022

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  Abstract
  Bacterial biofilms are a major concern towards human health. Nanoparticles work against bacteria through a unique mechanism, making them a promising alternative for biofilm eradication. Silver nanoparticles are widely known and used for their efficient antibacterial property. In the current study, a swab sample was collected from the surfaces of 10-day-old wounds resulting from a road accident and cultured. Four biofilm-forming bacterial strains were isolated by studying the colony morphology and staining properties. Genomic characterization of the isolated strains was carried out by 16s rRNA sequencing using 27F and 149R universal primer. The fasta sequences were subjected to phylogenetic analysis following the maximum likelihood method using Mega software (Version 10.2.5). The biofilm-forming strains were identified as Escherichia coli (CMPD1), Klebsiella pneumonia (CMPD2), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CMPD3), and Staphylococcus aureus (CMPD4). Silver nanoparticles were synthesized following the green synthesis approach for the anti-biofilm study using Cinnamomum tamala leaf extract as a natural reductant. 10 ml of different concentrations of silver nitrate (2 mM, 4 mM, 6 mM, 8mM, and 10mM) and plant extracts (1ml to 5 ml) were taken for the synthesis. The change in colour of the solution to dark brown confirmed the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The absorption maxima of the nanoparticles obtained by using 4mM silver nitrate and 5 ml of leaf extract were found to be 430 nm using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Anti-microbial activity of the same sample showed higher inhibition efficiency as compared to others thereby confirming high concentrations of silver nanoparticles. The selected nanoparticle sample was divided into two parts. One part was irradiated with a 39W UV lamp (254 nm) and the other with a 100W IR lamp (1000 nm) for 10 minutes each. Post irradiation, the anti-biofilm assay was conducted in a 96-well microtiter plate. Irradiated nanoparticles showed higher anti-biofilm activity as compared to the non-irradiated ones. The activity of nanoparticles followed the sequence – IR>UV>Non-irradiated.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Antibacterial, Biofilms, Human health, Silver nanoparticles, Cinnamomum tamala , Wounds.

  References
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  Citation
  Chirasmita Mohanty, Pratyush Kumar Das, Gopal Krishna Purohit, "IR & UV Irradiation Methods to Improve the Efficacy of Silver Nanoparticles in the Eradication of Biofilm-Forming Microbes Isolated from Surfaces of Severe Accidental Wounds," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.4, pp.1-9, 2022

• Open Access   Article

  Antimicrobial Activities and Phytochemical Screening of Five Nigerian Chewing Sticks

  Stephanie Ogechi Nwaiwu, Helen Adekanmbi, Dolapo Igbari, Stephen Oluwanifise Oyejide, Obiyo Nwaiwu, Omowunmi Amao

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp.10-13, Aug-2022

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  Abstract
  Chewing sticks are important non-timber forest products widely used for dental cleaning in Nigeria. This work was intended to study the antimicrobial activities and phytochemical screening of some indigenous Nigerian chewing sticks which will serve as scientific support for the use of chewing sticks for oral hygiene in rural areas. Ethanol and aqueous extracts of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides, Massularia acuminata, Khaya ivorensis, Terminalia glaucescens and Azadirachta indica were obtained through soxhlet and maceration respectively. Qualitative and quantitative testing of bioactive compounds using standard procedures revealed the presence of tannins, reducing compounds, alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins and cardiac glycosides. Antimicrobial screening of the extracts was carried out on Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans which were isolated from mouth swabs. The ethanolic extract of K. ivorensis and A. indica had the highest antibacterial activity against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus respectively. The aqueous extract of Massularia acuminata exerted an antimicrobial effect only on Candida albicans. The variation in the antimicrobial activities of the extracts could be attributed to the concentration of the various bioactive compounds present in the chewing sticks. This study has confirmed the effectiveness of these chewing sticks and toothbrushes against certain microorganisms.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Phytochemical screening, Chewing sticks, antimicrobial screening, Oral microbes

  References
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  Citation
  Stephanie Ogechi Nwaiwu, Helen Adekanmbi, Dolapo Igbari, Stephen Oluwanifise Oyejide, Obiyo Nwaiwu, Omowunmi Amao, "Antimicrobial Activities and Phytochemical Screening of Five Nigerian Chewing Sticks," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.4, pp.10-13, 2022

• Open Access   Article

  Effect of Substitution of Kaopi and Anchovy Flour Based on The Nutritional Values, Organoleptic, and Total Microbe of ‘Kasuami/kasoami’

  Jendri Mamangkey

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp.14-22, Aug-2022

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  Abstract
  These low contents demand necessary to conduct substitution using anchovy flour (Stolephorus comesonii) since it has a quite complete nutritional content, such as fat, protein, and carbohydrates. This research was carried out aiming to discover the effect of substitution between kaopi flour and anchovy flour on the nutritional content of kasuami/kasoami and the appropriate ratio of kaopi flour and anchovy flour proportions for a good kasuami/kasoami products in terms of color, aroma, and taste based on organoleptic tests and microbial growth. This study employed a completely randomized design with 6 treatment levels and 3 replications. The treatment levels were done on the proportion of kaopi flour and anchovy flour (S. comersonii), in which the ratio iwasT0 (100%:0%). T1 (98%:2%). T2 (96%:4%). T3 (94%:6%). T4 (92%:8%). and T5 (90%:10%). The best kasuami/kasoami was obtained from the substitution of kaopi flour using anchovy flour by 90% kaopi: 10% anchovy flour (T5). The results of kasuami/kasoami chemical test based on the best treatment provided indicated that the substitution of kaopi flour using anchovy flour significantly affected the variables of moisture content (47.57%). protein content (16.40%). fat content (3.48%). carbohydrate content (28.86), and total microbes (202.33 x 10-2 cfu). Meanwhile, based on the organoleptic test, the average preference values for color was 4.47 (preferred), the aroma was 5.40 (preferred), and the taste was 6.13 (preferred). This research data indicate that anchovy flour as a substitute for kaopi flour in producing kasuami/kasoami significantly affected the chemical composition variables.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Kasuami, Anchovy flour, Nutritional value

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  Citation
  Jendri Mamangkey, "Effect of Substitution of Kaopi and Anchovy Flour Based on The Nutritional Values, Organoleptic, and Total Microbe of ‘Kasuami/kasoami’," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.4, pp.14-22, 2022

• Open Access   Article

  Crassocephalum crepidioides (Ebolo) Protect against Paracetamol- Induced Hepatotoxicity in Wistar Rats

  Fausat K. Ola Mudathir, Ogheneoruese F. Onoharigho, Sikirullai O. Jeje, Ighorhiowhoaro M. Ajekevwoda

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp.23-29, Aug-2022

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

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  Abstract
  Paracetamol causes hepatocellular damage due to increase oxidative stress, whereas Crassocephalum crepidioides enhances antioxidant status. The preventive function of Crassocephalum crepidioides against paracetamol (PCM)-induced hepatocellular oxidative damage was studied. The experiment was made up of four groups (1, 2, 3, and 4) of Wistar rats (n=6). The control (Group 1) were given distilled water while groups 2 and 3 animals were given 300mg/kg bwt/day methanol extract of C. crepidioides leaves (MECL) and 250 mg/kg bwt/day PCM respectively for two weeks. Group 4 was given (MECL) for one week and thereafter a concurrent dose of 300 mg per kg bwt each day (MECL) and 250 per kg bwt each day PCM for two weeks. All administration was done orally. The evaluation of serum aspartate amino transferase (AST) and Alanine amino transferase (ALT) activities were carried out to detect liver injury. Glutataione-s-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase activities and reduced glutathione (GSH) level were utilized to measure antioxidant status. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level was employed as an indication of lipid peroxidation. The results indicated an increase (p< 0.05) in the activities of serum AST, ALT and MDA level in the PCM group. The activities of GST, SOD, catalase and level of GSH were significantly lowered (p< 0.05) relative to control. Concurrent treatment with PCM and C. crepidioides considerably decreased (p< 0.05) MDA level, AST and ALT activities but significantly increased (p< 0.05) the antioxidant enzymes compared to PCM group. Finally, Crassocephalum crepidioides may protect Wistar rat’s liver against paracetamol-induced oxidative damage.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Antioxidant, Crassocephalum crepidioides, Liver damage, Paracetamol

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  Citation
  Fausat K. Ola Mudathir, Ogheneoruese F. Onoharigho, Sikirullai O. Jeje, Ighorhiowhoaro M. Ajekevwoda, "Crassocephalum crepidioides (Ebolo) Protect against Paracetamol- Induced Hepatotoxicity in Wistar Rats," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.4, pp.23-29, 2022

• Open Access   Article

  In-Vitro Total Tocopherols, Phenol and Anti-oxidative Levels of Seeds’ oil of Telfairia occidentalis

  N.B. Aguebor-Ogie, M.O. Odigie, O.E. Nwajei, E.G. Eriyamremu

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp.30-33, Aug-2022

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  Abstract
  The seeds of fluted pumpkins are usually eaten boiled or pulverized and taken as food additive locally. As a result of this manner of utilization by the locals, this study was conducted to ascertain the contents of the total tocopherol, phenolic and the antioxidative property present in the oil of the seed. The pods of the fluted pumpkin were gotten from a farm within the Benin metropolis, Nigeria. The seeds were ground in a blender and afterward exposed to soxhlet extraction. Other standard methods were employed in this study. The quantitative analysis of these parameters showed Total Tocopherols (76.0 mg/kg ± 3.11), Total phenolic (3.34 mg of garlic acid equivalent ± 0.15). Percentage inhibition of DPPH was recorded to be 47.95 % ± 3.47, Nitric oxide scavenging capacity was 56.47 % ± 2.37 and ABTS was 51.06 % ± 2.60 respectively. The findings revealed that the seed oil of T. occidentalis possessed beneficial antioxidant properties which could be harnessed in management of disease like diabetes and cancer among others.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Fluted pumpkin, total phenol, nitric acid, tocopherol, fluted pumpkin

  References
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  Citation
  N.B. Aguebor-Ogie, M.O. Odigie, O.E. Nwajei, E.G. Eriyamremu, "In-Vitro Total Tocopherols, Phenol and Anti-oxidative Levels of Seeds’ oil of Telfairia occidentalis," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.4, pp.30-33, 2022

• Open Access   Article

  Bacteria Associated With Health-Care Acquired Infections from Two Selected Hospitals in Kano Nigeria

  S.I. Bale, M.D. Mukhtar, F.A. Rufa’i

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp.34-38, Aug-2022

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  Citation

  Abstract
  Health-Care acquired infections cause menace to public health most especially the missed potentials among them which tends to be resisting the activity of therapeutic drugs used against them and in spite, causes greater menace to the integrity of the health and in turn burden the quality of life leading to high morbidity and morbidity rate. A sum of 150 samples of wound, urine and blood were obtained from patients with a clinical evidence of Health-Care acquired infections as described by NNIS. The entire sample were cultured on their respective culture media and then passed for biochemical tests, followed by Antibiotics susceptibility testing using disk diffusion method according to the guideline of the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute. We found that, Gram-positive cocci namely S. aureus, Strep sp. and CoNS were the bacteria associated with Health care acquired infections. Wound swab site tends to be the most frequent site of infection with S. aureus as the most predominant species. However, Gram-positive were found to be resistant to cefuroxime while Gram-negative were sensitive to Cefoxitin with Imipinem having the highest activities against all the bacteria.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Burden, Menace, Surveillance, Morbidity, Antimicrobial

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  Citation
  S.I. Bale, M.D. Mukhtar, F.A. Rufa’i, "Bacteria Associated With Health-Care Acquired Infections from Two Selected Hospitals in Kano Nigeria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.4, pp.34-38, 2022